Selective estrogen receptor modulators promising for cardiac syndrome X

Journal of Postgraduate Medicine

Volumn 56, Issue 4, 2010, Pages 328-331

  Chen, Y X ^a   Luo, N S ^a   Lin, Y Q ^a   Yuan, W L ^a   Xie, S L ^a   Nie, R Q ^a   Wang, J F ^a  

^a SUN YAT SEN UNIVERSITY   (China)

Author keywords

Cardiac syndrome X; endothelial function; estrogen deficiency; inflammation; oxidative stress; selective estrogen receptor modulator

Indexed keywords

ESTROGEN RECEPTOR; HMR 3339; PLACEBO; RALOXIFENE; SELECTIVE ESTROGEN RECEPTOR MODULATOR; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE; DRUG ACTIVITY; ENDOTHELIUM; ESTROGEN THERAPY; HUMAN; INFLAMMATION; LIPID BLOOD LEVEL; NONHUMAN; OXIDATIVE STRESS; REVIEW; STROKE; SYNDROME X; THORAX PAIN; VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE;

ENDOTHELIUM, VASCULAR; FEMALE; HUMANS; INFLAMMATION; MICROCIRCULATION; MICROVASCULAR ANGINA; OXIDATIVE STRESS; SELECTIVE ESTROGEN RECEPTOR MODULATORS; SYNDROME; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 77958010435     PISSN: 00223859     EISSN: 09722823     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.4103/0022-3859.70936     Document Type: Review

References (41)

