Urine cytology and adjunct markers for detection and surveillance of bladder cancer

American Journal of Translational Research

Volumn 2, Issue 4, 2010, Pages 412-440

  Sullivan, Peggy S ^a   Chan, Jessica B ^b   Levin, Mary R ^a   Rao, Jianyu ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b KAISER PERMANENTE   (United States)

Author keywords

Bladder cancer; Tumor markers; Urine cytology

Indexed keywords

ARF PROTEIN; BCG VACCINE; BIOLOGICAL MARKER; BLADDER CANCER 1 PROTEIN; BLADDER CANCER 2 PROTEIN; BLADDER CANCER 3 PROTEIN; BLADDER CANCER 4 PROTEIN; CARCINOGEN; CELL DNA; CYCLIN DEPENDENT KINASE INHIBITOR 2A; CYTOKERATIN 18; CYTOKERATIN 19; CYTOKERATIN 20; CYTOKERATIN 8; FIBRINOGEN DEGRADATION PRODUCT; HYALURONIC ACID; HYALURONIDASE; MITOMYCIN C; MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY; MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY DD 23; NUCLEAR MATRIX PROTEIN 22; PROSTATE STEM CELL ANTIGEN; PROTEIN P14; PROTEIN P16; RAS ASSOCIATION DOMAIN FAMILY PROTEIN 1A; SURVIVIN; TELOMERASE; TELOMERASE REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE; TUMOR ANTIGEN; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; UNINDEXED DRUG;

ABNORMAL LABORATORY RESULT; BLADDER CANCER; BLADDER CARCINOMA; CANCER DIAGNOSIS; CANCER EPIDEMIOLOGY; CANCER GRADING; CANCER PATIENT; CARCINOMA CELL; CARCINOMA IN SITU; CELL STRUCTURE; CELL TYPE; CHROMOSOME 9; CYSTOSCOPY; CYTODIAGNOSIS; CYTOPATHOLOGY; DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY; DIAGNOSTIC ERROR; DIAGNOSTIC KIT; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DNA METHYLATION; DNA MICROARRAY; EPITHELIUM CELL; FALSE POSITIVE RESULT; FLUORESCENCE IN SITU HYBRIDIZATION; FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION; HEMATURIA; HIGH RISK POPULATION; HUMAN; IMMUNOCYTOCHEMISTRY; INTERMETHOD COMPARISON; INVASIVE CARCINOMA; KARYOMETRY; KIDNEY CELL; KIDNEY TUBULE CELL; LABORATORY TEST; MICROSATELLITE INSTABILITY; NID2 GENE; PLOIDY; POINT OF CARE TESTING; POPULATION EXPOSURE; PROSTATE ADENOCARCINOMA; REVIEW; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY; SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA; TELOMERIC REPEAT AMPLIFICATION PROTOCOL; TREATMENT INDICATION; TUMOR GENE; TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENE; TWIST1 GENE; URINALYSIS; URINE CYTOLOGY; UROGENITAL TRACT TUMOR; WART VIRUS;

EID: 77957327444     PISSN: None     EISSN: 19438141     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (207)

1. Jemal A, Siegel R, Ward E, Hao Y, Xu J and Thun MJ. Cancer statistics, 2009. CA Cancer J Clin 2009; 59: 225-249.
2. Lokeshwar VB, Habuchi T, Grossman HB, Murphy WM, Hautmann SH, Hemstreet GP, 3rd, Bono AV, Getzenberg RH, Goebell P, Schmitz- Drager BJ, Schalken JA, Fradet Y, Marberger M, Messing E and Droller MJ. Bladder tumor markers beyond cytology: International Consensus Panel on bladder tumor markers. Urology 2005; 66: 35-63.
3. Burchardt M, Burchardt T, Shabsigh A, De La Taille A, Benson MC and Sawczuk I. Current concepts in biomarker technology for bladder cancers. Clin Chem 2000; 46: 595-605.
4. Chao D, Freedland SJ, Pantuck AJ, Zisman A and Belldegrun AS. Bladder cancer 2000: molecular markers for the diagnosis of transitional cell carcinoma. Rev Urol 2001; 3: 85-93.
5. Badalament RA, Kimmel M, Gay H, Cibas ES, Whitmore WF, Jr., Herr HW, Fair WR and Melamed MR. The sensitivity of flow cytometry compared with conventional cytology in the detection of superficial bladder carcinoma. Cancer 1987; 59: 2078-2085.
