Fear and perceived uncontrollability of emotion: Evaluating the unique contribution of emotion appraisal variables to prediction of worry and generalised anxiety disorder

Behaviour Research and Therapy

Volumn 48, Issue 11, 2010, Pages 1097-1104

  Stapinski, Lexine A ^a   Abbott, Maree J ^b   Rapee, Ronald M ^a  

^a MACQUARIE UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

^b UNIVERSITY OF SYDNEY   (Australia)

Author keywords

Emotion; Emotion regulation; Fear of emotion; GAD; Generalised anxiety disorder; Intolerance of uncertainty; Meta cognition; Meta worry; Perceived control; Threat; Worry

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ARTICLE; COGNITION; CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK; CONTROLLED STUDY; COPING BEHAVIOR; DEPRESSION; DISTRESS SYNDROME; EMOTIONAL DISORDER; EMOTIONALITY; FEAR; FEMALE; GENERALIZED ANXIETY DISORDER; HELP SEEKING BEHAVIOR; HUMAN; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALADJUSTMENT; MALE; MOTIVATION; PREDICTION; SYMPTOM; THREAT; UNCERTAINTY;

ADAPTATION, PSYCHOLOGICAL; ADULT; ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE; ANXIETY DISORDERS; EMOTIONS; FEAR; FEMALE; HUMANS; LOGISTIC MODELS; MALE; PERCEPTION; PSYCHIATRIC STATUS RATING SCALES; QUESTIONNAIRES; SEVERITY OF ILLNESS INDEX; UNCERTAINTY;

EID: 77957874998     PISSN: 00057967     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2010.07.012     Document Type: Article

References (64)