1. Likoff W, Segal BL, Kasparian H. Paradox of normal selective coronary arteriograms in patients considered to have unmistakable coronary heart disease. N Engl J Med 1967;276:1063-6.
2. Gil-Ortega I, Marzoa Rivas R, Ríos Vázquez R, Kaski JC. Role of inflammation and endothelial dysfunction in the pathogenesis of cardiac syndrome X. Future Cardiol 2006;2:63-73.
3. Hurst T, Olson TH, Olson LE, Appleton C P. Cardiac syndrome X and endothelial dysfunction: new concepts in prognosis and treatment. Am J Med 2006;119:560-6.
4. Kaski JC. Cardiac syndrome X in women: the role of oestrogen deficiency. Heart 2006;92:5-9.
5. Nilsson BO. Modulation of the inflammatory response by estrogens with focus on the endothelium and its interactions with leukocytes. Inflamm Res 2007;56:269-73.
6. Colacurci N, Manzella D, Fornaro F, Carbonella M, Paolisso G. Endothelial function and menopause: effects of raloxifene administration. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003;88:2135-40.
7. Rosano GM, Peters NS, Lefroy D, Lindsay DC, Sarrel PM, Collins P, et al. 17-beta-estradiol therapy lessens angina in postmenopausal women with syndrome X. J Am Coll Cardiol 1996;28:1500-5.
8. Albertsson PA, Emanuelsson H, Milsom I. Beneficial effect of treatment with transdermal estradiol-17-beta on exercise-induced angina and ST segment depression in syndrome X. Int J Cardiol 1996;54:13-20.
9. Adamson DL, Webb CM, Collins P. Esterified estrogens combined with methyltestosterone improve emotional well-being in postmenopausal women with chest pain and normal coronary angiograms. Menopause 2001;8:233-8.
10. Paoletti R, Wenger NK. Review of the international position on women's health and menopause: a comprehensive approach. Circulation 2003;107:1336-9.
11. Martino S, Disch D, Dowsett SA, Keech CA, Mershon JL. Safety assessment of raloxifene over eight years in a clinical trial setting. Curr Med Res Opin 2005;21:1441-52.
12. Ensrud K, Genazzani AR, Geiger MJ, McNabb M, Dowsett SA, Cox DA, et al. Effect of raloxifene on cardiovascular adverse events in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. Am J Cardiol 2006;97:520-7.
13. Hulley S, Grady D, Bush T, Furberg C, Herrington D, Riggs B, et al. Randomized trial of estrogen plus progestin for secondary prevention of coronary heart disease in postmenopausal women. Heart and Estrogen/progestin Replacement Study (HERS) Research Group. JAMA 1998;280:605-13.
14. Rossouw JE, Anderson GL, Prentice RL, LaCroix AZ, Kooperberg C, Stefanick ML, et al. Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women: principal results From the Women's Health Initiative randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2002;288:321-33.
15. Anderson GL, Limacher M, Assaf AR, Bassford T, Beresford SA, Black H, et al. Effects of conjugated equine estrogen in postmenopausal women with hysterectomy: the Women's Health Initiative randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2004;291:1701-12.
16. Paoletti R, Wenger NK. Review of the international position on women's health and menopause: a comprehensive approach. Circulation 2003;107:1336-9.
17. Armamento Villareal R, Sheikh S, Nawaz A, Napoli N, Mueller C, Halstead LR, et al. A new selective estrogen receptor modulator, CHF 4227.01, preserves bone mass and microarchitecture in ovariectomized rats. J Bone Miner Res 2005;20:2178-88.
18. Ke HZ, Qi H, Chidsey Frink KL, Crawford DT, Thompson DD. Lasofoxifene (CP-336,156) protects against the age related changes in bone mass, bone strength, and total serum cholesterol in intact aged male rats. J Bone Miner Res 2001;16:765-73.
19. Ke HZ, Qi H, Crawford DT, Chidsey Frink KL, Simmons HA, Thompson DD. Lasofoxifene (CP-336,156), a selective estrogen receptor modulator, prevents bone loss induced by aging and orchidectomy in the adult rat. Endocrinology 2000;141:1338-44.
20. Ma YL, Bryant HU, Zeng Q, Palkowitz A, Jee WS, Turner CH, et al.Long term dosing of arzoxifene lowers cholesterol, reduces bone turnover, and preserves bone quality in ovariectomized rats. J Bone Miner Res 2002;17:2256-64.
21. Nanetti L, Camilletti A, Francucci CM, Vignini A, Raffaelli F, Mazzanti L, et al. Role of raloxifene on platelet metabolism and plasma lipids. Eur J Clin Invest 2008;38:117-25.
22. Vogelvang TE, Mijatovic V, Kenemans P, Teerlink T, van der Mooren MJ. HMR 3339, a novel selective estrogen receptor modulator, reduces total cholesterol, lowdensity lipoprotein cholesterol, and homocysteine in healthy postmenopausal women. Fertil Steril 2004;82:1540-9.
