Palaeoceanographic differences of early Late Aptian black shale events in the Vocontian Basin (SE France)

Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology

Volumn 297, Issue 2, 2010, Pages 367-376

  Herrle, Jens O ^a   Kössler, Peter ^b   Bollmann, Jörg ^c  

^a GOETHE UNIVERSITY   (Germany)

^b UNIVERSITY OF TÜBINGEN   (Germany)

^c UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO   (Canada)

Author keywords

Aptian; Black shales; Calcareous nannofossil; Carbon isotopes; Cretaceous; Sea level; Tethys

Indexed keywords

ANOXIC CONDITIONS; APTIAN; BLACK SHALE; CARBON ISOTOPE; ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR; NANOFOSSIL; ORGANIC MATTER; PALEOCEANOGRAPHY; PALEOPRODUCTIVITY; RESIDENCE TIME; SEA LEVEL CHANGE; TETHYS;

FRANCE; VOCONTIAN TROUGH;

EID: 77957752216     PISSN: 00310182     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.palaeo.2010.08.015     Document Type: Article

References (111)

1. Andruleit H. Coccolithophore fluxes in the Norwegian-Greenland Sea, seasonality and assemblage alterations. Mar. Micropaleontol. 1997, 31:45-64.
2. Arnaud H., Lemoine M. Structure and Mesozoic-Cenozoic evolution of the South-East France Basin (SFB). Géologie Alpine, Série spéciale 'Colloques et Excursions' 1993, 3:53-58.
3. Arnaud-Vanneau A., Arnaud H., Charollais J., Conrad M.-A., Cotillon P., Ferry S., Masse J.-P., Peyberne's B. Paleogeographie des calcaires urgoniens du Sud de la France. Geobios Mem. 1979, 3:363-383.
4. Arthur M.A., Brumsack H.J., Jenkyns H.C., Schlanger S.O. Stratigraphy, geochemistry, and paleoceanography of organic carbon-rich Cretaceous sequences. NATO ASI Series 1990, 304:75-119. Kluwer Academic Publishers. R.N. Ginsburg, B. Beaudoin (Eds.).
5. Barron E.J., Arthur M.A., Kauffman E.G. Cretaceous rhythmic bedding sequences; a plausible link between orbital variations and climate. EPSL 1985, 72:327-340.
6. Bellanca A., Claps M., Erba E., Masetti D., Neri R., Premoli Silva I., Venezia F. Orbitally induced limestone/marlstone rhythms in the Albian-Cenomanian Cismon section (Venetian region, Northern Italy): sedimentology, calcareous and siliceous plankton distribution, elemental and isotope geochemistry. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 1996, 126:227-260.
7. Berger A., Loutre M.F., Laskar J. Stability of the astronomical frequencies over the earth's history for paleoclimate studies. Science 1992, 255:560-566.
8. Bjerrum C.J., Bendtsen J., Legarth J.J.F. Modeling organic carbon burial during sea level rise with reference to the Cretaceous. Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. 2006, 7. 10.1029/2005GC001032.
9. Bollmann J., Herrle J.O. Morphological variation of Emiliania huxleyi and sea surface salinity. EPSL 2007, 255:273-288.
10. Bollmann J., Brabec B., Cortes M.Y., Geisen M. Determination of absolute coccolith abundances in deep-sea sediments by spiking with microbeads and spraying (SMS-method). Mar. Micropaleontol. 1999, 38:29-38.
11. Bollmann J., Henderiks J., Brabec B. Global calibration of Gephyrocapsa coccolith abundance in Holocene sediments for paleotemperature assessment. Paleoceanography 2002, 17. 10.1029/2001PA000742.
12. Bollmann J., Herrle J.O., Cortez M., Fielding S.R. The effect of sea water salinity on the morphology of Emiliania huxleyi in plankton and sediment samples. EPSL 2009, 284:320-328.
13. Bornemann A., Pross J., Reichelt K., Herrle J.O., Hemleben C., Mutterlose J. Reconstruction of short-term palaeoceanographic changes during the formation of the Late Albian "Niveau Breistroffer" (OAE 1d, SE France). J. Geol. Soc. 2005, 162:623-639.
14. Bornemann A., Norris R.D., Friedrich O., Beckmann B., Vogel J., Schouten S., Sinninghe Damsté J.S., Hofmann P., Wagner T. Isotopic evidence for glaciation during the Cretaceous supergreenhouse. Science 2008, 319:189-192.
