Fall prevention and vitamin D in the elderly: An overview of the key role of the non-bone effects

Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation

Volumn 7, Issue 1, 2010, Pages

  Annweiler, Cedric ^a   Montero Odasso, Manuel ^b   Schott, Anne M ^c   Berrut, Gilles ^d   Fantino, Bruno ^a   Beauchet, Olivier ^a  

^a UNIVERSITÉ D'ANGERS   (France)

^b UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN ONTARIO   (Canada)

^c UNIVERSITÉ DE LYON   (France)

^d NANTES UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (France)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

VITAMIN; VITAMIN D;

AGED; BODY EQUILIBRIUM; FALLING; FRACTURE; HUMAN; NERVOUS SYSTEM FUNCTION; PHYSIOLOGY; REVIEW; RISK; SKELETAL MUSCLE; STATISTICS;

ACCIDENTAL FALLS; AGED; FRACTURES, BONE; HUMANS; MUSCLE, SKELETAL; NERVOUS SYSTEM PHYSIOLOGICAL PHENOMENA; POSTURAL BALANCE; RISK; VITAMIN D; VITAMINS;

EID: 77957686916     PISSN: None     EISSN: 17430003     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1186/1743-0003-7-50     Document Type: Review

References (130)

1. Gait disorders in older adults. NB Alexander, J Am Geriatr Soc 1996 44 434 451 8636592
2. Clinical practice. Preventing falls in elderly persons. ME Tinetti, N Engl J Med 2003 348 42 49 10.1056/NEJMcp020719 12510042
3. Fall-related factors and risk of hip fracture: The EPIDOS prospective study. P Dargent-Molina F Flavier H Grandjean C Baudoin E Hausherr JP Meunier G Breart, Lancet 1996 348 145 149 10.1016/S0140-6736(96)01440-7 8684153
4. Do hospital fall prevention programs work? A systematic review. D Oliver A Hopper P Seed, J Am Geriatr Soc 2000 48 1679 1689 11129762
5. A multidisciplinary, multifactorial intervention program reduces postoperative falls and injuries after femoral neck fracture. M Stenvall B Olofsson M Lundstrom U Englund B Borssen O Svensson L Nyberg Y Gustafson, Osteoporos Int 2007 18 167 175 10.1007/s00198-006-0226-7 17061151
6. Effectiveness of physical training on motor performance and fall prevention in cognitively impaired older persons: a systematic review. K Hauer C Becker U Lindemann N Beyer, Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2006 85 847 857 10.1097/01.phm.0000228539.99682.32 16998433
7. Why older people do not participate in leisure time physical activity: a survey of activity levels, beliefs and deterrents. IK Crombie L Irvine B Williams AR McGinnis PW Slane EM Alder MET McMurdo, Age Ageing 2004 33 287 292 10.1093/ageing/afh089 15082435
8. Vitamin D and calcium to prevent hip fractures in elderly women. MC Chapuy ME Arlot F Duboeuf J Brun B Crouzet S Arnaud PD Delmas PJ Meunier, N Engl J Med 1992 327 1637 1642 10.1056/NEJM199212033272305 1331788
9. A randomized, controlled trial of quadriceps resistance exercise and vitamin D in frail older people: the frailty interventions trial in elderly subjects (FITNESS). NK Latham CS Anderson A Lee DA Bennett A Moseley ID Cameron, J Am Geriatr Soc 2003 51 291 299 10.1046/j.1532-5415.2003.51101.x 12588571
10. Effect of annual intramuscular vitamin D3 supplementation on fracture risk: population based, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial [abstract]. HE Smith FH Anderson HM Raphael SR Croizier C Cooper, Osteoporos Int 2004 15 8 OC10
11. Randomized controlled trial of calcium and supplementation with cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) for prevention of fractures in primary care. J Porthouse S Cockayne C King L Saxon E Steele T Aspray M Baverstock Y Birks J Dumville R Francis C Iglesias S Puffer A Sutcliffe I Watt DJ Torgerson, BMJ 2005 330 1 6 10.1136/bmj.330.7498.1003 15626781
