Equity in community forests in Bhutan

International Forestry Review

Volumn 12, Issue 3, 2010, Pages 187-199

  Buffum, B ^a   Lawrence, A ^b   Temphel, K J ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF RHODE ISLAND   (United States)

^b FOREST RESEARCH   (United Kingdom)

^c Ministry of Agriculture   (Bhutan)

Author keywords

Bhutan; Community Forestry; Equity; Himalayas

Indexed keywords

COMMUNITY FORESTRY; EQUITY; FOREST PRODUCT; GOVERNANCE APPROACH; SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS; TIMBER HARVESTING;

BHUTAN;

EID: 77957746341     PISSN: 14655489     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1505/ifor.12.3.187     Document Type: Article

References (59)

1. ADHIKARI, B. 2005. Poverty, property rights and collective action: Understanding the distributive aspects of common property resource management. Environment and Development Economics 10: 7-31.
2. AGARWAL, B. 2001. Participatory exclusions, community forestry, and gender: An analysis for South Asia and a conceptual framework. World Development 29 (10): 1623-1648.
3. AGRAWAL, A and CHHATRE, A. 2006. Explaining success on the commons: Community forest governance in the Indian Himalaya. World Development 34 (1): 149-166.
4. AGRAWAL, A. and GUPTA, K. 2005. Decentralization and participation: The governance of common pool resources in Nepal's Terai. World Development 33 (7): 1101-1114.
5. AGRAWAL, A. and OSTROM, E. 2001. Collective action, property rights, and decentralization in resource use in India and Nepal. Politics & Society 29 (4): 485-514.
6. ANAND, S. and SEN, A. K. 1996. Sustainable human development: Concepts and priorities, Office of Development Studies Discussion Paper Series No. 1. New York, United Nations Development Programme.
7. BACALLA, D.T. 2006. Promoting equity: A challenge in the implementation of community-based forest management strategy in the Philippines. In: MAHANTY, S., FOX, J., NURSE, M., STEPHEN, P. and MCLEES, L. (eds.) Hanging in the Balance: Equity in Community-Based Natural Resource Management in Asia. Bangkok, RECOFTC and East-West Center.
8. BHATTARAI, B. 2006. Widening the gap between Terai and hill farmers in Nepal: The Implications of the New Forest Policy 2000. In: MAHANTY, S., FOX, J., NURSE, M., STEPHEN, P. and MCLEES, L. (eds.) Hanging in the Balance: Equity in Community-Based Natural Resource Management in Asia. Bangkok, RECOFTC and East- West Center.
9. BUFFUM, B. and CHETTRI, R. 2000. Post-Project Evaluation of Begnas Tal/Rupa Tal Watershed Management Project. Kathmandu, CARE Nepal.
10. BUFFUM, B., GRATZER G., TENZIN Y. 2008. The Sustainability of Selection Cutting in a Late Successional Broadleaved Community Forest in Bhutan. Forest Ecology and Management 256: 2084-2091
11. BUFFUM, B., GRATZER G., TENZIN Y. 2009. Forest Grazing and Natural Regeneration in a Late Successional Broadleaved Community Forest in Bhutan. Mountain Research and Development 29(1): 30-35.
12. CARTER, J. 2005. Recent Experience in Collaborative Management - CIFOR Occasional Paper No. 43. Bogor, Centre for International Forestry Research.
13. CHHETRY, B., FRANCIS, P., GURUNG, M., IVERSEN, V., KAFLE, G., PAIN, A. and SEELY, J. 2005. A Framework for the analysis of community forestry performance in the Terai. Journal of Forest and Livelihood 4 (2): 1-16.
14. CHODEN, T. 2007. Gross National Happiness and Material Welfare in Bhutan and Japan. Thimphu, Centre for Bhutan Studies.
15. CIA. 2007. Bhutan - The World Factbook. Washington, Central Intelligence Agency.
16. CRONKLETON, P., LEIGH TAYLOR, P. L., BARRY, D., STONE-JOVICICH, S. and SCHMINK, M. 2008. Environmental Governance and the Emergence of Forest- Based Social Movements. CIFOR Occasional Paper No. 49. Jakarta, Center for International Forestry Research.
17. DOF. 2004. Community Forestry Manual for Bhutan. Thimphu, Social Forestry Division, Department of Forests, Ministry of Agriculture, Royal Government of Bhutan.
18. DONGAL, S. (2005). Participation and Decisionmaking in Nepal, in COLVER, CJP (ed) The Equitable Forest - Diversity, Community and Resource Management. Washington DC: Resources for the Future.