15. Bour I., Mattioli E., Pittet B. Nannofacies analysis as a tool to reconstruct paleoenvironmental changes during the Early Toarcian anoxic event. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 2007, 249:58-79.
16. Bown P.R., Young J.R. Techniques. Calcareous Nannofossil Biostratigraphy, British Micropalaeontol. Soc. Publ 1998, 16-28. P.R. Bown (Ed.).
17. Bralower T.J., Thierstein H.R. Low productivity and slow deep-water circulation in mid-Cretaceous oceans. Geology 1984, 12:614-618.
18. Bralower T.J., CoBabe E., Clement B., Sliter W.V., Osburn C.L., Longoria J. The record of global change in mid-Cretaceous (Barremian-Albian) sections from Sierra Madre, northeastern Mexico. J. Foramineferal Res. 1999, 29:418-437.
19. Brand L.E. Physiological ecology of marine coccolithophores. Coccolithophores 1994, 39-49. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. A. Winter, W.G. Siesser (Eds.).
20. Brass G.W., Southam J.R., Peterson W.H. Warm saline bottom water in the ancient ocean. Nature 1982, 296:620-623.
21. Bréhéret J.G. The mid-Cretaceous organic-rich sediments from the Vocontian zone of the french South-East Basin. Hydrocarbon and petroleum geology of France 4, The European Assoc. Petrol. Geosci. Spec. Publ 1994, 295-320. Springer-Verlag, Berlin/Heidelberg. A. Mascle (Ed.).
22. Bréhéret J.G. L'Aptien et l'Albien de la Fosse Vocontienne (bordures du bassin): Évolution de la sédimentation et enseignements sur les événements anoxiques. Publ. Soc. Géol. Nord 1997, 25. 614 pp.
23. Browning E.L., Watkins D.K. Elevated primary productivity of calcareous nannoplankton associated with oceanic anoxic event 1b during the Aptian/Albian transition (Early Cretaceous). Paleoceanography 2008, 23:PA2213. doi: 984 10.1029/2007PA001413.
24. Burnett J.A., Young J.R., Bown P.R. Calcareous nannoplankton and global climate change. Biotic Response to Global Change: The last 145Million Years, The Natural History Museum 2000, 35-50. Cambridge University Press, London. S.J. Culver, P.F. Rawson (Eds.).
25. Chambers J.M., Cleveland W.S., Kleiner B., Tukey P.A. Graphical Methods for Data Analysis 1983, Duxbury Press, Boston, 320 pp.
26. Cortes M.Y., Bollmann J., Thierstein H.R. Coccolithophore ecology at the HOT station ALOHA, Hawaii. Deep Sea Res. II 2001, 48:1957-1981.
27. De Boer P. Cyclicity and the storage of organic matter in Middle Cretaceous pelagic sediments. Geol. Soc. London, Spec. Publ. 1982, vol. 26:456-473. Blackwell Scientific Press, Oxford. J. Brooks, A. Fleet (Eds.).
28. Erba E. Calcareous nannofossil distribution in pelagic rhythmic sediments (Aptian-Albian Piobbico core, central Italy). Riv. Ital. Paleontol. Stratigr. 1992, 97:455-484.
29. Erba E. Nannofossils and superplumes: The early Aptian "nannoconid crisis". Paleoceanography 1994, 9:483-501.
30. Erba E. Calcareous nannofossils and Mesozoic oceanic anoxic events. Mar. Micropaleontol. 2004, 52:85-106.
31. Erba E., Premoli Silva I. Orbitally driven cycles in trace-fossil distribution from the Piobbico core (late Albian, central Italy). Internat. Assoc. Sedimentol. Spec. Publ., Oxford/London 1994, 19:211-225. P.L. de Boer, D.G. Smith (Eds.).
32. Erba E., Coccioni R., Premoli Silva I. The "Scisti a Fuccoidi" in the Umbria-Marche area: the Apecchiese road sections. Mesozoic-Cenozoic stratigraphy in the Umbria-Marche area 1989, vol. 39:146-164. Ministero dell'Ambiente Servizio Geologico D'Italia, Roma, Mem. Descript. della Carta Geol. D'Italia. S. Cresta, S. Monechi, G. Parisi (Eds.).
33. Erba E., Castradori D., Guasti G., Ripepe M. Calcareous nannofossils and Milankovitch cycles: the example of the Albian Gault Clay Formation (southern England). Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 1992, 93:47-69.