12. Oral vitamin D3 and calcium for secondary prevention of low-trauma fractures in elderly people (randomized evaluation of calcium or vitamin D, RECORD): a randomized placebo-control trial. AM Grant A Avenell MK Campbell AM McDonald GS MacLennan GC McPherson FH Anderson C Cooper RM Francis C Donaldson WJ Gillespie CM Robinson DJ Torgerson WA Wallace RECORD Trial Group, Lancet 2005 365 1621 1628 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)63013-9 15885294
13. Calcium plus vitamin D supplementation and risk of fractures. RD Jackson AZ LaCroix M Gass RB Wallace J Robbins CE Lewis T Bassford SA Beresford HR Black P Blanchette DE Bonds RL Brunner RG Brzyski B Caan JA Cauley RT Chlebowski SR Cummings I Granek J Hays G Heiss SL Hendrix BV Howard J Hsia FA Hubbell KC Johnson H Judd JM Kotchen LH Kuller RD Langer NL Lasser MC Limacher S Ludlam JE Manson KL Margolis J McGowan JK Ockene MJ O'Sullivan L Phillips RL Prentice GE Sarto ML Stefanick L Van Horn J Wactawski-Wende E Whitlock GL Anderson AR Assaf D Barad Women's Health Initiative Investigators, N Engl J Med 2006 354 669 683 10.1056/NEJMoa055218 16481635 (Pubitemid 43247138)
14. Vitamin D supplementation and the prevention of fractures and falls: results of a randomized trial in elderly people in residential accommodation. M Law H Withers J Morris F Anderson, Age Ageing 2006 35 482 486 10.1093/ageing/afj080 16641143
15. Preventing fractures among older people living in institutional care: a pragmatic randomised double blind placebo controlled trial of vitamin D supplementation. RA Lyons A Johansen S Brophy RG Newcombe CJ Phillips B Lervy R Evans K Wareham MD Stone, Osteoporos Int 2007 18 811 818 10.1007/s00198-006- 0309-5 17473911
16. Effect of vitamin D on falls. HA Bischoff-Ferrari B Dawson-Hughes WC Willet HB Staehelin MG Bazemore RY Zee JB Wong, JAMA 2004 291 1999 2006 10.1001/jama.291.16.1999 15113819
17. Fall prevention with supplemental and active forms of vitamin D: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. HA Bischoff-Ferrari B Dawson-Hughes HB Staehelin JE Orav AE Stuck R Theiler JB Wong A Egli DP Kiel J Henschkowski, BMJ 2009 339 3692 10.1136/bmj.b3692 19797342
18. Vitamin D and vitamin D analogues for preventing fractures associated with involutional and post-menopausal osteoporosis. A Avenell WJ Gillespie LD Gillespie D O'Connell, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2009 2 D000227
19. Effect of vitamin D and calcium supplementation on falls: A randomized controlled trial. HA Bischoff-Ferrari HB Staehelin W Dick R Akos M Knecht C Salis M Nebiker R Theiler M Pfeifer B Begerow RA Lew M Conzelmann, J Bone Miner Res 2003 18 343 351 10.1359/jbmr.2003.18.2.343 12568412
20. Alfacalcidol reduces the number of fallers in a community-dwelling elderly population with a minimum calcium intake of more than 500 mg daily. L Dukas HA Bischoff-Ferrari LS Lindpaintner E Schacht D Birkner-Binder TN Damm B Thalmann HB Staehelin, J Am Geriatr Soc 2004 52 230 236 10.1111/j.1532-5415. 2004.52060.x 14728632
21. Effects of vitamin D supplementation on strength, physical performance, and falls in older persons: A systematic review. NK Latham CS Anderson IR Reid, J Am Geriatr Soc 2003 51 1219 1226 10.1046/j.1532-5415.2003.51405.x 12919233
22. Fracture prevention with vitamin D supplementation: a Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. HA Bischoff-Ferrari WC Willett JB Wong AE Stuck HB Staehelin EJ Orav A Thoma DP Kiel J Henschkowski, JAMA 2005 293 2257 2264 10.1001/jama.293.18.2257 15886381
23. Prevention of nonvertebral fractures with oral vitamin D and dose dependency: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. HA Bischoff-Ferrari WC Willett JB Wong AE Stuck HB Staehelin EJ Orav A Thoma DP Kiel J Henschkowski, Arch Intern Med 2009 169 551 561 10.1001/archinternmed.2008.600 19307517
24. Epidemiology of falls and fall-related injuries in the aged. P Dargent-Molina G Breart, Rev Epidemiol Sante Publique 1995 43 72 83 7892520
25. Risk factors for injurious falls: A prospective study. MC Nevitt SR Cummings ES Hudes, J Gerontol 1991 46 164 170
