The Things They Carry: Combat, Disability, and Unemployment among U.S. Men1

American Sociological Review

Volumn 75, Issue 4, 2010, Pages 563-585

  MacLean, Alair ^a  

^a WASHINGTON STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

life course; military service; social inequality

Indexed keywords

ARMED FORCES; DISABILITY; MENS HEALTH; UNEMPLOYMENT; WAR;

UNITED STATES;

EID: 77957802369     PISSN: 00031224     EISSN: 19398271     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0003122410374085     Document Type: Article

References (65)

1. Aldwin, Carolyn M., Michael R. Levenson, and Avron Spiro. 1994. "Vulnerability and Resilience to Combat Exposure: Can Stress Have Lifelong Effects?" Psychology and Aging 9:34-44.
2. Angrist, Joshua D. 1990. "Lifetime Earnings and the Vietnam Era Draft Lottery: Evidence from Social-Security Administrative Records." American Economic Review 80:313-36.
3. Armed Forces Health Surveillance Center. 2007. "'Healthy Deployers': Nature and Trends of Health Care Utilization During the Year Prior to Deployment to OEF/OIF, Active Components, U.S. Armed Forces, January 2002-December 2006." Medical Surveillance Monthly Report 14:2-5.
4. Armed Forces Health Surveillance Center. 2009. "Update: Deployment Health Assessments, US Armed Forces, December 2008." Medical Surveillance Monthly Report 15:13-18.
5. Asch, Steven M., Elizabeth A. McGlynn, Mary M. Hogan, Rodney A. Hayward, Paul Shekelle, Lisa Rubenstein, Joan Keesey, John Adams, and Eve A. Kerr. 2004. "Comparison of Quality of Care for Patients in the Veterans Health Administration and Patients in a National Sample." Annals of Internal Medicine 141:938-45.
6. Blau, Peter Michael and Otis Dudley Duncan. 1967. The American Occupational Structure. New York: Wiley.
7. Bound, John and Sarah E. Turner. 2002. "Going to War and Going to College: Did World War II and the G.I. Bill Increase Educational Attainment for Returning Veterans?" Journal of Labor Economics 20:784-815.
8. Brotz, Howard and Everett Wilson. 1946. "Characteristics of Military Society. " American Journal of Sociology 51:371-75.
9. Buzzell, Emily and Samuel H. Preston. 2007. "Mortality of American Troops in the Iraq War." Population and Development Review 33:555-66.
10. Choi, Yoonsun, Tracy W. Harachi, Mary R. Gillmore, and Richard F. Catalano. 2005. "Applicability of the Social Development Model to Urban Ethnic Minority Youth: Examining the Relationship between External Constraints, Family Socialization, and Problem Behaviors." Journal of Research on Adolescence 15:505-534.
11. Collins, Randall. 1989. "Sociological Theory, Disaster Research, and War." Pp. 365-85 in Social Structure and Disaster, edited by G. A. Kreps. Newark, DE: University of Delaware Press.
12. Dean, Eric T. 1997. Shook over Hell: Post-Traumatic Stress, Vietnam, and the Civil War. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
13. Department of Defense. 2003. "Principal Wars in Which the United States Participated: U.S. Military Personnel Serving and Casualties." Washington, DC: Department of Defense. Retrieved May 27, 2008 (http://siadapp.dmdc.osd.mil/personnel/CASUALTY/castop.htm).
14. Department of Labor. 2008. "Employment Status of the Civilian Noninstitutional Population, 1942 to Date." Washington, DC: Department of Labor. Retrieved April 10, 2008 (http://www.bls.gov/cps/#annual).
15. DiPrete, Thomas A. 1981. "Unemployment over the Life Cycle: Racial Differences and the Effect of Changing Economic Conditions." American Journal of Sociology 87:286-307.
16. DiPrete, Thomas A. and Gregory M. Eirich. 2006. "Cumulative Advantage as a Mechanism for Inequality: A Review of Theoretical and Empirical Developments." Annual Review of Sociology 32:271-97.
17. Dohrenwend, Bruce P., J. Blake Turner, Nicholas A. Turse, Ben G. Adams, Karestan C. Koenen, and Randall Marshall. 2006. "The Psychological Risks of Vietnam for US Veterans: A Revisit with New Data and Methods." Science 313:979-82.
18. Elder, Glen H., Jr. 1974. Children of the Great Depression: Social Change in Life Experience. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