34. Erbacher J. Entwicklung und Paläoozeanographie mittelkretazischer Radiolarien der westlichen Tethys (Italien) und des Nordatlantiks. Tübinger Mikropaläontol. Mitt. 1994, 12. pp. 120.
35. Erbacher J., Thurow J., Littke R. Evolution patterns of radiolaria and organic matter variations: A new approach to identify sea-level changes in mid-Cretaceous pelagic environments. Geology 1996, 24:499-502.
36. Erbacher J., Hemleben C., Huber B.T., Markey M. Correlating environmental changes during early Albian oceanic anoxic event 1B using benthic foraminiferal paleoecology. Mar. Micropaleontol. 1999, 38:7-28.
37. Erbacher J., Huber B.T., Norris R.D., Markey M. Increased thermohaline stratification as a possible cause for an oceanic anoxic event in the Cretaceous period. Nature 2001, 409:325-327.
38. Fielding S.R., Herrle J.O., Bollmann J., Worden R.H., Montagnes D.J.S. Assessing the applicability of Emiliania huxleyi coccolith morphology as a sea surface salinity proxy. Limnol. Oceanogr. 2009, 54:1457-1480.
39. Friedrich O., Reichelt K., Herrle J.O., Lehmann J., Pross J., Hemleben C. Formation of the Late Aptian Niveau Fallot black shales in the Vocontian Basin (SE France): evidence from foraminifera, palynomorphs, and stable isotopes. Mar. Micropaleontol. 2003, 49:65-85.
40. Friedrich O., Nishi H., Pross J., Schmiedl G., Hemleben C. Interruptions of the Oceanic Anoxic Event 1b (Lower Albian, Middle Cretaceous): evidence from benthic foraminiferal repopulation events. Palaios 2005, 20:64-77.
41. Friedrich O., Erbacher J., Moriya K., Wilson P.A., Kuhnert H. Warm saline intermediate waters in the Cretaceous tropical Atlantic Ocean. Nat. Geosci. 2008, 1:453-457.
42. Fries G., Parize O. Anatomy of ancient passive margin slope systems: Aptian gravity-driven deposition on the Vocontian palaeomargin, western Alps, south-east France. Sedimentology 2003, 50:1231-1270.
43. Friès G., Rubino J.L. Testing the application of sequence stratigraphy to Aptian deposits in southeast France. NATO ASI Series 1990, Vol. 304C:47-62. Kluwer Academic Publishers. R.N. Ginsburg, B. Beaudoin (Eds.).
44. Galeotti S., Sprovieni M., Coccioni R., Bellanca A., Neri R. Orbitally modulated black shale deposition in the upper Albian Amadeus Segment (Central Italy): a multi-proxy reconstruction. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 2003, 190:441-458.
45. Geisen M., Bollmann J., Herrle J.O., Mutterlose J., Young J.R. Calibration of the random settling technique for calculation of absolute abundances of calcareous nannoplankton. Micropaleontology 1999, 45:437-442.
46. Giraud F., Pittet B., Mattioli E., Audouin V. Paleoenvironmental controls on the morphology and abundance of the coccolith Watznaueria britannica (Late Jurassic, southern Germany). Mar. Micropaleontol. 2006, 60:205-225.
47. Haidar A.T., Thierstein H.R. Coccolithophore dynamics off Bermuda (N. Atlantic). Deep Sea Res. II 2001, 48:1925-1956.
48. Heimhofer U., Hochuli P.A., Herrle J.O., Weissert H. Contrasting origins of Early Cretaceous black shales in the Vocontian basin: Evidence from palynological and calcareous nannofossil records. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 2006, 235:93-109.
49. Herbert T.D., Fischer A.G. Milankovitch climatic origin of mid-Cretaceous black shale rhythms in central Italy. Nature 1986, 321:739-743.
50. Herrle J.O. Paleoceanographic and paleoclimatic implications on mid-Cretaceous black shale formation in the Vocontian Basin and the Atlantic: evidence from calcareous nannofossils and stable isotopes. Tübinger Mikropaläontol. Mitt. 2002, 27. 114 pp.
51. Herrle J.O. Reconstructing nutricline dynamics of mid-Cretaceous oceans: evidence from calcareous nannofossils from the Niveau Paquier black shale (SE France). Mar. Micropaleontol. 2003, 47:307-321.