26. Falls' and fallers' profiles. E Decullier C Couris O Beauchet A Zamora C Annweiler P Dargent AM Schott, J Nutr Health Aging 2010 14 602 608 10.1007/s12603-010-0130-x 20818477
27. Effect of Hip fracture on mortality in elderly women: The EPIDOS prospective study. JP Empana P Dargent-Molina G Breart, J Am Geriatr Soc 2004 52 685 690 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2004.52203.x 15086646
28. Common protective movements govern unexpected falls from standing height. ET Hsiao SN Robinovitch, J Biomech 1998 31 1 9 10.1016/S0021-9290(97)00114-0 9596532
29. Role of feed forward control of movement stability in reducing slip-related balance loss and falls among older adults. YC Pai JD Wening EF Runtz MJ Pavol, J Neurophysiol 2003 90 755 762 10.1152/jn.01118.2002 12904492
30. History and mobility exam index to identify community-dwelling elderly persons at risk of falling. KE Covinsky E Kahana B Kahana K Kercher JG Schumacher AC Justice, J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2001 56 253 259
31. Movement, posture and equilibrium: interaction and coordination. J Massion, Prog Neurobiol 1992 38 35 56 10.1016/0301-0082(92)90034-C 1736324
32. Detecting and understanding differences in postural sway. Focus on "A new interpretation of spontaneous sway measures based on a simple model of human postural control". MJ Pavol, Neurophysiol 2005 93 20 21 10.1152/jn.00864.2004 (Pubitemid 40626817)
33. Role of feedforward control of movement stability in reducing slip-related balance loss and falls among older adults. YC Pai JD Wening EF Runtz K Iqbal MJ Pavol, J Neurophysiol 2003 90 755 762 10.1152/jn.01118.2002 12904492
34. Mechanism underlying age-related differences in ability to recover balance with the ankle strategy. DC Mackey SN Robinovitch, Gait Posture 2006 23 59 68 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2004.11.009 16311196
35. Dynamic transitions in stance support accompanying leg flexion movements in man. MW Rogers YC Pai, Exp Brain Res 1990 81 398 402 10.1007/BF00228132 2397765
36. A hypothesis: the cause of hip fracture. SR Cummings M Nevitt, J Gerontol 1989 44 107 111
37. The organisation of human postural movements: A formal basis and experimental synthesis. LM Nashner G McCollum, Behav Brain Sci 1985 8 135 172 10.1017/S0140525X00020008
38. Vitamin D and muscle function. M Pfeifer B Begerow HW Minne, Osteoporos Int 2002 13 187 194 10.1007/s001980200012 11991436
39. Vitamin D deficiency, muscle function, and falls in elderly people. HC Janssen MM Samson HJ Verhaar, Am J Clin Nutr 2002 75 611 615 11916748
40. Recent developments in vitamin D deficiency and muscle weakness among elderly people. G Venning, BMJ 2005 330 524 526 10.1136/bmj.330.7490.524 15746134
41. Use of calcium or calcium in combination with vitamin D supplementation to prevent fractures and bone loss in people aged 50 years and older: a meta-analysis. BM Tang GD Eslick C Nowson C Smith A Bensoussan, Lancet 2007 370 657 666 10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61342-7 17720017
42. Vitamin D in the aging musculoskeletal system: an authentic strength preserving hormone. M Montero-Odasso G Duque, Mol Aspect Med 2005 26 203 219 10.1016/j.mam.2005.01.005 (Pubitemid 40462027)
43. Multiple actions of steroid hormones - a focus on rapid, nongenomic effects. E Falkenstein HC Tillmann M Christ M Feuring M Wehling, Pharmacol Rev 2000 52 513 556 11121509
44. Cell density-dependent vitamin D effects on calcium accumulation in rat osteogenic sarcoma cells (ROS 17/2). YS Kim SJ Birge LV Avioli R Miller, Calcif Tissue Int 1987 41 218 222 10.1007/BF02555241 2445455
45. Vitamin D-related changes in physical performance: a systematic review. C Annweiler AM Schott G Berrut B Fantino O Beauchet, J Nutr Health Aging 2009 13 893 898 10.1007/s12603-009-0248-x 19924350
