First-order kinematics of wedge-scale active Himalayan deformation: Insights from Darjiling-Sikkim-Tibet (DaSiT) wedge

Journal of Asian Earth Sciences

Volumn 39, Issue 6, 2010, Pages 645-657

  Mukul, Malay ^a,b  

^a INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BOMBAY   (India)

^b CSIR Centre for Mathematical Modelling and Computer Simulation   (India)

Author keywords

Active wedge; Darjiling; Geomorphology; Kinematics; Seismicity; Sikkim Himalaya

Indexed keywords

ACCRETIONARY PRISM; ACTIVE FAULT; DEFORMATION; EURASIAN PLATE; INDIAN PLATE; KINEMATICS; PLATE CONVERGENCE;

DARJEELING; HIMALAYAS; INDIA; SIKKIM HIMALAYAS; WEST BENGAL;

EID: 77957345114     PISSN: 13679120     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jseaes.2010.04.029     Document Type: Article

References (56)

1. Acharyya S.K. The Cenozoic Foreland Basin and tectonics of the eastern sub-Himalaya: problems and prospects. Himalayan Geology 1994, 15:3-21.
2. Apel E., Bürgmann R., Bannerjee P., Nagarajan B. Geodetically constrained Indian Plate motion and implications for plate boundary deformation. Eos Transactions, AGU 2006, 85(52):T51B-1524.
3. Basak K., Mukul M. Deformation mechanisms in the South Kalijhora thrust and thrust sheet in the Darjiling Himalayan Fold-and-Thrust Belt, West Bengal, India. Indian Journal of Geology 2000, 72:143-152.
4. Bhattacharyya K., Mitra G. A new kinematic evolutionary model for the growth of a duplex-an example from the Rangit duplex, Sikkim Himalaya, India. Gondwana Research 2009, 16:697-715.
5. Bendick R., Bilham R. How perfect is the Himalayan arc?. Geology 2001, 29(9):791-794.
6. Bettinelli P., Avouac J., Flouzat M., Jouanne F., Bollinger L., Willis P., Chitrakar G.R. Plate motion of India and interseismic strain in the Nepal Himalaya from GPS and DORIS measurements. Journal of Geodesy 2006, 10.1007/s00190-006-0030-3.
7. Bilham R., Gaur V.K., Molnar P. Himalayan seismic hazard. Science 2001, 293:1442-1444.
8. Boyer S.E., Elliott D. Thrust systems. American Association of Petroleum Geologists 1982, 66:1196-1230.
9. Catlos, E.J., Harrison, T.M., Dubey, C.S., 2003. MCT duplex formation in the Sikkim Himalaya. In: 18th Himalaya-Karakoram-Tibet Workshop, Ascona, Switzerland, Abstract volume, 29.
10. Dahlen F.A. Noncohesive critical coulomb wedges: an exact solution. Journal of Geophysical Research 1984, 89(10):125-133.
11. Dahlstrom C.D.A. Structural Geology in the eastern margin of the Canadian Rocky Mountains. Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology 1970, 18:337-406.
12. De R. A microearthquake survey in the Himalayan Foredeep Region, North Bengal area. Journal of Himalayan Geology 1996, 17:71-79.
13. De R. A microearthquake survey at the main boundary thrust in Sikkim Himalaya. Journal of Geophysics XXI 2000, 77:84.
14. De R., Kayal J.R. Seismotectonic model of the Sikkim Himalaya: constraint from microearthquake surveys. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 2003, 93:1395-1400.
15. De R., Kayal J.R. Seismic activity at the MCT in the Sikkim Himalaya. Tectonophysics 2004, 386:243-248.
16. DeCelles P.G., Mitra G. History of the Sevier orogenic wedge in terms of critical wedge models, north east Utah and south west Wyoming. Geological Society of America Bulletin 1995, 107:454-462.
17. DeCelles P.G., Gehrels G.E., Quade J., Ojha T.P. Eocene - early Miocene foreland basin development and the history of Himalayan thrusting, western and central Nepal. Tectonics 1998, 17:741-765.
18. DeCelles P.G., Robinson D.M., Quade J., Ojha T.P., Garzione C.N., Copeland P., Upreti B.N. Stratigraphy, structure and tectonic evolution of the Himalayan fold-thrust belt in western Nepal. Tectonics 2001, 20:487-509.
19. DeCelles P.G., Robinson D.M., Zandt G. Implications of shortening in the Himalayan fold-thrust belt for uplift of the Tibetan Plateau. Tectonics 2002, 21(6):1062.
