Finding the face in a crowd: Relationships between distractor redundancy, target emotion, and target gender

Cognition and Emotion

Volumn 24, Issue 7, 2010, Pages 1216-1228

  Öhman, Arne ^a   Juth, Pernilla ^a   Lundqvist, Daniel ^a  

^a KAROLINSKA INSTITUTE   (Sweden)

Author keywords

Anger superiority; Attention; Distractor redundancy; Facial emotion; Visual search

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ANGER; ARTICLE; ATTENTION; CROWDING; EMOTION; FACE; FEAR; FEMALE; GENDER; HAPPINESS; HUMAN; HUMAN EXPERIMENT; MALE; NORMAL HUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RESPONSE TIME; TASK PERFORMANCE;

EID: 77957745382     PISSN: 02699931     EISSN: 14640600     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/02699930903166882     Document Type: Article

References (36)

1. Becker, D. V., Kenrick, D. T., Neuberg, S. L., Black-well, K. C, & Smith, D. M. (2007). The confounded nature of angry men and happy women. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92, 179-190.
2. Brody, L. R., & Hall, J. A. (2008). Gender and emotion in context. In M. Lewis, J. M. Haviland, & L. Feldman Barrett (Eds.), Handbook of emotions (3rd ed., pp. 395-408). New York: Guilford Press.
3. Byrne, A., & Eysenck, M. W. (1995). Trait anxiety, anxious mood, and threat detection. Cognition and Emotion, 9, 549-562.
4. Calvo, M. G., Avero, P., & Lundqvist, D. (2006). Facilitated detection of angry faces: Initial orienting and processing efficiency. Cognition and Emotion, 20, 785-811.
5. Calvo, M. G., & Lundqvist, D. (2008). Facial expressions of emotion (KDEF): Identification under different display-duration conditions. Behavior Research Methods, 40, 109-115.
6. Calvo, M. G., & Nummenmaa, L. (2008). Detection of emotional faces: Salient physical features guide effective visual search. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 137, 471-494.
7. Duncan, J., & Humphreys, G. W. (1989). Visual-search and stimulus similarity. Psychological Review, 96, 433-458.
8. Esteves, F. (1999). Attentional bias to emotional facial expressions. European Review of Applied Psychology, 49, 91-96.
9. Fabes, R. A., & Martin, C. L. (1991). Gender and age stereotypes of emotionality. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 17, 532-540.
10. Farah, M. J., Tanaka, J. W., & Drain, H. M. (1995). What causes the face inversion effect? Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 21, 628-634.
11. Flykt, A. (2006). Preparing for action: Responding to the snake in the grass. American Journal of Psychology, 119, 29-43.
12. Fox, E., & Damjanovic, L. (2006). The eyes are sufficient to produce a threat superiority effect. Emotion, 6, 534-539.
13. Fox, E., Lester, V., Russo, R., Bowles, R. J., Pichler, A., & Dutton, K. (2000). Facial expressions of emotion: Are angry faces detected more efficiently? Cognition and Emotion, 14, 61-92.
14. Frijda, N. (1986). The emotions. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
15. Garcia-Moreno, C, Jansen, H. A. F. M., Ellsberg, M., Heise, L., & Watts, C. H., On behalf of the WHO Multi-country Study on Women's Health and Domestic Violence against Women Study Team. (2006). Prevalence of intimate partner violence: Findings from the WHO multi-country study on women's health and domestic violence. Lancet, 368, 1260-1269.
16. Gilboa-Schechtman, E., Foa, E. B., & Amir, N. (1999). Attentional biases for facial expressions in social phobia: The face-in-the-crowd paradigm. Cognition and Emotion, 13, 305-318.
17. Hansen, C. H., & Hansen, R. D. (1988). Finding the face in the crowd: An anger superiority effect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 917-924.
18. Haxby, J. V., Hoffman, E. A., & Gobbini, M. I. (2000). The distributed human neural system for face perception. Trends in Cognitive Science, 4, 223-233.
19. Horstmann, G., & Bauland, A. (2006). Search asymmetries with real faces: Testing the anger-superiority effect. Emotion, 6, 193-207.
20. Juth, P., Lundqvist, D., Karlsson, A., & Öhman, A. (2005). Looking for foes and friends: Perceptual and emotional factors when finding a face in the crowd. Emotion, 5, 379-395.
21. LaFrance, M., Hecht, M. A., & Levy Paluck, E. (2003). The contingent smile: A meta-analysis of sex differences in smiling. Psychological Bulletin, 129, 305-334.
22. Lavie, N. (1995). Perceptual load as a necessary condition for selective attention. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Peformance, 21, 451-468.
23. Lavie, N. (2005). Distracted and confused? Selective attention under load. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 9, 75-82.
24. Lundqvist, D., Flykt, A., & Öhman, A. (1998). Karolinska directed emotional faces [CD]. Section of Psychology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden. (Available at http://www.facialstimuli. com/)
25. Lundqvist, D., & Öhman, A. (2005). Emotion regulates attention: The relation between facial configuration, facial emotion, and visual attention. Visual Cognition, 12, 51-84.
26. Mather, M., & Knight, M. R. (2006). Angry faces get noticed quickly: Threat detection is not impaired among older adults. Journals of Gerontology: Series B-Psychological Sciences & Social Sciences, 61, 54-57.
27. Myers, D. G. (2006). Psychology (8th ed.). New York: Worth Publishers.
28. Öhman, A.,Flykt, A., & Lundqvist, D. (2000). Unconscious emotion: Evolutionary perspectives, psychophysiological data, and neuropsychological mechanisms. In R. Lane & L. Nadel (Eds.), The cognitive neuroscience of emotion (pp. 296-327). New York: Oxford University Press.
29. Öhman, A., Lundqvist, D., & Esteves, F. (2001). The face in the crowd revisited: A threat advantage with schematic stimuli. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80, 381-396.
30. Palermo, R., & Coltheart, M. (2004). Photographs of facial expression: Accuracy, response times, and ratings of intensity. Behavior Research Methods.
31. Instruments & Computers, 36, 636-638.
32. Purcell, D. G., Stewart, A. L., & Skov, R. B. (1996). It takes a confounded face to pop out of a crowd. Perception, 25, 1091-1108.
33. Rauschenberger, R., & Yantis, S. (2006). Perceptual encoding efficiency in visual search. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 135, 116-131.
34. Schweinberger, S. R., & Soukup, G. R. (1998). Asymmetric relationships among perceptions of facial identity, emotion, and facial speech. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Peformance, 24, 1748-1765.
35. Tipples, J., Atkinson, A. P., & Young, A. W. (2002). The eyebrow frown: A salient social signal. Emotion, 2, 288-296
36. Williams, M. A., Moss, S. A., Bradshaw, J. L., & Mattingly, J. B. (2005). Look at me, I'm smiling: Visual search for threatening and non threatening facial expressions. Visual Cognition, 12, 29-50.