46. Reversible muscle weakness in patients with vitamin D deficiency. K Ziambaras S Dagogo-Jack, West J Med 1997 167 435 439 9426489
47. Myopathy and neuropathy associated with osteomalacia. J Skaria BC Katiyar TP Srivastava B Dube, Acta Neurol Scand 1975 51 37 58 10.1111/j.1600-0404.1975. tb01358.x 1119316
48. Myopathies associated with hypothyroidism: a review based upon 13 cases. FL Mastaglia VJ Ojeda HB Sarnat BA Kakulas, Aust N Z J Med 1988 18 799 806 3071995
49. Hypovitaminosis D myopathy without biochemical signs of osteomalacic bone involvement. H Glerup K Mikkelsen L Poulsen E Hass S Overbeck H Andersen P Charles EF Eriksen, Calcif Tissue Int 2000 66 419 424 10.1007/s002230010085 10821877
50. Vitamin D status in relation to one-year risk of recurrent falling in older men and women. MB Snijder NM van Schoor SM Pluijm RM van Dam M Visser Lips, J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006 91 2980 2985 10.1210/jc.2006-0510 16684818
51. Myopathy in bone loss of ageing: improvement by treatment with 1 alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol and calcium. OH Sorensen B Lund B Saltin B Lund RB Andersen L Hjorth F Melsen L Mosekilde, Clin Sci (London) 1979 56 157 161
52. Low-dose vitamin D prevents muscular atrophy and reduces falls and hip fractures in women after stroke: a randomized controlled trial. Y Sato J Iwamoto T Kanoko K Satoh, Cerebrovasc Dis 2005 20 187 192 10.1159/000087203 16088114
53. Vitamin D and skeletal muscle tissue and function. L Ceglia, Mol Aspects Med 2008 29 407 414 10.1016/j.mam.2008.07.002 18727936
54. AR de Boland RL Boland. 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D-3 induces arachidonate mobilization in embryonic chick myoblasts. Biochem Biophys Acta 1993 1179 98 104 10.1016/0167-4889(93)90076-2 8399356
55. Generation of inositol phosphates, diacylglycerol and calcium fluxes in myoblasts treated with 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. S Morelli AR de Boland RL Boland, Biochem J 1993 289 675 679 8382046
56. Vitamin D and muscle function: new prospects? C Annweiler S Bridenbaugh AM Schott G Berrut RW Kressig O Beauchet, Biofactors 2009 35 3 4 10.1002/biof.4 19319839
57. Muscle strength in the elderly: its relation to vitamin D metabolites. HA Bischoff HB Stahelin N Urscheler R Ehrsam R Vonthein P Perrig-Chiello A Tyndall R Theiler, Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1999 80 54 58 10.1016/S0003-9993(99)90307-6 9915372
58. Vitamin D deficiency-related quadriceps weakness: results of the Epidemiologie De l'Osteoporose cohort. C Annweiler AM Schott-Petelaz G Berrut RW Kressig S Bridenbaugh FR Herrmann O Beauchet, J Am Geriatr Soc 2009 57 368 369 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2009.02118.x 19207162
59. Is there an association between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration and muscle strength among older women? Results from baseline assessment of the EPIDOS study. C Annweiler O Beauchet G Berrut B Fantino M Bonnefoy FR Herrmann AM Schott, J Nutr Health Aging 2009 13 90 95 10.1007/s12603-009-0013-1 19214335
60. Low serum calcidiol concentration in older adults with reduced muscular function. M Mowe E Haug T Bohmer, J Am Geriatr Soc 1999 47 220 226 9988294
61. Understanding falls in osteoporosis: The videoelastic modeling perspective. M Kuczynski B Ostrowka, Gait Posture 2006 23 51 58 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2004.11.018 16311195
62. Vitamin D supplementation improves neuromuscular function in older people who fall. JK Dhesi SH Jackson LM Bearne C Moniz MV Hurley CG Swift TJ Allain, Age Ageing 2004 33 589 595 10.1093/ageing/afh209 15501836
63. Implementing a structured exercise program for frail nursing home residents with dementia. Issues and challenges. EF Binder, J Aging Phys Activity 1995 3 383 395