52. Herrle J.O., Bollmann J. Accuracy and reproducibility of absolute nannoplankton abundances using the filtration technique in combination with a rotary sample splitter. Mar. Micropaleontol. 2004, 53:289-404.
53. Herrle J.O., Mutterlose J. Calcareous nannofossils from the Aptian - early Albian of SE France: Paleoecological and biostratigraphic implications. Cretaceous Res. 2003, 24:1-22.
54. Herrle J.O., Pross J., Friedrich O., Kössler P., Hemleben C. Forcing mechanisms for mid-Cretaceous black shale formation: evidence from the Upper Aptian and Lower Albian of the Vocontian Basin (SE France). Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 2003, 190:399-426.
55. Herrle J.O., Pross J., Friedrich O., Hemleben C. Short-term productivity changes in the Cretaceous Tethyan Ocean: evidence from the early Albian Oceanic anoxic event 1b. Terra Nova 2003, 15:14-19.
56. Herrle J.O., Kössler P., Friedrich O., Erlenkeuser H., Hemleben C. High-resolution carbon isotope records of the Aptian to Lower Albian from SE France and the Mazagan Plateau (DSPD site 545): a stratigraphic tool for paleocanographic and paleobiologic reconstruction. EPSL 2004, 218:149-161.
57. Hofmann P., Stüsser I., Wagner T., Schouten S., Sinninghe Damsté J.S. Climate-ocean coupling off North-West Africa during the Lower Albian: the Oceanic anoxic event 1b. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 2008, 262:157-165.
58. Honjo S. Coccoliths: production, transportation and sedimentation. Mar. Micropaleontol. 1976, 1:65-79.
59. 13C carbonate reference curve for the Cenomanian-Campanian (99.6-70.6Ma). Geol. Mag. 2006, 142:561-608.
60. Jenkyns H.C. Relative sea-level change and carbon isotopes: data from the Upper Jurassic (Oxfordian) of central and southern Europe. Terra Nova 1996, 8:75-85.
61. Jenkyns H.C. Geochemistry of oceanic anoxic events. Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. 2010, 11. 10.1029/2009GC002788.
62. Jenkyns H.C., Wilson P.A. Stratigraphy, paleoceanography, and evolution of Cretaceous Pacific Guyots: relics from a greenhouse Earth. Am. J. Sci. 1999, 299:341-392.
63. Jenkyns H.C., Gale A.S., Corfield R.M. Carbon- and oxygen-isotope stratigraphy of the English Chalk and Italian Scaglia and its palaeoclimatic significance. Geol. Mag. 1994, 131:1-34.
64. Jenkyns H.C., Forster A., Schouten S., Damste J.S.S. High temperatures in the Late Cretaceous Arctic Ocean. Nature 2004, 432:888-892.
65. Kössler P., Herrle J.O., Appel E., Erbacher J., Hemleben C. Magnetic records of climatic cycles from mid-Cretaceous hemipelagic sediments of the Vocontian Basin, SE France. Cretaceous Res. 2001, 22:331-341.
66. Kuhnt W., Moullade M. The Gargasian (Middle Aptian) of La Marcouline section at Cassis-La Bédoule (SE France): Stable isotope record and orbital cyclicity. Carnets de Geologie/Notebooks on Geology, Brest, Article 2007/02 (CG2007_A02) 2007.
67. Kuypers M.M.M., Blokker P., Erbacher J., Kinkel H., Pancost R.D., Schouten S., Sinninghe Damsté J.S. Massive expansion of marine archaea during a mid-Cretaceous oceanic anoxic event. Science 2001, 293:92-94.
68. Leckie R.M., Bralower T.J., Cashman R. Oceanic anoxicevents and plankton evolution: biotic response to tectonic forcing during the mid-Cretaceous. Paleoceanography 2002, 17:1-29.
69. Masse J.-P., Philip J., Camoin G. The Cretaceous Tethys. The Tethys Ocean 1996, 8:215-236. Plenum Press, New York, London. A.E.M. Nairn, L.-E. Ricou, B. Vrielynck, J. Dercourt (Eds.).
70. Mattioli E. Nannoplankton productivity and diagenesis in the rhythmically bedded Toarcian-Aalenian Fiuminata section (Umbria-Marche Apennine, central Italy). Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 1997, 130:113-133.
71. 13C stratigraphy through the early Aptian "Livello Selli" of the Alpine Tethys. Paleoceanography 1998, 13:530-545.