19. DUBA, S., URBAN, R. and WANGCHUK, D. (eds.) 1998. Participatory Forest Management for Local Use: Report of a Participatory Rural Appraisal of Forest Resources and Forest Management in the Lingmutey Chhu Watershed, No.41. Wangdue-Phodrang, Bhutan-German Sustainable RNR Development Project, GTZ/Ministry of Agriculture, Royal Government of Bhutan.
20. GAUTAM, C. M., and WATANABE, T. 2004. Reliability of land use/land cover assessment in Montane Nepal - a case study in the Kangchenjunga Conservation Area (KCA). Mountain Research and Development 24 (1): 35-43.
21. GIBSON, C. C., WILLIAMS, J. T. and OSTROM, E. 2005. Local enforcement and better forests. World Development 33 (2): 273-284.
22. HOBLEY, M. 2005. Building state-people relationships in forestry. In: Forest Policy and Environment Programme: Grey Literature. London, Forest Policy and Environment Programme, Overseas Development Institute.
23. KELLERT, S. R., MEHTA, J. N., EBBIN, S. A. and LICHTENFELD, L. L. 2000. Community natural resource management: Promise, rhetoric, and reality. Society & Natural Resources 13 (8): 705-715.
24. KUMAR, S. and KANT, S. 2005. Bureaucracy and new management paradigms: Modelling foresters' perceptions regarding community-based forest management in India. Forest Policy and Economics 7 (4): 651-669.
25. LAWRENCE, A. 2007. Beyond the second generation: Towards adaptiveness in participatory forest management. CAB Reviews: Perspectives in Agriculture, Veterinary Science, Nutrition and Natural Resources 2, available at www.cababstractsplus.org/cabreviews
26. MAHANTY, S., FOX, J., MCLEES, L., NURSE, M. and STEPHEN, P. 2006. Equity in community-based resource management. In: MAHANTY, S., FOX, J., NURSE, M., STEPHEN, P. and MCLEES, L. (eds.) Hanging in the Balance: Equity in Community-Based Natural Resource Management in Asia. Bangkok, RECOFTC and East- West Center.
27. MAHARJAN, M. R., DHAKAL, T.R., THAPA, S.K., SCHRECKENBERG, K. and LUTTRELL, C. 2009. Improving the benefits to the poor from community forestry in the Churia region of Nepal. International Forestry Review 11(2): 254-257
28. MAHARJAN, M. R. 2001. Yield Regulation Techniques for Community Forest Management in Nepal: Opportunities and Constraints. In: VICTOR, M. and BARASH, A. (eds.) Cultivating Forests - Alternative Forest Management Practices and Techniques for Community Forestry. Bangkok, RECOFTC.
29. MALLA, Y., NEUPANE, H. R. and BRANNEY, P. J. 2003. Why aren't poor people benefiting more from community forestry? Journal of Forest and Livelihood 3 (1): 78-90.
30. MCDERMOTT, M. H. AND SCHRECKENBERG, K. 2009. Equity in community forestry: Insights from North and South. International Forestry Review 11(2): 157-171
31. MCKEAN, M. A. 2000. Common property: What is it, what is it good for, and what makes it work? In: Gibson, C. C., MCKEAN, M. A. and OSTROM, E. (eds.) People and forests: Communities, institutions, and governance. Cambridge, Mass, MIT Press.
32. MENZIES, N. K. 2002. Global gleanings lessons from six studies of community based forest management, Report for Ford Foundation's Environment and Development Affinity Group (EDAG). Berkley, Ford Foundation.
33. MOA. 2003. Forest and Nature Conservation Rules 2003. Thimphu, Ministry of Agriculture, Royal Government of Bhutan.
34. MYERS, N., MITTERMEIER, R. A., MITTERMEIER, C. G., DA FONSECA, G. A. B. and KENT, J. (2000). Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities. Nature 403(6772): 853-858.
35. NAMGAY, K., and T. SONAM. 2006. Gender and equity: A challenge in community forestry, In: A Series of Case Studies on Community Based Forest and Natural Resource Management in Bhutan. Thimphu, Ministry of Agriculture, Royal Government of Bhutan.
36. NIGHTINGALE, A. 2003. Nature-society and development: Social, cultural and ecological change in Nepal. Geoforum 34 (4): 525-540.
37. NURSE, M., ROBINSON, P., PAUDEL, D. and POKHAREL, B. 2004. Towards pro-poor community forestry - recent experiences from Dolakha and Okhaldunga Districts. In: TIMSINA, N. P. and OJHA, H. R. (eds.) Case Studies on Equity and Poverty in the Management of Common Property Resources in Nepal. Kathmandu, Forest Action.