64. Association between polymorphisms of vitamin D receptor gene ApaI, BsmI and TaqI and muscular strength in young Chinese women. P Wang LH Ma HY Wang W Zhang Q Tian DN Cao GX Zheng YL Sun, Int J Sports Med 2006 27 182 186 10.1055/s-2005-865626 16541372
65. Falls relate to vitamin D and parathyroid hormone in an Australian nursing home and hostel. MS Stein JD Wark SC Scherer SL Walton P Chick M Di Carlantonio JD Zajac L Flicker, J Am Geriatr Soc 1999 47 1195 1201 10522952
66. Effects of parathyroid hormone on skeletal muscle protein and amino acid metabolism in the rat. AJ Garber, J Clin Invest 1983 71 1806 1821 10.1172/JCI110936 6306055
67. Chronic renal failure, parathyroid hormone and fatty acids oxidation in skeletal muscle. M Smogorzewski G Piskorska PR Borum SG Massry, Kidney Int 1988 33 555 560 10.1038/ki.1988.33 3361755
68. Muscle strength and vitamin D in older people. PM Campbell TJ Allain, Gerontology 2006 52 335 338 10.1159/000094981 16905884
69. Neuromuscular and psychomotor function in elderly subjects who fall and the relationship with vitamin D status. JK Dhesi LM Bearne C Moniz MV Hurley SH Jackson CG Swift TJ Allain, J Bone Miner Res 2002 17 891 899 10.1359/jbmr.2002.17.5.891 12009020
70. Vitamin D and ageing: Neurological issues. C Annweiler AM Schott G Berrut V Chauviré D Le Gall M Inzitari O Beauchet, Neuropsychobiology 2010 62 139 150 10.1159/000318570 20628264
71. Vitamin D as a neuroactive substance: review. SJ Kiraly MA Kiraly RD Hawe N Makhani, Scientific World Journal 2006 6 125 139 16493517
72. Developmental Vitamin D3 deficiency alters the adult rat brain. F Feron TH Burne J Brown E Smith JJ McGrath A Mackay-Sim DW Eyles, Brain Res Bull 2005 65 141 148 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2004.12.007 15763180
73. Behavioural characterization of vitamin D receptor knockout mice. TH Burne JJ McGrath DW Eyles A Mackay-Sim, Behav Brain Res 2005 157 299 308 10.1016/j.bbr.2004.07.008 15639181
74. Schizophrenia, vitamin D, and brain development. A Mackay-Sim F Feron D Eyles T Burne J McGrath, Int Rev Neurobiol 2004 59 351 380 full-text 15006495
75. Vitamins and brain development. T Ramakrishna, Physiol Res 1999 48 175 187 10523053
76. Anticonvulsant effects of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D in chemically induced seizures in mice. AV Kalueff A Minasyan P Tuohimaa, Brain Res Bull 2005 67 156 160 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2005.06.022 16140175
77. J Brown JI Bianco JJ McGrath DW Eyles, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 induces nerve growth factor, promotes neurite outgrowth and inhibits mitosis in embryonic rat hippocampal neurons. Neurosci Lett 2003 343 139 143 10.1016/S0304-3940(03)00303-3 12759183
78. The vitamin D neuroendocrine system as a target for novel neurotropic drugs. AV Kalueff A Minasyan T Keisala M Kuuslahti S Miettinen P Tuohimaa, CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets 2006 5 363 371 16787236
79. Vitamin D3 attenuates cortical infarction induced by middle cerebral arterial ligation in rats. Y Wang YH Chiang TP Su T Hayashi M Morales BJ Hoffer SZ Lin, Neuropharmacology 2000 39 873 880 10.1016/S0028-3908(99)00255-5 10699453
80. Protective effects of 1 alpha,25-(OH)(2)D(3) against the neurotoxicity of glutamate and reactive oxygen species in mesencephalic culture. M Ibi H Sawada M Nakanishi T Kume H Katsuki S Kaneko S Shimohama A Akaike, Neuropharmacol 2001 40 761 771 10.1016/S0028-3908(01)00009-0 (Pubitemid 32436453)
81. E Garcion XD Thanh F Bled E Teissier MP Dehouck F Rigault P Brachet A Girault G Torpier F Darcy, 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 regulates -glutamyl transpeptidase activity in rat brain. Neurosci Lett 1996 216 183 186 10.1016/0304-3940(96)87802-5 8897488