20. Gansser A. Geology of the Bhutan Himalaya 1983, Birkhauser Verlag, Basel, pp. 181.
21. Hauck M.L., Nelson K.D., Brown L.D., Zhao W., Ross A.R. Crustal structure of the Himalayan orogen at ∼90° east longitude from project INDEPTH deep reflection profiles. Tectonics 1998, 17:481-500.
22. Jade S., Mukul M., Bhattacharyya A.K., Vijayan M.S.M., Saigeetha J., Kumar Ashok., Tiwari R.P., Kumar Arun., Kalita S., Sahu S.C., Krishna A.P., Gupta S.S., Murthy M.V.R.L., Gaur V.K. Estimates of interseismic deformation in Northeast India from GPS measurements. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 2007, 263:221-234.
23. Kayal J.R. Microearthquake activity in some parts of the Himalaya and the tectonic model. Tectonophysics 2001, 339:331-351.
24. Klootwijk C.T., Conaghan P.J., Powell C.McA. The Himalayan arc: large scale continental subduction, oroclinal bending and back-arc spreading. Earth & Planetary Science Letters 1985, 75:167-183.
25. Klootwijk C.T., Gee J.S., Pierce J.W., Smith G.M., McFadden P.L. An early India-Asia contact: paleomagnetic constraints from Ninety East Ridge: Ocean Drilling Program: Leg 121. Geology 1992, 20:395-398.
26. Lee J., Hacker B.R., Wang Y. Evolution of North Himalayan gneiss domes: structural and metamorphic studies in Mabja Dome, southern Tibet. Journal of Structural Geology 2004, 26:2297-2316.
27. Lee J., Dinklage W.S., Hacker B.R., Wang Y., Gans P.B., Calvert A., Wan J., Chen W., Blythe A., McClelland W. Evolution of the Kangmar Dome, southern Tibet: structural, petrologic, and thermochronologic constraints. Tectonics 2000, 19:872-896.
28. Le Pichon X., Fournier M., Jolivet L. Kinematics, topography, shortening, and extrusion in the India-Eurasia collision. Tectonics 1992, 11:1085-1098.
29. Macedo J., Marshak S. The geometry of fold-thrust belt salients. Geological Society of America Bulletin 1999, 111:1808-1822.
30. Marshak S. Arcs, Oroclines, salients, and syntaxes - the origin of map-view curvature in fold-thrust belts. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Memoir 2004, 82:131-156.
31. McCaffrey R., Nabelek J. Role of oblique convergence in the active deformation of the Himalayas and southern Tibetan plateau. Geology 1998, 26:691-694.
32. McNaught M.A., Mitra G. A kinematic model for the origin of footwall synclines. Journal of Structural Geology 1993, 15:805-808.
33. McQuarrie N., Robinson D., Long S., Tobgay T., Grujic D., Gehrels G., Ducea M. Preliminary stratigraphic and structural architecture of Bhutan: implications for the along strike architecture of the Himalayan system. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 2008, 272:105-117.
34. Meetei L.I., Pattanayak S.K., Bhaskar S.K., Pandit M.K., Tandon S.K. Climatic imprints in Quaternary valley fill deposits of the middle Teesta valley, Sikkim Himalaya. Quaternary International 2007, 159:32-46.
35. Mitra G. Evolution of salients in a fold-and-thrust belt: the effects of sedimentary basin geometry, strain distribution and critical taper. Evolution of Geologic Structures from Macro- to Micro-scales 1997, 59-90. Chapman and Hall, London. S. Sengupta (Ed.).
36. Mitra G., Bhattacharyya K., Mukul M. The Lesser Himalayan Duplex in Sikkim: implications for variations in Himalayan shortening. Journal of Geological Society of India 2010, 75:276-288.
37. Molnar P., Lyon-Caen H. Fault plane solutions of earthquakes and active tectonics of the Tibetan Plateau and its margins. Geophysical Journal International 1989, 99:123-153.
38. Mukul M. Continental deformation and Global Positioning System based geodesy. Himalayan Geology 2005, 26(1):193-198.
39. Mukul M. The geometry and kinematics of the Main Boundary Thrust and related neotectonics in the Darjiling Himalayan fold-and-thrust belt, West Bengal, India. Journal of Structural Geology 2000, 22:1261-1283.