23. Christodoulakos G, Panoulis C, Kouskouni E, Chondros C, Dendrinos S, Creatsas G. Effects of estrogen-progestin and raloxifene therapy on nitric oxide, prostacyclin and endothelin-1 synthesis. Gynecol Endocrinol 2002;16:9-17.
24. Katz DL, Evans MA, Njike VY, Hoxley ML, Nawaz H, Comerford B P, et al. Raloxifene, soy phytoestrogens and endothelial function in postmenopausal women. Climacteric 2007;10:500-7.
25. Saitta A, Altavilla D, Cucinotta D, Morabito N, Frisina N, Corrado F, et al. Randomized, double blind, placebo controlled study on effects of raloxifene and hormone replacement therapy on plasma NO concentrations, endothelin 1 levels, and endothelium dependent vasodilation in postmenopausal women. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2000;21:1512-9.
26. Takahashi K, Mori-Abe A, Takata K, Ohta T, Kawagoe J, Tsutsumi S, et al. Raloxifene improves the ovariectomy induced impairment in endothelium-dependent vasodilation. Menopause 2007;14:656-61.
27. Takahashi K, Ohmichi M, Yoshida M, Hisamoto K, Mabuchi S, Arimoto-Ishida E, et al. Both estrogen and raloxifene cause G1 arrest of vascular smooth muscle cells. J Endocrinol 2003;178:319-29.
28. Mori Abe A, Tsutsumi S, Takahashi K, Toya M, Yoshida M, Du B, et al. Estrogen and raloxifene induce apoptosis by activating p38 mitogen activated protein kinase cascade in synthetic vascular smooth muscle cells. J Endocrinol 2003;178:417-26.
29. Selzman CH, Turner AS, Gaynor JS, Miller SA, Monnet E, Harken AH. Inhibition of intimal hyperplasia using the selective estrogen receptor modulator raloxifene. Arch Surg 2002;137:333-6.
30. Somjen D, Kohen F, Jaffe A, Amir Zaltsman Y, Knoll E, Stern N. Effects of gonadal steroids and their antagonists on DNA synthesis in human vascular cells. Hypertension 1998;32:39-45.
31. Dubey RK, Tyurina YY, Tyurin VA, Gillespie DG, Branch RA, Jackson EK, et al. Estrogen and tamoxifen metabolites protect smooth muscle cell membrane phospholipids against peroxidation and inhibit cell growth. Circ Res 1999;84:229-39.
32. Yue TL, Vickery Clark L, Louden CS, Gu JL, Ma XL, Narayanan PK, et al. Selective estrogen receptor modulator idoxifene inhibits smooth muscle cell proliferation, enhances reendothelialization, and inhibits neointimal formation in vivo after vascular injury. Circulation 2000;102:281-8.
33. Pinna C, Bolego C, Sanvito P, Pelosi V, Baetta R, Corsini A, et al. Raloxifene elicits combined rapid vasorelaxation and long-term anti-inflammatory actions in rat aorta. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2006;319:1444-51.
34. Suuronen T, Nuutinen T, Huuskonen J, Ojala J, Thornell A, Salminen A. Anti inflammatory effect of selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) in microglial cells. Inflamm Res 2005;54:194-203.
35. Eilertsen AL, Sandvik L, Steinsvik B, Sandset PM. Differential impact of conventional dose and low dose postmenopausal hormone therapy, tibolone and raloxifene on C reactive protein and other inflammatory markers. J Thromb Haemost 2008;6:928-34.
36. Yu J, Eto M, Kozaki K, Akishita M, Okabe T, Ouchi Y. Raloxifene analogue LY117018 suppresses oxidative stress induced endothelial cell apoptosis through activation of ERK1/2 signaling pathway. Eur J Pharmacol 2008;589:32-6.
37. Wong CM, Yung LM, Leung F P, Tsang SY, Au CL, Chen ZY, et al. Raloxifene protects endothelial cell function against oxidative stress. Br J Pharmacol 2008;155:326-34.
38. Nazarewicz RR, Zenebe WJ, Parihar A, Larson SK, Alidema E, Choi J, et al. Tamoxifen induces oxidative stress and mitochondrial apoptosis via stimulating mitochondrial nitric oxide synthase. Cancer Res 2007;67:1282-90.
39. Choi BG, Vilahur G, Zafar MU, Cardoso L, Yadegar D, Ibanez B, et al. Selective estrogen receptor modulation influences atherosclerotic plaque composition in a rabbit menopause model. Atherosclerosis 2008;201:76-84.
40. Barrett Connor E, Grady D, Sashegyi A, Anderson PW, Cox DA, Hoszowski K, et al. MORE Investigators (Multiple Outcomes of Raloxifene Evaluation): Raloxifene and cardiovascular events in osteoporotic postmenopausal women: four-year results from the MORE (Multiple Outcomes of Raloxifene Evaluation) randomized trial. JAMA 2002;287:847-57.
41. Cummings SR, Ensrud K, Delmas PD, LaCroix AZ, Vukicevic S, Reid DM, et al.; PEARL Study Investigators. Lasofoxifene in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. N Engl J Med 2010;362:686-96.