6. Gregoire M, Fradet Y, Meyer F, Tetu B, Bois R, Bedard G, Charrois R and Naud A. Diagnostic accuracy of urinary cytology, and deoxyribonucleic acid flow cytometry and cytology on bladder washings during followup for bladder tumors. J Urol 1997; 157: 1660-1664.
7. Brown FM. Urine cytology. It is still the gold standard for screening? Urol Clin North Am 2000; 27: 25-37.
8. Rao JY. Molecular Pathology of Early Bladder Cancer. In: Molecular Pathology of Early Cancer. Amsterdam, Netherlands: IOS Press, 1999.
9. Marsh GM, Leviton LC, Talbott EO, Callahan C, Pavlock D, Hemstreet G, Logue JN, Fox J and Schulte P. Drake Chemical Workers' Health Registry Study: I. Notification and medical surveillance of a group of workers at high risk of developing bladder cancer. Am J Ind Med 1991; 19: 291-301.
10. Iczkowski KA, Katz G and Cascione CJ. Postoperative bladder washing cytology after transurethral resection. Can it predict the recurrence of urothelial carcinoma? Acta Cytol 2004; 48: 380-384.
11. Braun WE. BK polyomavirus: a newly recognized threat to transplanted kidneys. Cleve Clin J Med 2003; 70: 1056, 1059-1060, 1062 passim.
12. Koss LG, Deitch D, Ramanathan R and Sherman AB. Diagnostic value of cytology of voided urine. Acta Cytol 1985; 29: 810-816.
13. Konety BR and Getzenberg RH. Urine based markers of urological malignancy. J Urol 2001; 165: 600-611.
14. Pagano F, Bassi P, Galetti TP, Meneghini A, Milani C, Artibani W and Garbeglio A. Results of contemporary radical cystectomy for invasive bladder cancer: a clinicopathological study with an emphasis on the inadequacy of the tumor, nodes and metastases classification. J Urol 1991; 145: 45-50.
15. Giannopoulos A, Manousakas T, Mitropoulos D, Botsoli-Stergiou E, Constantinides C, Giannopoulou M and Choremi-Papadopoulou H. Comparative evaluation of the BTAstat test, NMP22, and voided urine cytology in the detection of primary and recurrent bladder tumors. Urology 2000; 55: 871-875.
16. Keesee SK, Briggman JV, Thill G and Wu YJ. Utilization of nuclear matrix proteins for cancer diagnosis. Crit Rev Eukaryot Gene Expr 1996; 6: 189-214.
17. Soloway MS, Briggman V, Carpinito GA, Chodak GW, Church PA, Lamm DL, Lange P, Messing E, Pasciak RM, Reservitz GB, Rukstalis DB, Sarosdy MF, Stadler WM, Thiel RP and Hayden CL. Use of a new tumor marker, urinary NMP22, in the detection of occult or rapidly recurring transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary tract following surgical treatment. J Urol 1996; 156: 363-367.
18. Miyanaga N, Akaza H, Tsukamoto S, Shimazui T, Ohtani M, Ishikawa S, Noguchi R, Manabe F, Nishijima Y, Kikuchi K, Sato K, Hayashi H, Kondo F, Shiraiwa H and Aoyama O. Usefulness of urinary NMP22 to detect tumor recurrence of superficial bladder cancer after transurethral resection. Int J Clin Oncol 2003; 8: 369-373.
19. Shariat SF, Marberger MJ, Lotan Y, Sanchez-Carbayo M, Zippe C, Ludecke G, Boman H, Sawczuk I, Friedrich MG, Casella R, Mian C, Eissa S, Akaza H, Serretta V, Huland H, Hedelin H, Raina R, Miyanaga N, Sagalowsky AI, Roehrborn CG and Karakiewicz PI. Variability in the performance of nuclear matrix protein 22 for the detection of bladder cancer. J Urol 2006; 176: 919-926; discussion 926.
20. Landman J, Chang Y, Kavaler E, Droller MJ and Liu BC. Sensitivity and specificity of NMP-22, telomerase, and BTA in the detection of human bladder cancer. Urology 1998; 52: 398-402.
21. Stampfer DS, Carpinito GA, Rodriguez-Villanueva J, Willsey LW, Dinney CP, Grossman HB, Fritsche HA and McDougal WS. Evaluation of NMP22 in the detection of transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. J Urol 1998; 159: 394-398.