1. Abbott, M. J., Kemp, N., Rapee, R. M., & Stapinski, L. A. Development and validation of the probability, cost and coping questionnaire to evaluate threat perception in generalised anxiety disorder, in preparation.
2. American Psychiatric Association (APA) Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders 2000, Author, Washington, DC. 4th ed., text rev.
3. Antony M.M., Beiling P.J., Cox B.J., Enns M.W., Swinson R.P. Psychometric properties of the 42-item and 21-item versions of the depression anxiety stress scales in clinical groups and a community sample. Psychological Assessment 1998, 10:176-181.
4. Barlow D.H. Unraveling the mysteries of anxiety and its disorders from the perspective of emotion theory. American Psychologist 2000, 55:1248-1263.
5. Beck J.M., Stanley A., Zebb B.J. Characteristics of generalized anxiety disorder in older adults: a descriptive study. Behaviour Research and Therapy 1996, 34:225-234.
6. Borkovec T.D. The nature, functions, and origins of worry. Worrying: Perspectives on theory, assessment and treatment 1994, 5-33. John Wiley & Sons, England. G.C. Davey, F. Tallis (Eds.).
7. Borkovec T.D., Alcaine O., Behar E. Avoidance theory of worry and generalized anxiety disorder. Generalized anxiety disorder: Advances in research and practice 2004, 77-108. Guildford Press, New York, NJ. R.G. Heimberg, C.L. Turk, D.S. Mennin (Eds.).
8. Borkovec T.D., Hu S. The effect of worry on cardiovascular response to phobic imagery. Behaviour Research and Therapy 1990, 28:69-73.
9. Borkovec T.D., Roemer L. Perceived functions of worry among generalized anxiety disorder subjects: distraction from more emotionally distressing topics?. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry 1995, 26:25-30.
10. Brown T.A., Antony M.M., Barlow D.H. Psychometric properties of the Penn State worry questionnaire in a clinical anxiety disorders sample. Behaviour Research and Therapy 1992, 30:33-37.
11. Brown T.A., Barlow D.H., Liebowitz M.R. The empirical basis of generalized anxiety disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry 1994, 151:1272-1280.
12. Buhr K., Dugas M. The intolerance of uncertainty scale: psychometric properties of the English version. Behaviour Research and Therapy 2002, 40:931-946.
13. Buhr K., Dugas M.J. Investigating the construct validity of intolerance of uncertainty and its unique relationship with worry. Journal of Anxiety Disorders 2006, 20:222-236.
14. Cartwright-Hatton S., Wells A. Beliefs about worry and intrusions: the meta-cognitions questionnaire and its correlates. Journal of Anxiety Disorders 1997, 11:279-296.
15. Chorpita B.F., Barlow D.H. The development of anxiety: the role of control in the early environment. Psychological Bulletin 1998, 124:3-21.
16. Craske M.G. Anxiety disorders: Psychological approaches to theory and treatment 1999, Westview Press, Boulder, CO.
17. Craske M.G., Rapee R.M., Jackel L., Barlow D.H. Qualitative dimensions of worry in DSM-III-R generalized anxiety disorder subjects and nonanxious controls. Behaviour Research and Therapy 1989, 27:397-402.
18. Davey G.C. A comparison of three worry questionnaires. Behaviour Research and Therapy 1993, 31:51-56.
19. Davey G.C., Tallis F., Capuzzo N. Beliefs about the consequences of worrying. Cognitive Therapy and Research 1996, 20:499-520.
20. DiNardo P.A., Brown T.A., Barlow D.H. Anxiety disorders interview schedule for DSM-IV 1994, The Psychological Corporation, Harcourt Brace, San Antonio, TX.
21. Dugas M.J., Freeston M.H., Ladouceur R. Intolerance of uncertainty and problem orientation in worry. Cognitive Therapy and Research 1997, 21:593-606.
22. Dugas M.J., Gagnon F., Ladouceur R., Freeston M.H. Generalized anxiety disorder: a preliminary test of a conceptual model. Behaviour Research and Therapy 1998, 36:215-226.
23. Freeston M.H., Rheaume J., Letarte H., Dugas M.J., Ladouceur R. Why do people worry?. Personality and Individual Differences 1994, 17:791-802.
24. Fresco D.M., Mennin D.S., Heimberg R.G., Turk C.L. Using the Penn State worry questionnaire to identify individuals with generalized anxiety disorder: a receiver operating characteristic analysis. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry 2003, 34:283-291.
25. Gasperini M., Battaglia M., Diaferia G., Bellodi L. Personality features related to generalized anxiety disorder. Comprehensive Psychiatry 1990, 31:363-368.
26. Gomez R., Francis L.M. Generalised anxiety disorder: relationships with Eysenck's, Gray's and Newman's theories. Personality and Individual Differences 2003, 34:3-17.
27. Kessler R.C. The prevalence of psychiatric comorbidity. Treatment strategies for patients with psychiatric comorbidity 1997, 23-48. John Wiley & Sons, New York, NJ. S. Wetzler, W.C. Sanderson (Eds.).
28. Kessler R.C., Keller M., Wittchen H. The epidemiology of generalized anxiety disorder. Psychiatric Clinics of North America 2001, 24:19-39.
29. Laugesen N., Dugas M.J., Bukowski W.M. Understanding adolescent worry: the application of a cognitive model. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 2003, 31:55-64.
30. Lovibond P.F., Lovibond S.H. The structure of negative emotional states: comparison of the depression anxiety stress scales (DASS) with the Beck depression and anxiety inventories. Behaviour Research and Therapy 1995, 33:335-343.
31. Lovibond S.H., Lovibond P.F. Manual for the depression anxiety stress scales 1993, Psychology Foundation, Sydney. 2nd ed.
32. McLaughlin K.A., Mennin D.S., Farach F.J. The contributory role of worry in emotion generation and dysregulation in generalized anxiety disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy 2007, 45:1735-1752.
33. Mennin D.S. Emotion regulation therapy for generalized anxiety disorder. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy 2004, 11:17-29.