82. JM Lemire DC Archer, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 prevents the in vivo induction of murine experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Clin Invest 1991 87 1103 1107 10.1172/JCI115072 1705564
83. MT Cantorna CE Hayes HF DeLuca, 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 reversibly blocks the progression of relapsing encephalomyelitis, a model of multiple sclerosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1993 93 7861 7864 10.1073/pnas.93.15.7861
84. JS Buell TM Dawson-Hughes Bn Scott DE Weiner GE Dallal WQ Qui P Bergethon IH Rosenberg MF Folstein S Patz RA Bhadelia KL Tucker, 25-Hydroxyvitamin D, dementia, and cerebrovascular pathology in elders receiving home services. Neurology 2010 74 18 26 10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181beecb7 19940273
85. Vitamin D in preventive medicine: are we ignoring the evidence? A Zittermann, Br J Nutr 2003 89 552 572 10.1079/BJN2003837 12720576
86. Relation of serum cytokine concentrations to cardiovascular risk factors and coronary heart disease. MA Mendall P Patel M Asante L Ballam J Morris DP Strachan AJ Camm TC Northfield, Heart 1997 78 273 277 9391290
87. K Müller PM Haahr M Diamant K Rieneck A Kharazmi K Bendtzen, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 inhibits cytokine production by human blood monocytes at the post-transcriptional level. Cytokine 1992 4 506 512 10.1016/1043-4666(92) 90012-G 1337987
88. Plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and risk of incident hypertension. JP Forman E Giovannucci MD Holmes HA Bischoff-Ferrari SS Tworoger WC Willett GC Curhan, Hypertension 2007 49 1063 1069 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.107.087288 17372031
89. D Somjen Y Weisman F Kohen B Gayer R Limor O Sharon N Jaccard E Knoll N Stern, 25-Hydroxyvitamin D3-1-hydroxylase is expressed in human vascular smooth muscle cells and is upregulated by parathyroid hormone and estrogenic compounds. Circulation 2005 111 1666 1671 10.1161/01.CIR.0000160353.27927.70 15795327
90. Swimming behaviour and post-swimming activity in Vitamin D receptor knockout mice. TH Burne AN Johnston JJ McGrath A Mackay-Sim, Brain Res Bull 2006 69 74 78 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2005.10.014 16464687
91. Abnormal behavioral organization of grooming in mice lacking the vitamin D receptor gene. AV Kalueff YR Lou I Laaksi P Tuohimaa, J Neurogenet 2005 19 1 24 10.1080/01677060590949683 16076629
92. Increased anxiety in mice lacking vitamin D receptor gene. AV Kalueff YR Lou I Laaksi P Tuohimaa, Neuroreport 2004 15 1271 1274 15167547 (Pubitemid 38757262)
93. Association between bone mineral density and cognitive decline in older women. K Yaffe W Browner Jane Cauley L Launer T Harris, J Am Geriatr Soc 1999 47 1176 1182 10522949 (Pubitemid 29473288)
94. Vitamin D and cognitive performance in adults: a systematic review. C Annweiler G Allali P Allain S Bridenbaugh AM Schott RW Kressig O Beauchet, Eur J Neurol 2009 16 1083 1089 10.1111/j.1468-1331.2009.02755.x 19659751
95. High prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and reduced bone mass in elderly women with Alzheimer's disease. Y Sato T Asoh K Oizumi, Bone 1998 23 555 557 10.1016/S8756-3282(98)00134-3 9855465
96. Amelioration of osteoporosis and hypovitaminosis D by sunlight exposure in hospitalized, elderly women with Alzheimer's disease: a randomized controlled trial. Y Sato J Iwamoto T Kanoko K Satoh, J Bone Miner Res 2005 20 1327 1333 10.1359/JBMR.050402 16007329
97. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with low mood and worse cognitive performance in older adults. CH Wilkins YI Sheline CM Roe SJ Birge JC Morris, Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2006 14 1032 1040 10.1097/01.JGP.0000240986.74642.7c 17138809