22. Zippe C, Pandrangi L and Agarwal A. NMP22 is a sensitive, cost-effective test in patients at risk for bladder cancer. J Urol 1999; 161: 62-65.
23. Nguyen CT and Jones JS. Defining the role of NMP22 in bladder cancer surveillance. World J Urol 2008; 26: 51-58.
24. Lotan Y and Roehrborn CG. Sensitivity and specificity of commonly available bladder tumor markers versus cytology: results of a comprehensive literature review and meta-analyses. Urology 2003; 61: 109-118; discussion 118.
25. Sharma S, Zippe CD, Pandrangi L, Nelson D and Agarwal A. Exclusion criteria enhance the specificity and positive predictive value of NMP22 and BTA stat. J Urol 1999; 162: 53-57.
26. Messing EM, Young TB, Hunt VB, Roecker EB, Vaillancourt AM, Hisgen WJ, Greenberg EB, Kuglitsch ME and Wegenke JD. Home screening for hematuria: results of a multiclinic study. J Urol 1992; 148: 289-292.
27. Boman H, Hedelin H and Holmang S. Four bladder tumor markers have a disappointingly low sensitivity for small size and low grade recurrence. J Urol 2002; 167: 80-83.
28. Grossman HB, Soloway M, Messing E, Katz G, Stein B, Kassabian V and Shen Y. Surveillance for recurrent bladder cancer using a point-ofcare proteomic assay. Jama 2006; 295: 299-305.
29. Grossman HB, Messing E, Soloway M, Tomera K, Katz G, Berger Y and Shen Y. Detection of bladder cancer using a point-of-care proteomic assay. Jama 2005; 293: 810-816.
30. Tritschler S, Scharf S, Karl A, Tilki D, Knuechel R, Hartmann A, Stief CG and Zaak D. Validation of the diagnostic value of NMP22 BladderChek test as a marker for bladder cancer by photodynamic diagnosis. Eur Urol 2007; 51: 403-407; discussion 407-408.
31. Moonen PM, Kiemeney LA and Witjes JA. Urinary NMP22 BladderChek test in the diagnosis of superficial bladder cancer. Eur Urol 2005; 48: 951-956; discussion 956.
32. Kumar A, Kumar R and Gupta NP. Comparison of NMP22 BladderChek test and urine cytology for the detection of recurrent bladder cancer. Jpn J Clin Oncol 2006; 36: 172-175.
33. Ponsky LE, Sharma S, Pandrangi L, Kedia S, Nelson D, Agarwal A and Zippe CD. Screening and monitoring for bladder cancer: refining the use of NMP22. J Urol 2001; 166: 75-78.
34. Schamhart DH, de Reijke TM, van der Poel HG, Witjes JA, de Boer EC, Kurth K and Schalken JA. The Bard BTA test: its mode of action, sensitivity and specificity, compared to cytology of voided urine, in the diagnosis of superficial bladder cancer. Eur Urol 1998; 34: 99-106.
35. Pirtskalaishvili G, Konety BR and Getzenberg RH. Update on urine-based markers for bladder cancer. How sensitive and specific are the new noninvasive tests? Postgrad Med 1999; 106: 85-86, 91-84.
36. Sarosdy MF, deVere White RW, Soloway MS, Sheinfeld J, Hudson MA, Schellhammer PF, Jarowenko MV, Adams G and Blumenstein BA. Results of a multicenter trial using the BTA test to monitor for and diagnose recurrent bladder cancer. J Urol 1995; 154: 379-383; discussion 383-374.
37. Ianari A, Sternberg CN, Rossetti A, Van Rijn A, Deidda A, Giannarelli D and Pansadoro V. Results of Bard BTA test in monitoring patients with a history of transitional cell cancer of the bladder. Urology 1997; 49: 786-789.
38. Johnston B, Morales A, Emerson L and Lundie M. Rapid detection of bladder cancer: a comparative study of point of care tests. J Urol 1997; 158: 2098-2101.
39. Van der Poel HG, Van Balken MR, Schamhart DH, Peelen P, de Reijke T, Debruyne FM, Schalken JA and Witjes JA. Bladder wash cytology, quantitative cytology, and the qualitative BTA test in patients with superficial bladder cancer. Urology 1998; 51: 44-50.
40. Zimmerman RL, Bagley D, Hawthorne C and Bibbo M. Utility of the Bard BTA test in detecting upper urinary tract transitional cell carcinoma. Urology 1998; 51: 956-958.