38. OBERHOLZER, E., BUFFUM, B., KINLEY and DHONO. 2003. Forest Management by Bhutanese Villagers: Experience to Date of the Community Forestry Program. Thimphu, Participatory Forest Management Project, Helvetas/SDC/Department of Forests, Ministry of Agriculture, Royal Government of Bhutan.
39. OSTROM, E. 1999. Self-governance and forest resources. CIFOR Occasional Paper No. 20. Jakarta, CIFOR.
40. PANDIT, B. H, and THAPA, G. B. 2004. Poverty and resource degradation under different common forest resource management systems in the mountains of Nepal. Society and Natural Resources 17: 1-16.
41. PENJORE, D., and RAPTEN, P. 2004. Trends of forestry policy concerning local participation in Bhutan. In: HARADA, K. and KANAGAWA, M. N. (eds.) Policy Trend Report 2004. Institute for Global Environmental Strategies.
42. POKHAREL, B., and NURSE, M. 2004. Forest and people's livelihood: Benefiting the poor from community forestry. Journal of Forest and Livelihood 4 (1): 19-30.
43. POMMARET, F.. 1991. Bhutan. Lincolnwood, Ill; Passport Books.
44. POTEETE, A. R. 2004. Is decentralization a reliable means of increasing equity? Paper presented at the Tenth Biennial Conference of the International Association for the Study of Common Property (IASCP), 9-13 August 2004, Oaxaca, Mexico.
45. RGOB (2005). Results of Population and Housing Census of Bhutan 2005. Thimphu: Office of Census Commissioner, Royal Government of Bhutan.
46. SAKURAI, T., RAYAMAJHI, S., POKHAREL, R. K. and OTSUKA, K. 2004. Efficiency of timber production in community and private forestry in Nepal. Environment and Development Economics 9: 539-561.
47. SCHRECKENBERG, K. and LUTTRELL, C. 2009. Participatory forest management: A route to poverty reduction? International Forestry Review 11(2): 221- 238.
48. SCHRECKENBERG, K., LUTTRELL, C. and MOSS, C. 2006. Participatory forest management: An overview. In: Forest Policy and Environment Programme: Grey Literature. London, Forest Policy and Environment Programme, Overseas Development Institute.
49. SPRINGATE-BAGINSKI, O., Dev, O. P., YADAV, N. P. and SOUSSAN, J. 2003. Community forest management in the middle hills of Nepal: The changing context. Journal of Forest and Livelihood 3 (1): 5-10.
50. TEMPHEL, K. J., THINLEY, K., WANGCHUK, T. and MOKTAN, M. R. 2005. Assessment of Community Forestry Implementation in Bhutan. Thimphu, Department of Forests, Ministry of Agriculture, Royal Government of Bhutan.
51. TFDP. 2000. Social Forestry in Eastern Bhutan. Khangma, Third Forestry Development Project, Department of Forestry Services, SDC/World Bank/Ministry of Agriculture, Royal Government of Bhutan.
52. UNDP. 2006. Human Development Report 2006. New York, Palgrave Macmillan.
53. UNESCO. 2008. Bhutan Country Profile. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) 2008 [cited 25 February 2008]. Available from http://www.unescobkk.org/index.php?id=3574.
54. UPRETY, D. R. 2006. Conflicts in natural resource management - examples from community forestry. Jahrbuch der Österreichischen Gesellschaft für Agrarökonomie 15: 43-155.
55. VARALAKSHMI, V. 2002. Joint Forest Management and Conflict in Haryana, India. In: MEANS, K. and JOSAYMA, C. (eds.) Community-Based Forest Resource Conflict Management. Rome, Food and Agriculture Organization, United Nations.
56. WANGCHUK, T. 2000. Change in the land use system in Bhutan: Ecology, history, culture, and power. Journal of Bhutan Studies 12 (1).
57. WHITE, A., and MARTIN, A. 2002. Who owns the world's forests? Forest tenure and public forests in transition. Washington, Center for International Environmental Law.
58. WRI. 2007. Country Profiles. World Resources Institute 2007 [cited 29 March 2007]. Available from http:// earthtrends.wri.org/index.php.
59. YADAV, N. P., DEV, O. P., SPRINGATE-BAGINSKI, O. and SOUSSAN, J. 2003. Forest management and utilization under community forestry. Journal of Forest and Livelihood, 3 (1): 37-50.