72. Meyers P.A., Negri A. Paleoclimatic and paleoceanographic records in Mediterranean sapropels and Mesozoic black shales. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 2003, 190:5-6.
73. Mutterlose J. Calcareous nannofossils and belemnites as warmwater indicators from the NW-German Middle Aptian. Geol. Jb 1987, 96:293-313.
74. Mutterlose J. Temperature-controlled migration of calcareous nannofloras in the north-west European Aptian. Proceedings of the International Nannofossil Association Conference 1989, 122-142. Ellis Horwood, Chichester. J.A. Crux, S.E. van Heck (Eds.).
75. Mutterlose J. Calcareous nannofossil palaeoceanography of the Early Cretaceous of NW Europe. Mitt. Geol. Staatsinstitut Hamburg 1996, 77:291-313.
76. Mutterlose J., Bornemann A., Herrle J.O. Mesozoic Calcareous nannofossils-State of the art. Paläontologische Zeitschrift 2005, 79:113-130.
77. Mutterlose J., Bornemann A., Herrle J.O. The Aptian-Albian cold snap: Evidence for "mid" Cretaceous icehouse interludes. Consequences of moderate 25, 000year lasting emission of light CO2 into the mid-Cretaceous ocean. Neues. Jahrb. Geol. Palaeontol. Abh. 2009, 252:217-225.
78. Negri A., Wagner T., Meyers P.A. Causes and consequences of marine organic carbon burial trough time. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 2006, 235:5-6.
79. Oglesby R., Park J. The effect of precessional insolation changes on Cretaceous climate and cyclic sedimentation. J. Geophys. Res. 1989, 94:793-816.
80. Pederson T.F., Calvert S.E. Anoxia vs. productivity: What controls the formation of organic-carbon-rich sediments and sedimentary rocks?. AAPG Bull. 1990, 74:454-466.
81. Pratt L.M., King J.D. Variable marine productivity and high eolian input recorded by rhythmic black shales in Mid-Cretaceous pelagic deposits from central Italy. Paleoceanography 1986, 1:507-522.
82. Premoli Silva I., Erba E., Tornaghi M.E. Paleoenvironmental signals and changes in surface fertility in mid Cretaceous Corg-rich pelagic facies of the Fuccoid marls (Central Italy). Geobios. Mem. Spec. 1989, 11:225-236.
83. Premoli Silva I., Ripepe M., Tornaghi M.E. Planktonic foraminiferal distribution record productivity cycles: evidence from the Aptian-Albian Piobbico core (Central Italy). Terra Nova 1989, 1:443-448.
84. Price G.D. The evidence and implications of polar ice during the Mesozoic. Earth Sci. Rev. 1999, 48:183-210.
85. Roth P.H. Calcareous nannofossil - Leg 17, Deep Sea Drilling Project. Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project 1973, vol. 17:695-795. US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC. E.L. Winterer, J.I. Ewing (Eds.).
86. Roth P.H. Distribution of coccoliths in oceanic sediments. Coccolithophores 1994, 199-218. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. A. Winter, W.G. Siesser (Eds.).
87. Roth P.H., Bowdler J.L. Middle Cretaceous calcareous nannoplankton biogeography and oceanography of the Atlantic Ocean. SEPM Spec. Publ. 1981, 32:517-546.
88. Roth P.H., Krumbach K.R.N. Middle Cretaceous calcareous nannofossil biogeography and preservation in the Atlantic and Indian oceans: implications for paleoceanography. Mar. Micropaleontol. 1986, 10:235-266.
89. Roth P.H., Thierstein H. Calcareous nannoplankton: leg 14 of the deep sea drilling project. 14 1972, 421-485. US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC. D.E. Hayes, A.C. Pimm (Eds.).
90. Savin S.M. The history of the earth's surface temperature during the past 100 million years. Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 1977, 5:319-355.
91. Savostin L.A., Sibuet J., Zonenshain L.P., Le Pichon X., Roulet M.J. Kinematic evolution of the Tethys belt from the Atlantic Ocean to Pamirs since the Triassic. Tectonophysics 1986, 123:1-35.
92. Schlanger S.O., Jenkyns H.C. Cretaceous anoxic events: causes and consequences. Geol. Mijnbouw 1976, 55:179-184.