41. Nasuti JF, Gomella LG, Ismial M and Bibbo M. Utility of the BTA stat test kit for bladder cancer screening. Diagn Cytopathol 1999; 21: 27-29.
42. Ramakumar S, Bhuiyan J, Besse JA, Roberts SG, Wollan PC, Blute ML and O'Kane DJ. Comparison of screening methods in the detection of bladder cancer. J Urol 1999; 161: 388-394.
43. Gutierrez Banos JL, del Henar Rebollo Rodrigo M, Antolin Juarez FM and Garcia BM. Usefulness of the BTA STAT Test for the diagnosis of bladder cancer. Urology 2001; 57: 685-689.
44. Raitanen MP, Marttila T, Kaasinen E, Rintala E, Aine R and Tammela TL. Sensitivity of human complement factor H related protein (BTA stat) test and voided urine cytology in the diagnosis of bladder cancer. J Urol 2000; 163: 1689-1692.
45. Raitanen MP, Marttila T, Nurmi M, Ala-Opas M, Nieminen P, Aine R and Tammela TL. Human complement factor H related protein test for monitoring bladder cancer. J Urol 2001; 165: 374-377.
46. Schroeder GL, Lorenzo-Gomez MF, Hautmann SH, Friedrich MG, Ekici S, Huland H and Lokeshwar V. A side by side comparison of cytology and biomarkers for bladder cancer detection. J Urol 2004; 172: 1123-1126.
47. Glas AS, Roos D, Deutekom M, Zwinderman AH, Bossuyt PM and Kurth KH. Tumor markers in the diagnosis of primary bladder cancer. A systematic review. J Urol 2003; 169: 1975-1982.
48. Halling KC, King W, Sokolova IA, Karnes RJ, Meyer RG, Powell EL, Sebo TJ, Cheville JC, Clayton AC, Krajnik KL, Ebert TA, Nelson RE, Burkhardt HM, Ramakumar S, Stewart CS, Pankratz VS, Lieber MM, Blute ML, Zincke H, Seelig SA, Jenkins RB and O'Kane DJ. A comparison of BTA stat, hemoglobin dipstick, telomerase and Vysis UroVysion assays for the detection of urothelial carcinoma in urine. J Urol 2002; 167: 2001-2006.
49. Lokeshwar VB, Schroeder GL, Selzer MG, Hautmann SH, Posey JT, Duncan RC, Watson R, Rose L, Markowitz S and Soloway MS. Bladder tumor markers for monitoring recurrence and screening comparison of hyaluronic acidhyaluronidase and BTA-Stat tests. Cancer 2002; 95: 61-72.
50. Raitanen MP. The role of BTA stat Test in follow-up of patients with bladder cancer: results from FinnBladder studies. World J Urol 2008; 26: 45-50.
51. Wald M, Halachmi S, Amiel G, Madjar S, Mullerad M, Miselevitz I, Moskovitz B and Nativ O. Bladder tumor antigen stat test in nonurothelial malignant urologic conditions. Isr Med Assoc J 2002; 4: 174-175.
52. Heicappell R, Muller M, Fimmers R and Miller K. Qualitative determination of urinary human complement factor H-related protein (hcfHrp) in patients with bladder cancer, healthy controls, and patients with benign urologic disease. Urol Int 2000; 65: 181-184.
53. Serretta V, Pomara G, Rizzo I and Esposito E. Urinary BTA-stat, BTA-trak and NMP22 in surveillance after TUR of recurrent superficial transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. Eur Urol 2000; 38: 419-425.
54. Oge O, Kozaci D and Gemalmaz H. The BTA stat test is nonspecific for hematuria: an experimental hematuria model. J Urol 2002; 167: 1318-1319; discussion 1319-1320.
55. Heicappell R, Wettig IC, Schostak M, Muller M, Steiner U, Sauter T and Miller K. Quantitative detection of human complement factor Hrelated protein in transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder. Eur Urol 1999; 35: 81-87.
56. Ellis WJ, Blumenstein BA, Ishak LM and Enfield DL. Clinical evaluation of the BTA TRAK assay and comparison to voided urine cytology and the Bard BTA test in patients with recurrent bladder tumors. The Multi Center Study Group. Urology 1997; 50: 882-887.