98. Is vitamin D important for preserving cognition? A positive correlation of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration with cognitive function. RJ Przybelski NC Binkley, Arch Biochem Biophys 2007 460 202 205 10.1016/j.abb.2006.12.018 17258168
99. Higher Serum Vitamin D3 levels are associated with better cognitive test performance in patients with Alzheimer's disease. C Oudshorn FUS Mattace-Raso N Van der Velde EM Colin TJM Van der Cammen, Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2008 25 539 543 10.1159/000134382 18503256
100. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration and cognitive impairment. DJ Llewellyn K Langa I Lang, J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 2009 22 188 195 10.1177/0891988708327888 19073839
101. Association of vitamin D deficiency with cognitive impairment in older women. Cross-sectional study. C Annweiler AM Schott G Allali SA Bridenbaugh RW Kressig P Allain FR Herrmann O Beauchet, Neurology 2010 74 27 32 10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181beecd3 19794127
102. JS Buell TM Dawson-Hughes Bn Scott DE Weiner GE Dallal WQ Qui P Bergethon IH Rosenberg MF Folstein S Patz RA Bhadelia KL Tucker, 25-Hydroxyvitamin D, dementia, and cerebrovascular pathology in elders receiving home services. Neurology 2010 74 18 26 10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181beecb7 19940273
103. Neuropsychological function in relation to serum parathyroid hormone and serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels: the Tromso study. R Jorde K Waterloo F Saleh E Haug J Svartberg, J Neurol 2006 253 464 470 10.1007/s00415-005-0027-5 16283099
104. No association between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 level and performance on psychometric tests in NHANES III. J McGrath R Scragg D Chant D Eyles T Burne D Obradovic, Neuroepidemiology 2007 29 49 54 10.1159/000108918 17898524
105. Y Slinin ML Paudel BC Taylor HA Fink A Ishani MT Canales K Yaffe E Barrett-Connor ES Orwoll JM Shikany ES Leblanc JA Cauley KE Ensrud Osteoporotic Fractures in Men (MrOS) Study Research Group, 25-Hydroxyvitamin D levels and cognitive performance and decline in elderly men. Neurology 2010 74 33 41 10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181c7197b 19940271
106. Vitamin D and risk of cognitive decline in elderly persons. DJ Llewellyn IA Lang KM Langa G Muniz-Terrera CL Phillips A Cherubini L Ferrucci D Melzer, Arch Intern Med 2010 170 1135 1141 10.1001/archinternmed.2010.173 20625021
107. Depressive symptoms and risk of dementia: the Framingham Heart Study. JS Saczynski A Beiser S Seshadri S Auerbach PA Wolf R Au, Neurology 2010 75 35 41 10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181e62138 20603483
108. Vitamin D vs broad spectrum phototherapy in the treatment of seasonal affective disorder. FM Gloth W Alam B Hollis, J Nutr Health Aging 2001 3 5 7
109. C Annweiler D Le Gall B Fantino O Beauchet KL Tucker JS Buell, 25-hydroxyvitamin D, dementia, and cerebrovascular pathology in elders receiving home services. Neurology 2010 75 95 10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181e00ddb 20603493
110. Reversible dementia due to two coexisting diseases. F Formiga J Mascará D Chivite R Pujol, Lancet 2000 355 1154 10.1016/S0140-6736(00) 02065-1 10791379
111. Does elevated parathyroid hormone concentration predict cognitive decline in older people? MP Björkman AJ Sorva RS Tilvis, Aging Clin Exp Res 2010 22 164 169 19934619
112. Adverse effects of an active fragment of parathyroid hormone on rat hippocampal organotypic cultures. T Hirasawa T Nakamura A Mizushima M Morita I Ezawa H Miyakawa Y Kudo, Br J Pharmacol 2000 129 21 28 10.1038/sj.bjp.0702949 10694198
113. Vitamin D is associated with cognitive function in elders receiving home health services. JS Buell TM Scott B Dawson-Hughes GE Dallal IH Rosenberg MF Folstein KL Tucker, J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2009 64 888 895 19377013