93. Scholle P.A., Arthur M.A. Carbon isotope fluctuations in Cretaceous pelagic limestones: potential stratigraphic and petroleum exploration tool. AAPG Bull. 1980, 64:67-87.
94. Steinmetz J.C. Stable isotopes in modern coccolithophores. coccolithophores 1994, 219-229. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. A. Winter, W.G. Siesser (Eds.).
95. Strasser A., Caron M., Gjermeni M. The Aptian, Albian and Cenomanian of Roter Sattel, Romandes Prealps, Switzerland: a high-resolution record of oceanographic changes. Cretaceous Res. 2001, 22:173-199.
96. Street C., Bown P.R. Palaeobiogeography of Early Cretaceous (Berriasian-Barremian) calcareous nannoplankton. Mar. Micropaleontol. 2000, 39:265-291.
97. Tiraboschi D., Erba E., Jenkyns H.C. Origin of rhythmic Albian black shales (Piobbico core, central Italy): calcareous nannofossil quantitative and statistical analyses and paleoceanographic reconstructions. Paleoceanography 2009, 24:PA2222. 10.1029/2008PA001670.
98. Tornaghi M.E., Premoli Silva I., Ripepe M. Lithostratigraphy and planktonic foraminiferal biostratigraphy of the Aptian-Albian "scisti a Fucoidi" in the Piobbico Core, Marche, Italy: Background for cyclostratigraphy. Riv. Ital. Paleontol. Stratigr. 1989, 95:223-264.
99. Voigt S. Paläobiogeographie oberkretazischer Inoceramen und Rudisten: Ozeanographische und klimatologische Konsequenzen einer neuen Paläogeographie. Münch. Geowissenschaftl. Abh. 1996, 31 (A):1-101.
100. 13C curve for Western and Central Europe: the role of organic and inorganic carbon fluxes. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 2000, 160:91-104.
101. Voigt H., Hilbrecht S. Late Cretaceous carbon isotope stratigraphy in Europe: correlation and relations with sea level and sediment stability. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 1997, 134:39-59.
102. Voigt S., Gale A.S., Voigt T. Sea-level change, carbon cycling and palaeoclimate during the Late Cenomanian of northwest Europe. Cretaceous Res. 2006, 27:836-858.
103. Wagner T., Herrle J.O., Sinninghe Damsté J.S., Schouten S., Stüsser I., Hofmann P. Rapid warming and salinity changes of Cretaceous surface waters in the subtropical North Atlantic. Geology 2008, 36:203-206.
104. Watkins D.K., Cooper M.J., Wilson P.A. Calcareous nannoplankton response to late Albian oceanic anoxic event 1d in the western North Atlantic. Paleoceanography 2005, 20:PA2010. 10.1029/2004PA001097.
105. Weissert H., Lini A. Ice age interludes during the time of Cretaceous greenhouse climate. Controversies in modern geology 1991, 173-191. Academic Press, London. D.W. Müller, H. Weissert (Eds.).
106. Westphal H., Munnecke A., Pross J., Herrle J.O. Multiproxy approach to understanding the origin of Cretaceous pelagic limestone-marl alternations (DSDP site 391, Blake-Bahama Basin). Sedimentology 2004, 51:109-126.
107. Williams J.R., Bralower T.J. Nannofossil assemblages, fine fraction stable isotopes, and the paleoceanography of the Valanginian-Barremian (Early Cretaceous) North Sea Basin. Paleoceanography 1995, 10:815-839.
108. Wilson P.A., Norris R.D. Warm tropical ocean surface and global anoxia during the mid-Cretaceous period. Nature 2001, 412:425-429.
109. Wilson P.A., Norris R.D., Cooper M.J. Testing the Cretaceous greenhouse hypothesis using glassy foraminiferal calcite from the core of the Turonian tropics on Demerara Rise. Geology 2002, 30:607-610.
110. Winter A., Jordan R.W., Roth P.H. Biogeography of living coccolithophores in ocean waters. coccolithophores 1994, 161-177. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. A. Winter, W.G. Siesser (Eds.).
111. Wortmann U.G., Hesse R., Zacher W. Major-element analysis of cyclic black shales: paleoceanographic implications for the Early Cretaceous deep western Tethys. Paleoceanography 1999, 14:525-541.