40. Mukul M., Jaiswal M., Singhvi A.K. Timing of recent out-of-sequence active deformation in the frontal Himalayan wedge: insights from the Darjiling sub-Himalaya, India. Geology 2007, 35(11):999-1003.
41. Mukul M., Jade S., Matin A. Active deformation in the Darjiling-Sikkim Himalaya based on 2000-2004 Geodetic Global Positioning System Measurements. Indian Statistical Institute Platinum Jubilee Volumes, Numerical Methods and Models in Earth Science 2009, 1-28. New India Publishing Agency, New Delhi. P. Ghosh, S. Gangopadhyay (Eds.).
42. Mukul M., Jade S., Bhattacharyya A.K., Bhusan K. Crustal shortening in convergent orogens: insights from Global Positioning System (GPS) measurements in northeast India. Journal of Geological Society of India 2010, 75:289-299.
43. Nath S.K., Vyas M., Pal I., Sengupta P. A seismic hazard scenario in the Sikkim Himalaya from seismotectonics, spectral amplification, source parameterization and spectral attenuation laws using strong motion seismometry. Journal of Geophysical Research - Solid Earth 2005, 110:B01301. 10.1029/2004JB003199.
44. Nelson K.D., Zhao W., Brown L.D., Kuo J., Che J., Liu X., Klemperer S.L., Makovsky Y., Meissner R., Mechie J., Kind R., Wenzel F., Ni J., Nabelek J., Chen L., Tan H., Wei W., Jones A.G., Booker J., Unsworth M., Kidd W.S.F., Hauck M., Alsdorf D., Ross A., Cogan M., Wu C., Sandvol E.A., Edwards M. Partially molten middle crust beneath southern Tibet: synthesis of project INDEPTH results. Science 1996, 274:1684-1688.
45. Ni J., Barazangi M. Seismotectonics of the Himalayan Collision Zone: geometry of the underthrusting Indian plate beneath the Himalaya. Journal of Geophysical Research 1984, 89(B2):1147-1163.
46. Pandey M.R., Tandulkar R.P., Avouac J.P., Vergne J., Heritier Th. Seismotectonics of the Nepal Himalaya from a local seismic network. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 1999, 17:703-712.
47. Passchier C.W., Trouw R.A. Microtectonics 2005, Springer, New York, 366 p.
48. Paul J., Burgmann R., Gaur V.K., Bilham R., Larson K.M., Ananda M.B., Jade S., Mukul M., Anupama T.S., Satyal G., Kumar D. The motion and active deformation of India. Geophysical Research Letters 2001, 28(4):647-651.
49. Pearson O.N., DeCelles P.G. Structural geology and regional tectonic significance of the Ramgarh thrust, Himalayan fold-thrust belt of Nepal. Tectonics 2005, 24(4):TC4008. 10.1029/2003TC001617.
50. Raina, V.K., 1976. The Rangit Tectonic Window - stratigraphy, structure & tectonic interpretation and its bearing on the regional stratigraphy. Geological Survey of India Miscellaneous Publication No. 41, pp. 36-42.
51. Schelling D., Arita K. Thrust tectonics, crustal shortening, and the structure of the far-eastern Nepal Himalaya. Tectonics 1991, 10:851-862.
52. Sinha Roy S. Terrace systems in the Tista valley of Sikkim-Darjiling Himalayas and the adjoining Piedmont Region. Indian Journal of Earth Science 1980, 7:146-161.
53. Socquet A., Vigny C., Rooke N.C., Simons W., Rangin C., Ambrosius B. India and Sunda plates motion and deformation along their boundary in Myanmar determined by GPS. Journal of Geophysical Research 2006, 111:B05406. 10.1029/2005JB003877.
54. Srivastava P., Mitra G. Thrust geometries and deep structure of the outer and lesser Himalaya, Kumaon and Garhwal (India): implications for evolution of the Himalayan fold-and-thrust belt. Tectonics 1994, 13:89-109.
55. Valdiya K.S. Geology of the Kumaon Lesser Himalaya 1980, The Himachal Press, Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology, Dehra Dun, pp. 1-219.
56. Vingy C., Socquet A., Rangin C., Chamot-Rooke N., Pubellier M., Boudin M.-N., Bertrand G., Becker M. Present-day crustal deformation around Sagaing fault, Myanmar. Journal of Geophysical Research 2003, 108(B11):2533. 10.1029/2002JB001999.