57. Babjuk M, Soukup V, Pesl M, Kostirova M, Drncova E, Smolova H, Szakacsova M, Getzenberg R, Pavlik I and Dvoracek J. Urinary cytology and quantitative BTA and UBC tests in surveillance of patients with pTapT1 bladder urothelial carcinoma. Urology 2008; 71: 718-722.
58. Heicappell R, Schostak M, Muller M and Miller K. Evaluation of urinary bladder cancer antigen as a marker for diagnosis of transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 2000; 60: 275-282.
59. Mahnert B, Tauber S, Kriegmair M, Schmitt UM, Hasholzner U, Reiter W, Hofmann K, Schmeller N and Stieber P. BTA-TRAK--a useful diagnostic tool in urinary bladder cancer? Anticancer Res 1999; 19: 2615-2619.
60. Chautard D, Daver A, Bocquillon V, Verriele V, Colls P, Bertrand G and Soret JY. Comparison of the Bard Trak test with voided urine cytology in the diagnosis and follow-up of bladder tumors. Eur Urol 2000; 38: 686-690.
61. Thomas L, Leyh H, Marberger M, Bombardieri E, Bassi P, Pagano F, Pansadoro V, Sternberg CN, Boccon-Gibod L, Ravery V, Le Guludec D, Meulemans A, Conort P and Ishak L. Multicenter trial of the quantitative BTA TRAK assay in the detection of bladder cancer. Clin Chem 1999; 45: 472-477.
62. Khaled HM, Abdel-Salam I, Abdel-Gawad M, Metwally A, El-Demerdash S, El-Didi M, Morsi A and Ishak L. Evaluation of the BTA tests for the detection of bilharzial related bladder cancer: the Cairo experience. Eur Urol 2001; 39: 91-94.
63. Tsihlias J and Grossman HB. The utility of fibrin/ fibrinogen degradation products in superficial bladder cancer. Urol Clin North Am 2000; 27: 39-46.
64. Schmetter BS, Habicht KK, Lamm DL, Morales A, Bander NH, Grossman HB, Hanna MG, Jr., Silberman SR and Butman BT. A multicenter trial evaluation of the fibrin/fibrinogen degradation products test for detection and monitoring of bladder cancer. J Urol 1997; 158: 801-805.
65. McCabe RP, Lamm DL, Haspel MV, Pomato N, Smith KO, Thompson E and Hanna MG, Jr. A diagnostic-prognostic test for bladder cancer using a monoclonal antibody-based enzymelinked immunoassay for detection of urinary fibrin(ogen) degradation products. Cancer Res 1984; 44: 5886-5893.
66. Topsakal M, Karadeniz T, Anac M, Donmezer S and Besisik A. Assessment of fibrin-fibrinogen degradation products (Accu-Dx) test in bladder cancer patients. Eur Urol 2001; 39: 287-291.
67. Hautmann S, Toma M, Lorenzo Gomez MF, Friedrich MG, Jaekel T, Michl U, Schroeder GL, Huland H, Juenemann KP and Lokeshwar VB. Immunocyt and the HA-HAase urine tests for the detection of bladder cancer: a side-by-side comparison. Eur Urol 2004; 46: 466-471.
68. Mian C, Pycha A, Wiener H, Haitel A, Lodde M and Marberger M. Immunocyt: a new tool for detecting transitional cell cancer of the urinary tract. J Urol 1999; 161: 1486-1489.
69. Olsson H and Zackrisson B. ImmunoCyt a useful method in the follow-up protocol for patients with urinary bladder carcinoma. Scand J Urol Nephrol 2001; 35: 280-282.
70. Lodde M, Mian C, Negri G, Berner L, Maffei N, Lusuardi L, Palermo S, Marberger M, Brssner C and Pycha A. Role of uCyt+ in the detection and surveillance of urothelial carcinoma. Urology 2003; 61: 243-247.
71. Feil G, Zumbragel A, Paulgen-Nelde HJ, Hennenlotter J, Maurer S, Krause S, Bichler KH and Stenzl A. Accuracy of the ImmunoCyt assay in the diagnosis of transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder. Anticancer Res 2003; 23: 963-967.
72. Pfister C, Chautard D, Devonec M, Perrin P, Chopin D, Rischmann P, Bouchot O, Beurton D, Coulange C and Rambeaud JJ. Immunocyt test improves the diagnostic accuracy of urinary cytology: results of a French multicenter study. J Urol 2003; 169: 921-924.
