Corneal confocal microscopy: A novel noninvasive test to diagnose and stratify the severity of human diabetic neuropathy

Diabetes Care

Volumn 33, Issue 8, 2010, Pages 1792-1797

  Tavakoli, Mitra ^a   Quattrini, Cristian ^a   Abbott, Caroline ^a   Kallinikos, Panagiotis ^a   Marshall, Andrew ^a   Finnigan, Joanne ^a   Morgan, Philip ^b   Efron, Nathan ^c   Boulton, Andrew J M ^a   Malik, Rayaz A ^a  

^a MANCHESTER UNIVERSITY NHS FOUNDATION TRUST   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MANCHESTER   (United Kingdom)

^c QUEENSLAND UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ARTICLE; BRAIN ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY; CONFOCAL MICROSCOPY; CONTROLLED STUDY; CORNEA; CORNEA SENSIBILITY; CORNEAL CONFOCAL MICROSCOPY; DIABETIC NEUROPATHY; DISEASE SEVERITY; FEMALE; HUMAN; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; NERVE FIBER; NEUROLOGIC EXAMINATION; NON INVASIVE PROCEDURE; PAIN THRESHOLD; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY; SENSORY ANALYSIS;

CORNEA; DIABETIC NEUROPATHIES; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; MICROSCOPY, CONFOCAL; MIDDLE AGED;

EID: 77957558519     PISSN: 01495992     EISSN: 19355548     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2337/dc10-0253     Document Type: Article

References (25)