19. Elder, Glen H., Jr. and Elizabeth Colerick Clipp. 1989. "Combat Experience and Emotional Health: Impairment and Resilience in Later Life." Journal of Personality 57:311-41.
20. Elder, Glen H., Jr. and Monica Kirkpatrick Johnson. 2002. "The Life Course and Aging: Challenges, Lessons, and New Directions." Pp. 49-81 in Invitation to the Life Course: Toward New Understandings of Later Life, edited by R. A. Settersten, Jr. Amityville, NY: Baywood.
21. Elder, Glen H., Jr., Michael J. Shanahan, and Elizabeth Colerick Clipp. 1994. "When War Comes to Men's Lives: Life-Course Patterns in Family, Work, and Health." Psychology and Aging 9:5-16.
22. Elliott, James R. and Jeremy Pais. 2006. "Race, Class, and Hurricane Katrina: Social Differences in Human Responses to Disaster." Social Science Research 35:295-321.
23. Elman, Cheryl and Angela M. O'Rand. 2004. "The Race Is to the Swift: Socioeconomic Origins, Adult Education, and Wage Attainment." American Journal of Sociology 110:123-60.
24. Flynn, George Q. 1993. The Draft, 1940-1973. Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas. Fontana, Alan and Robert Rosenheck. 1995. "Attempted Suicide among Vietnam Veterans: A Model of Etiology in a Community Sample." American Journal of Psychiatry 152:102-109.
25. Frueh, B. Christopher, Jon D. Elhai, Anouk L. Grubaugh, Jeannine Monnier, Todd B. Kashdan, Julie A. Sauvageot, Mark B. Hamner, B.G. Burkett, and George W. Arana. 2005. "Documented Combat Exposure of US Veterans Seeking Treatment for Combat-Related Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder." British Journal of Psychiatry 186:467-72.
26. Gangl, Markus. 2006. "Scar Effects of Unemployment: An Assessment of Institutional Complementarities." American Sociological Review 71:986-1013.
27. Gawande, Atul. 2004. "Casualties of War: Military Care for the Wounded from Iraq and Afghanistan." New England Journal of Medicine 351:2471-75.
28. Gimbel, Cynthia and Alan Booth. 1994. "Why Does Military Combat Experience Adversely Affect Marital Relations?" Journal of Marriage and the Family 56:691-703.
29. Gimbel, Cynthia. 1996. "Who Fought in Vietnam?" Social Forces 74:1137-57.
30. Hannon, Lance. 2003. "Poverty, Delinquency, and Educational Attainment: Cumulative Disadvantage or Disadvantage Saturation?" Sociological Inquiry 73:575-94.
31. Hill, Martha S. 1992. The Panel Study of Income Dynamics: A User's Guide. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications.
32. Hoge, Charles W., Carl A. Castro, Stephen C. Messer, Dennis McGurk, Dave I. Cotting, and Robert L. Koffman. 2004. "Combat Duty in Iraq and Afghanistan, Mental Health Problems, and Barriers to Care." New England Journal of Medicine 351:13-22.
33. Kitagawa, Evelyn M. and Philip Morris Hauser. 1973. Differential Mortality in the United States: A Study in Socioeconomic Epidemiology. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
34. Lundquist, Jennifer Hickes. 2008. "Ethnic and Gender Satisfaction in the Military: The Effect of a Meritocratic Institution." American Sociological Review 73:477-96.
35. Lyons, Michael J., William S. Kremen, Carol Franz, Michael D. Grant, Heather Thompson Brenner, Corwin Boake, and Seth Eisen. 2006. "Vietnam Service, Combat, and Lifetime Educational Attainment: Preliminary Results from the Vietnam Era Twin Study of Aging." Research on Aging 28:37-55.
36. MacLean, Alair. 2008. "The Privileges of Rank: The Peacetime Draft and Later Life Attainment." Armed Forces & Society 34:682-713.
37. MacLean, Alair and Glen H. Elder Jr. 2007. "Military Service in the Life Course." Annual Review of Sociology 33:175-96.
38. Marshall, S.L.A. 1978. Men against Fire: The Problem of Battle Command in Future War. Gloucester, MA: Peter Smith.
39. Martz, Erin, Todd Bodner, and Hanoch Livneh. 2009. "Coping as a Moderator of Disability and Psychosocial Adaptation among Vietnam Theater Veterans." Journal of Clinical Psychology 65: 94-112.
40. Mayer, Albert J. and Thomas Ford Hoult. 1955. "Social Stratification and Combat Survival." Social Forces 34:155-59.