114. Le lobe frontal: la recherche des spécificités fonctionnelles. M Van Der Linden X Seron D Le Gall P Andréas, Neuropsychologie des lobes frontaux Solal. Marseille 1999 33 88
115. Relationship between bone, fracture, and exercise: the key role of vitamin D. C Annweiler O Beauchet, Arch Intern Med 2009 169 1638 10.1001/archinternmed.2009.322 19786688
116. Vitamin D and bone fracture mechanisms: what about the non-bone 'D'efense? C Annweiler O Beauchet, Int J Clin Pract 2010 64 541 543 10.1111/j.1742-1241.2009.02322.x 20456208
117. Cross-sectional association between serum vitamin D concentration and walking speed measured at usual and fast pace among older women: The EPIDOS study. C Annweiler AM Schott M Montero-Odasso G Berrut B Fantino FR Herrmann O Beauchet, J Bone Miner Res 2010 25 1858 1866 10.1002/jbmr.80 20205167
118. Muscle strength, functional mobility and vitamin D in older women. HJ Verhaar MM Samson PA Jansen PL de Vreede JW Manten SA Duursma, Aging (Milano) 2000 12 455 460 11211956
119. Dietary intakes of vitamin D and cognition in older women: A large population-based study. C Annweiler AM Schott Y Rolland H Blain FR Herrmann O Beauchet, Neurology
120. Vitamin D deficiency in older people. MF Gloth JD Tobin, J Am Geriatr Soc 1995 43 822 828 7602040
121. Hypovitaminosis D in medical inpatients. MK Thomas MD Lloyd-Jones RI Thadhadi AC Shaw JD Deraska BT Kitch EC Vamvakas IM Dick RL Prince JS Finkelstein, N Engl J Med 1998 338 777 783 10.1056/NEJM199803193381201 9504937
122. Effectiveness and safety of vitamin D in relation to bone health. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, http://www.ahrq.gov/clinic/tp/vitadtp.htm
123. Need for additional calcium to reduce the risk of hip fracture with vitamin D supplementation: evidence from a comparative meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. S Boonen P Lips R Bouillon HA Bischoff-Ferrari D Vanderschueren P Haentjens, J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007 92 1415 1423 10.1210/jc.2006-1404 17264183
124. Untangling the concepts of disability, frailty, and comorbidity: implications for improved targeting and care. LP Fried L Ferrucci J Darer JD Williamson G Anderson, J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2004 59 255 263 15031310
125. Prevalence, attributes, and outcomes of fitness and frailty in community-dwelling older adults: report from the Canadian study of health and aging. K Rockwood SE Howlett C Macknight BL Beattie H Bergman R Hebert DB Hogan C Wolfson I McDowell, J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2004 59 1310 1317 15699531
126. Falls and injuries in frail and vigorous community elderly persons. M Speechley M Tinetti, J Am Geriatr Soc 1991 39 46 52 1987256
127. Vitamin D and falls. Time for a moratorium on vitamin D meta-analyses? MJ Bolland A Grey IR Reid, BMJ 2009 339 4394 10.1136/bmj.b4394 19864356
128. Evidence that vitamin D3 increases serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D more efficiently than does vitamin D2. HM Trang DE Cole LA Rubin A Pierratos S Siu R Vieth, Am J Clin Nutr 1998 68 854 858 9771862
129. Vitamin D2 is much less effective than vitamin D3 in humans. LA Armas BW Hollis RP Heaney, J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004 89 5387 5391 10.1210/jc.2004-0360 15531486
130. Short and long-term variations in serum calciotropic hormones after a single very large dose of ergocalciferol (vitamin D2) or cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) in the elderly. E Romagnoli ML Mascia C Cipriani V Fassino F Mazzei E D'Erasmo V Carnevale A Scillitani S Minisola, J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008 93 3015 3020 10.1210/jc.2008-0350 18492750