1. Dyck PJ, Norell JE, Tritschler H, Schuette K, Samigullin R, Ziegler D, Bastyr EJ 3rd, Litchy WJ, O'Brien PC. Challenges in design of multicenter trials: end points assessed longitudinally for change and monotonicity. Diabetes Care 2007;30:2619-2625 (Pubitemid 47547807)
2. Umapathi T, Tan WL, Loke SC, Soon PC, Tavintharan S, Chan YH. Intraepidermal nerve fiber density as a marker of early diabetic neuropathy. Muscle Nerve 2007;35:591-598 (Pubitemid 46676846)
3. Løseth S, Stålberg E, Jorde R, Mellgren SI. Early diabetic neuropathy: thermal thresholds and intraepidermal nerve fibre density in patients with normal nerve conduction studies. J Neurol 2008;255:1197-1202
4. Malik RA, Tesfaye S, Newrick PG, Walker D, Rajbhandari SM, Siddique I, Sharma AK, Boulton AJ, King RH, Thomas PK, Ward JD. Sural nerve pathology in diabetic patients with minimal but progressive neuropathy. Diabetologia 2005;48:578-585 (Pubitemid 40487306)
5. Malik RA, Veves A, Walker D, Siddique I, Lye RH, Schady W, Boulton AJ. Sural nerve fibre pathology in diabetic patients with mild neuropathy: relationship to pain, quantitative sensory testing and peripheral nerve electrophysiology. Acta Neuropathol 2001;101:367-374
6. Novella SP, Inzucchi SE, Goldstein JM. The frequency of undiagnosed diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance in patients with idiopathic sensory neuropathy. Muscle Nerve 2001;24:1229-1231 (Pubitemid 32762153)
7. Singleton JR, Smith AG, Bromberg MB. Increased prevalence of impaired glucose tolerance in patients with painful sensory neuropathy. Diabetes Care 2001;24:1448-1453 (Pubitemid 33716436)
8. Sumner CJ, Sheth S, Griffin JW, Cornblath DR, Polydefkis M. The spectrum of neuropathy in diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance. Neurology 2003;60:108-111
9. Kallinikos P, Berhanu M, O'Donnell C, Boulton AJ, Efron N, Malik RA. Corneal nerve tortuosity in diabetic patients with neuropathy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2004;45:418-422
10. Malik RA, Kallinikos P, Abbott CA, van Schie CH, Morgan P, Efron N, Boulton AJ. Corneal confocal microscopy: a non-invasive surrogate of nerve fibre damage and repair in diabetic patients. Diabetologia 2003;46:683-688
11. Hossain P, Sachdev A, Malik RA. Early detection of diabetic peripheral neuropathy with corneal confocal microscopy. Lancet 2005;366:1340-1343
12. Quattrini C, Tavakoli M, Jeziorska M, Kallinikos P, Tesfaye S, Finnigan J, Marshall A, Boulton AJ, Efron N, Malik RA. Surrogate markers of small fiber damage in human diabetic neuropathy. Diabetes 2007;56:2148-2154 (Pubitemid 47195833)
13. Tavakoli M, Kallinikos PA, Efron N, Boulton AJ, Malik RA. Corneal sensitivity is reduced and relates to the severity of neuropathy in patients with diabetes. Diabetes Care 2007;30:1895-1897 (Pubitemid 47036377)
14. Mehra S, Tavakoli M, Kallinikos PA, Efron N, Boulton AJ, Augustine T, Malik RA. Corneal confocal microscopy detects early nerve regeneration after pancreas transplantation in patients with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2007;30:2608-2612 (Pubitemid 47547805)
15. Tavakoli M, Marshall A, Thompson L, Kenny M, Waldek S, Efron N, Malik RA: Corneal confocal microscopy: a novel noninvasive means to diagnose neuropathy in patients with Fabry disease. Muscle Nerve 2009;40:976-984
16. Tavakoli M, Marshall A, Pitceathly R, Fadavi H, Gow D, Roberts ME, Efron N, Boulton AJ, and Malik RA: Corneal confocal microscopy: a novel means to detect nerve fibre damage in idiopathic small fibre neuropathy. Exp Neurol 2010;223:245-250
17. Abbott CA, Carrington AL, Ashe H, Bath S, Every LC, Griffiths J, Hann AW, Hussein A, Jackson N, Johnson KE, Ryder CH, Torkington R, Van Ross ER, Whalley AM, Widdows P, Williamson S, Boulton AJ. The North-West Diabetes Foot Care Study: incidence of, and risk factors for, new diabetic foot ulceration in a community-based patient cohort. Diabet Med 2002;19:377-384
18. Young MJ, Boulton AJ, MacLeod AF, Williams DR, Sonksen PH. A multicentre study of the prevalence of diabetic peripheral neuropathy in the United Kingdom hospital clinic population. Diabetologia 1993;36:150-154
19. Bretzel RG. Intensive insulin regimens: evidence for benefit. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2004;28(Suppl. 2):S8-S13
20. Gaede P, Lund-Andersen H, Parving HH, Pedersen O. Effect of a multifactorial intervention on mortality in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2008;358:580-591 (Pubitemid 351214285)
21. Tesfaye S, Chaturvedi N, Eaton SE, Ward JD, Manes C, Ionescu-Tirgoviste C, Witte DR, Fuller JH, EURODIAB Prospective Complications Study Group. Vascular risk factors and diabetic neuropathy. N Engl J Med 2005;352:341-350
22. Dyck PJ, Karnes JL, O'Brien PC, Litchy WJ, Low PA, Melton LJ 3rd: The Rochester Diabetic Neuropathy Study: reassessment of tests and criteria for diagnosis and staged severity. Neurology 1992;42:1164-1170
23. Lauria G, Lombardi R, Camozzi F, Devigili G. Skin biopsy for the diagnosis of peripheral neuropathy. Histopathology 2009;54:273-285
24. Rosenberg ME, Tervo TM, Immonen IJ, Müller LJ, Grönhagen-Riska C, Vesaluoma MH. Corneal structure and sensitivity in type 1 diabetes mellitus. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2000;41:2915-2921
25. Tavakoli M, Marshall A, Thompson L, Kenny M, Waldek S, Efron N, Malik RA: Corneal confocal microscopy: a novel noninvasive means to diagnose neuropathy in patients with Fabry disease. Muscle Nerve 2009;40:976-984