41. Mayer, Karl Ulrich. 1988. "German Survivors of World War II: The Impact on the Life Course of the Collective Experience of Birth Cohorts." Pp. 229-46 in Social Structures and Human Lives, Vol. 1, edited by M. W. Riley. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications.
42. Merton, Robert King. 1968. "The Matthew Effect in Science." Science 159(3810):56-63.
43. Mills, C. Wright. 1961. The Sociological Imagination. New York: Grove Press.
44. Mok, Wallace K. C., Bruce D. Meyer, Kerwin Kofi Charles, and Alexandra C. Achen. 2008. "A Note On 'The Longitudinal Structure of Earnings Losses among Work-Limited Disabled Workers."' Journal of Human Resources 43:721-28.
45. Moskos, Charles C. and John S. Butler. 1996. All That We Can Be: Black Leadership and Racial Integration the Army Way. New York: Basic Books.
46. National Research Council. 2006. Assessing Fitness for Military Enlistment: Physical, Medical, and Mental Health Standards. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
47. Nayback, Ann Marie. 2008. "Health Disparities in Military Veterans with PTSD: Influential Sociocultural Factors." Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services 46:41-51.
48. O'Brien, Tim. 1990. The Things They Carried. New York: Penguin Books.
49. Prigerson, Holly G., Paul K. Maciejewski, and Robert A. Rosenheck. 2002. "Population Attributable Fractions of Psychiatric Disorders and Behavioral Outcomes Associated with Combat Exposure among US Men." American Journal of Public Health 92:59-63.
50. Rabe-Hesketh, Sophia and Anders Skrondal. 2008. Multilevel and Longitudinal Modeling Using Stata. College Station, TX: Stata Press.
51. Sampson, Robert J. and John H. Laub. 1996. "Socioeconomic Achievement in the Life Course of Disadvantaged Men: Military Service as a Turning Point, Circa 1940-1965." American Sociological Review 61:347-67.
52. Savoca, Elizabeth and Robert Rosenheck. 2000. "The Civilian Labor Market Experiences of Vietnam-Era Veterans: The Influence of Psychiatric Disorders. " Journal of Mental Health Policy & Economics 3:199-207.
53. Segal, David R., Barbara Ann Lynch, and John D. Blair. 1979. "The Changing American Soldier: Work-Related Attitudes of U.S. Army Personnel in WWII and the 1970s." American Journal of Sociology 85:95-108.
54. Sewell, William H. and Robert M. Hauser. 1975. Education, Occupation, and Earnings: Achievement in the Early Career. New York: Academic Press.
55. Shay, Jonathan. 1995. Achilles in Vietnam: Combat Trauma and the Undoing of Character. New York: Scribner.
56. Shay, Jonathan. 2002. Odysseus in America: Combat Trauma and the Trials of Homecoming. New York: Scribner.
57. Singer, Judith D. and John B. Willett. 2003. Applied Longitudinal Data Analysis: Modeling Change and Event Occurrence. New York: Oxford University Press.
58. Smith, James P. 1999. "Healthy Bodies and Thick Wallets: The Dual Relation between Health and Economic Status." Journal of Economic Perspectives 13:145-67.
59. Tanielian, Terri L. and Lisa Jaycox. 2008. Invisible Wounds of War: Psychological and Cognitive Injuries, Their Consequences, and Services to Assist Recovery. Santa Monica, CA: RAND.
60. Teachman, Jay D. and Lucky M. Tedrow. 2004. "Wages, Earnings, and Occupational Status: Did World War II Veterans Receive a Premium?" Social Science Research 33:581-605.
61. Vogt, Dawn S., Daniel W. King, Lynda A. King, Vincent W. Savarese, and Michael K. Suvak. 2004. "War-Zone Exposure and Long-Term General Life Adjustment among Vietnam Veterans: Findings from Two Perspectives." Journal of Applied Social Psychology 34:1797-1824.
62. Williams, David R. and Chiquita Collins. 1995. "US Socioeconomic and Racial Differences in Health: Patterns and Explanations." Annual Review of Sociology 21:349-86.
63. Willson, Andrea E., Kim M. Shuey, and Glen H. Elder Jr. 2007. "Cumulative Advantage Processes as Mechanisms of Inequality in Life Course Health." American Journal of Sociology 112:1886-1924.
64. Yager, Thomas, Robert Laufer, and Mark Gallops. 1984. "Some Problems Associated with War Experience in Men of the Vietnam Generation." Archives of General Psychiatry 41:327-33.
65. Zeitlin, M., K.G. Lutterman, and J.W. Russell. 1973. "Death in Vietnam: Class, Poverty, and the Risks of War." Politics and Society 3:313-28.