The tubulointerstitium in early diabetic nephropathy: Prime target or bystander

International Journal of Diabetes in Developing Countries

Volumn 30, Issue 4, 2010, Pages 185-190

  Singh, Dhruv K ^a   Farrington, Ken ^a  

^a LISTER HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D; Cubulin; diabetic nephropathy; erythropoietin; megalin; microalbuminuria; NAG; RBP; tubular dysfunction

Indexed keywords

EID: 77958017159     PISSN: 09733930     EISSN: 19983832     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.4103/0973-3930.70857     Document Type: Review

References (52)

1. Mohan V, Sandeep S, Deepa R, Shah B, Varghese C. Epidemiology of type 2 diabetes: Indian scenario. Indian J Med Res 2007;125:217-30. (Pubitemid 46805444)
2. Ritz E, Rychlik I, Locatelli F, Halimi S. End-stage renal failure in type 2 diabetes: A medical catastrophe of worldwide dimensions. Am J Kidney Dis 1999;34:795-808.
3. Unnikrishnan RI, Rema M, Pradeepa R, Deepa M, Shanthirani CS, Deepa R, et al. Prevalence and Risk Factors of Diabetic Nephropathy in an Urban South Indian Population. Diabetes Care 2007;30:2019-24.
4. Mogensen CE, Christensen CK, Vitinghus E. The stages in diabetic renal disease. With emphasis on the stage of incipient diabetic nephropathy. Diabetes 1983;32:64-78.
5. Phillips AO, Steadman R. Diabetic nephropathy: The central role of renal proximal tubular cells in tubulointerstitial injury. Histol Histopathol 2002;17:247-52.
6. Hasslacher C, Ritz E, Wahl P, Michael C. Similar Risks of Nephropathy in Patients with Type-I Or Type-Ii Diabetes-Mellitus. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1989;4:859-63.
7. Wolf G, Reinking R, Zahner G, Stahl RA, Shankland SJ. Erk 1, 2 phosphorylates p27 (Kip1): Functional evidence for a role in high glucose-induced hypertrophy of mesangial cells. Diabetologia 2003;46:1090-9.
8. Kim Y, Kleppel MM, Butkowski R, Mauer SM, Wieslander J, Michael AF. Differential expression of basement membrane collagen chains in diabetic nephropathy. Am J Pathol 1991;138:413-20.
9. Brito PL, Fioreto P, Drummond K, Kim Y, Steffes MW, Basgen JM, et al. Proximal tubular basement membrane width in insulindependent diabetes mellitus. Kidney Int 1998;53:754-61.
10. Katz A, Caramori ML, Sisson-Ross S, Groppoli T, Basgen JM, Mauer M. An increase in the cell component of the cortical interstitium antedates interstitial fibrosis in type 1 diabetic patients. Kidney Int 2002;61:2058-66.
11. Alsaad KO, Herzenberg AM. Distinguishing diabetic nephropathy from other causes of glomerulosclerosis: An update. J Clin Pathol 2007;60:18-26.
12. Harris RD, Steffes MW, Bilous RW, Sutherland DE, Mauer SM. Global glomerular sclerosis and glomerular arteriolar hyalinosis in insulin dependent diabetes. Kidney Int 1991;40:107-14.
13. Dalla VM, Saller A, Bortoloso E, Mauer M, Fioreto P. Structural involvement in type 1 and type 2 diabetic nephropathy. Diabetes Metab 2000;26:8-14.
14. Gilbert RE, Cooper ME. The tubulointerstitium in progressive diabetic kidney disease: More than an aftermath of glomerular injury? Kidney Int 1999;56:1627-37.
15. Rossing P, Hommel E, Smidt UM, Parving HH. Reduction in albuminuria predicts diminished progression in diabetic nephropathy. Kidney Int Suppl 1994;45: S145-9.
16. Gekle M. Renal Proximal Tubular Albumin Reabsorption: Daily Prevention of Albuminuria. News Physiol Sci 1998;13:5-11.
17. Bourdeau JE, Carone FA. Protein handling by the renal tubule. Nephron 1974;13:22-34.
18. Abbate M., Remuzzi G. Novel mechanism (s) implicated in tubular albumin reabsorption and handling. Am J Kidney Dis 2001;38:196-204.
19. Verroust PJ, Christensen EI. Megalin and cubilin-the story of two multipurpose receptors unfolds. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2002;17:1867-71.
20. Saito A, Nagai R, Tanuma A, Hama H, Cho K, Takeda T, et al. Role of megalin in endocytosis of advanced glycation end products: Implications for a novel protein binding to both megalin and advanced glycation end products. J Am Soc Nephrol 2003;14:1123-31.
21. Basturk T, Altuntas Y, Kurklu A, Aydin L, Eren N, Unsal A. Urinary N-acetyl B glucosaminidase as an earlier marker of diabetic nephropathy and influence of low-dose perindopril/indapamide combination. Renal Failure 2006;28:125-8.
22. Burton C, Harris KP. The role of proteinuria in the progression of chronic renal failure. Am J Kidney Dis 1996;27:765-75.
23. Gibb DM, Tomlinson PA, Dalton NR, Turner C, Shah V, Barrat TM. Renal tubular proteinuria and microalbuminuria in diabetic patients. Arch Dis Child 1989;64:129-34.
24. Singh DK, Winocour P, Summerhayes B, Viljoen A, Sivakumar G, Farrington K. Are low erythropoietin and 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D levels indicative of tubulo-interstitial dysfunction in diabetes without persistent microalbuminuria? Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2009;85:258-64.
25. Jones SC, Saunders HJ, Pollock CA. High glucose increases growth and collagen synthesis in cultured human tubulointerstitial cells. Diabet Med 1999;16:932-8.