34. Mennin D.S. Emotion and the acceptance-based approaches to the anxiety disorders. Acceptance and mindfulness-based approaches to anxiety: Conceptualization and treatment 2005, 37-68. Springer, New York, NJ. S. Orsillo, L. Roemer (Eds.).
35. Mennin D.S., Heimberg R.G., Turk C.L., Fresco D.M. Applying an emotion regulation framework to integrative approaches to generalized anxiety disorder. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice 2002, 9:85-90.
36. Mennin D.S., Heimberg R.G., Turk C.L., Fresco D.M. Preliminary evidence for an emotion dysregulation model of generalized anxiety disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy 2005, 43:1281-1310.
37. Mennin D.S., Holaway R., Fresco D.M., Moore M.T., Heimberg R.G. Delineating components of emotion and its dysregulation in anxiety and mood psychopathology. Behavior Therapy 2007, 38:284-302.
38. Meyer T.J., Miller M.L., Metzger R.L., Borkovec T.D. Development and validation of the Penn State worry questionnaire. Behaviour Research and Therapy 1990, 28:487-495.
39. Newman M.G., Castonguay L.G., Borkovec T.D., Molnar C. Integrative therapy for generalized anxiety disorder. Generalized anxiety disorder: Advances in research and practice 2004, 320-350. Guildford Press, New York, NJ. R.G. Heimberg, C.L. Turk, D.S. Mennin (Eds.).
40. Newman M.G., Zuellig A.R., Kachin K.E., Constantino M.J., Przeworski A., Erickson T., et al. Preliminary reliability and validity of the generalized anxiety disorder questionnaire-IV: a revised self-report diagnostic measure of generalized anxiety disorder. Behavior Therapy 2002, 33:215-233.
41. Peduzzi P., Concato J., Kemper E., Holford T.R., Feinstein A.R. A simulation study of the number of events per variable in logistic regression analysis. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 1996, 49:1373-1379.
42. Rapee R.M. Generalized anxiety disorder: a review of clinical features and theoretical concepts. Clinical Psychology Review 1991, 11:419-440.
43. Rapee R.M. Potential role of childrearing practices in the development of anxiety and depression. Clinical Psychology Review 1997, 17:47-67.
44. Rapee R.M., Abbott M.J., Baillie A.J., Gaston J.E. Treatment of social phobia through pure self-help and therapist-augmented self-help. British Journal of Psychiatry 2007, 191:246-252.
45. Rapee R.M., Craske M.G., Brown T.A., Barlow D.H. Measurement of perceived control over anxiety-related events. Behavior Therapy 1996, 27:279-293.
46. Roemer L., Lee J.K., Salters-Pedneault K., Erisman S.M., Orsillo S.M., Mennin D.S. Mindfulness and emotion regulation difficulties in generalized anxiety disorder: preliminary evidence for independent and overlapping contributions. Behavior Therapy 2009, 40:142-154.
47. Roemer L., Orsillo S.M. Expanding our conceptualization of and treatment for generalized anxiety disorder: integrating mindfulness/acceptance-based approaches with existing cognitive-behavioral models. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice 2002, 9:54-68.
48. Roemer L., Orsillo S.M. Mindfulness: a promising intervention strategy in need of further study. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice 2003, 10:172-178.
49. Roemer L., Salters K., Raffa S.D., Orsillo S.M. Fear and avoidance of internal experiences in GAD: preliminary tests of a conceptual model. Cognitive Therapy and Research 2005, 29:71-88.
50. Ruscio A.M. Delimiting the boundaries of generalized anxiety disorder: differentiating high worriers with and without GAD. Journal of Anxiety Disorders 2002, 16:377-400.
51. Salters-Pedneault K., Roemer L., Tull M.T., Rucker L., Mennin D.S. Evidence of broad deficits in emotion regulation associated with chronic worry and generalized anxiety disorder. Cognitive Therapy and Research 2006, 30:469-480.
52. Sanderson W.C., Wetzler S. Chronic anxiety and generalized anxiety disorder: issues in comorbidity. Chronic anxiety: Generalized anxiety disorder and mixed anxiety-depression 1991, Guildford Press, New York, NJ. R.M. Rapee, D.H. Barlow (Eds.).
53. Spicer J. Making sense of multivariate data analysis 2004, Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA.
54. Tabachnick B., Fidell L. Using multivariate statistics 2001, Harper Collins, New York, NY. 4th ed.
55. Turk C.L., Heimberg R.G., Luterek J.A., Mennin D.S., Fresco D.M. Emotion dysregulation in generalized anxiety disorder: a comparison with social anxiety disorder. Cognitive Therapy and Research 2005, 29:89-106.
56. Vrana S.R., Cuthbert B.N., Lang P.J. Fear imagery and text processing. Psychophysiology 1986, 23:247-253.
57. Wells A. A cognitive model of generalized anxiety disorder. Behavior Modification 1999, 23:526-555.
58. Wells A. A cognitive model of GAD: metacognitions and pathological worry. Generalized anxiety disorder: Advances in research and practice 2004, 169-186. Guildford Press, New York, NJ. R.G. Heimberg, C.L. Turk, D.S. Mennin (Eds.).
59. Wells A., Carter K. Further tests of a cognitive model of generalized anxiety disorder: metacognitions and worry in GAD, panic disorder, social phobia, depression, and nonpatients. Behavior Therapy 2001, 32:85-102.
60. Wells A., Papageorgiou C. Relationships between worry, obsessive-compulsive symptoms and meta-cognitive beliefs. Behaviour Research and Therapy 1998, 36:899-913.
61. Williams K.E., Chambless D.L., Ahrens A. Are emotions frightening? An extension of the fear of fear construct. Behaviour Research and Therapy 1997, 35:239-248.
62. Wittchen H.U., Hoyer J. Generalized anxiety disorder: nature and course. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 2001, 62:15-21.
63. Wittchen H., Zhao S., Kessler R., Eaton W. DSM-III-R generalized anxiety disorder in the national comorbidity survey. Archives of General Psychiatry 1994, 51:355-364.
64. Zebb B.J., Moore M.C. Another look at the psychometric properties of the anxiety control questionnaire. Behaviour Research and Therapy 1999, 37:1091-1103.