26. Schalkwik CG, Stehouwer CD. Vascular complications in diabetes mellitus: The role of endothelial dysfunction. Clin Sci (Lond) 2005;109:143-59.
27. Koka V, Wang W, Huang XR, Kim-Mitsuyama S, Truong LD, Lan HY. Advanced Glycation End Products Activate a Chymase-Dependent Angiotensin II-Generating Pathway in Diabetic Complications. Circulation 2006;113:1353-60.
28. Cagliero E, Maiello M, Boeri D, Roy S, Lorenzi M. Increased expression of basement membrane components in human endothelial cells cultured in high glucose. J Clin Invest 1988;82:735-8.
29. McMillan DE. Increased levels of acute-phase serum proteins in diabetes. Metabolism 1989;38:1042-6.
30. Spranger J, Kroke A, Möhlig M, Hoffmann K, Bergmann MM, Ristow M, et al. Inflammatory cytokines and the risk to develop type 2 diabetes: Results of the prospective population-based European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)-Potsdam Study. Diabetes 2003;52:812-7.
31. Baumgartner-Parzer SM, Wagner L, Petermann M, Grillari J, Gessl A, Waldhausl W. High-glucose-triggered apoptosis in cultured endothelial cells. Diabetes 1995;44:1323-7.
32. Yaqoob M, McClelland P, Patrick AW, Stevenson A, Mason H, White MC, et al. Evidence of Oxidant Injury and Tubular Damage in Early Diabetic Nephropathy. QJM 1994;87:601-7.
33. Bucala R, Vlassara H. Advanced glycosylation end products in diabetic renal and vascular disease. Am J Kidney Dis 1995;26:875-88.
34. Simm A, Münch G, Seif F, Schenk O, Heidland A, Richter H, et al. Advanced glycation endproducts stimulate the MAP-kinase pathway in tubulus cell line LLC-PK1. FEBS Let 1997;410:481-4.
35. Gugliucci A, Bendayan M. Renal fate of circulating advanced glycated end products (AGE): Evidence for reabsorption and catabolism of AGE-peptides by renal proximal tubular cells. Diabetologia 1996;39:149-60.
36. Salem MA, El-Habashy SA, Saeid OM, El-Tawil MM, Tawfik PH. Urinary excretion of n-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase and retinol binding protein as alternative indicators of nephropathy in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Pediatr Diabetes 2002;3:37-41.
37. Haffner SM, Stern MP, Gruber MK, Hazuda HP, Mitchell BD, Paterson JK. Microalbuminuria. Potential marker for increased cardiovascular risk factors in nondiabetic subjects? Arteriosclerosis 1990;10:727-31.
38. Burden R, Tomson C. Identification, management and referral of adults with chronic kidney disease: Concise guidelines. Clin Med 2005;5:635-42.
39. Kunika K, Yamaoka T, Itakura M. Damage of charge-dependent renal tubular reabsorption causes diabetic microproteinuria. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 1997;36:1-9.
40. Singh DK, Winocour P, Farrington K. Mechanisms of disease: The hypoxic tubular hypothesis of diabetic nephropathy. Nat Clin Pract Nephrol 2008;4:216-26.
41. Palm F, Cederberg J, Hansell P, Liss P, Carlsson PO. Reactive oxygen species cause diabetes-induced decrease in renal oxygen tension. Diabetologia 2003;46:1153-60.
42. Palm F, Buerk DG, Carlsson PO, Hansell P, Liss P. Reduced nitric oxide concentration in the renal cortex of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats - Effects on renal oxygenation and microcirculation. Diabetes 2005;54:3282-7.
43. Bosman DR, Winkler AS, Marsden JT, Macdougall IC, Watkins PJ. Anemia with erythropoietin deficiency occurs early in diabetic nephropathy. Diabetes Care 2001;24:495-9.
44. Fioreto P, Mauer M, Brocco E, Velussi M, Frigato F, Muollo B, et al. Paterns of renal injury in NIDDM patients with microalbuminuria. Diabetologia 1996;39:1569-76.
45. Buemi M, Cavallaro E, Floccari F, Sturiale A, Aloisi C, Trimarchi M, et al. The pleiotropic effects of erythropoietin in the central nervous system. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2003;62:228-36.
46. Brines M, Cerami A. Discovering erythropoietin's extrahematopoietic functions: Biology and clinical promise. Kidney Int 2006;70:246-50.
47. Westenfelder C, Biddle DL, Baranowski RL. Human, rat, and mouse kidney cells express functional erythropoietin receptors. Kidney Int 1999;55:808-20.
48. Holick MF. Resurrection of vitamin D deficiency and rickets. J Clin Invest 2006;116:2062-72.
49. Kovesdy CP, Kalantar-Zadeh K. Vitamin D receptor activation and survival in chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int 2008;73:1355-63. (Pubitemid 351770491)
50. Rossing P, Hommel E, Smidt UM, Parving HH. Reduction in albuminuria predicts a beneficial effect on diminishing the progression of human diabetic nephropathy during antihypertensive treatment. Diabetologia 1994;37:511-6.
51. UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group Tight blood pressure control and risk of macrovascular and microvascular complications in type 2ádiabetes: UKPDS 38. BMJ 1998;317:703-13.
52. The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group The Effect of Intensive Treatment of Diabetes on the Development and Progression of Long-Term Complications in Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus. N Engl J Med 1993;329:977-86.