73. Tetu B, Tiguert R, Harel F and Fradet Y. ImmunoCyt/ uCyt+ improves the sensitivity of urine cytology in patients followed for urothelial carcinoma. Mod Pathol 2005; 18: 83-89.
74. Lodde M, Mian C, Comploj E, Palermo S, Longhi E, Marberger M and Pycha A. uCyt+ test: alternative to cystoscopy for less-invasive follow-up of patients with low risk of urothelial carcinoma. Urology 2006; 67: 950-954.
75. Mian C, Maier K, Comploj E, Lodde M, Berner L, Lusuardi L, Palermo S, Vittadello F and Pycha A. uCyt+/ImmunoCyt in the detection of recurrent urothelial carcinoma: an update on 1991 analyses. Cancer 2006; 108: 60-65.
76. Messing EM, Teot L, Korman H, Underhill E, Barker E, Stork B, Qian J and Bostwick DG. Performance of urine test in patients monitored for recurrence of bladder cancer: a multicenter study in the United States. J Urol 2005; 174: 1238-1241.
77. Sullivan PS, Nooraie F, Sanchez H, Hirschowitz S, Levin M, Rao PN and Rao J. Comparison of ImmunoCyt, UroVysion, and urine cytology in detection of recurrent urothelial carcinoma: a "split-sample" study. Cancer Cytopathol 2009; 117: 167-173.
78. Piaton E, Daniel L, Verriele V, Dalifard I, Zimmermann U, Renaudin K, Gobet F, Caratero A, Desvaux D, Pouille Y and Seigneurin D. Improved detection of urothelial carcinomas with fluorescence immunocytochemistry (uCyt+ assay) and urinary cytology: results of a French Prospective Multicenter Study. Lab Invest 2003; 83: 845-852.
79. Junker K, Boerner D, Schulze W, Utting M, Schubert J and Werner W. Analysis of genetic alterations in normal bladder urothelium. Urology 2003; 62: 1134-1138.
80. Knowles MA. What we could do now: molecular pathology of bladder cancer. Mol Pathol 2001; 54: 215-221.
81. Cordon-Cardo C, Cote RJ and Sauter G. Genetic and molecular markers of urothelial premalignancy and malignancy. Scand J Urol Nephrol Suppl 2000; 82-93.
82. Placer J, Espinet B, Salido M, Sole F and Gelabert-Mas A. Clinical utility of a multiprobe FISH assay in voided urine specimens for the detection of bladder cancer and its recurrences, compared with urinary cytology. Eur Urol 2002; 42: 547-552.
83. Halling KC, King W, Sokolova IA, Meyer RG, Burkhardt HM, Halling AC, Cheville JC, Sebo TJ, Ramakumar S, Stewart CS, Pankratz S, O'Kane DJ, Seelig SA, Lieber MM and Jenkins RB. A comparison of cytology and fluorescence in situ hybridization for the detection of urothelial carcinoma. J Urol 2000; 164: 1768-1775.
84. Sokolova IA, Halling KC, Jenkins RB, Burkhardt HM, Meyer RG, Seelig SA and King W. The development of a multitarget, multicolor fluorescence in situ hybridization assay for the detection of urothelial carcinoma in urine. J Mol Diagn 2000; 2: 116-123.
85. Varella-Garcia M, Akduman B, Sunpaweravong P, Di Maria MV and Crawford ED. The UroVysion fluorescence in situ hybridization assay is an effective tool for monitoring recurrence of bladder cancer. Urol Oncol 2004; 22: 16-19.
86. Gudjonsson S, Isfoss BL, Hansson K, Domanski AM, Warenholt J, Soller W, Lundberg LM, Liedberg F, Grabe M and Mansson W. The value of the UroVysion assay for surveillance of nonmuscle- invasive bladder cancer. Eur Urol 2008; 54: 402-408.
87. Moonen PM, Merkx GF, Peelen P, Karthaus HF, Smeets DF and Witjes JA. UroVysion compared with cytology and quantitative cytology in the surveillance of non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Eur Urol 2007; 51: 1275-1280; discussion 1280.
88. Junker K, Fritsch T, Hartmann A, Schulze W and Schubert J. Multicolor fluorescence in situ hybridization (M-FISH) on cells from urine for the detection of bladder cancer. Cytogenet Genome Res 2006; 114: 279-283.
89. Toma MI, Friedrich MG, Hautmann SH, Jakel KT, Erbersdobler A, Hellstern A and Huland H. Comparison of the ImmunoCyt test and urinary cytology with other urine tests in the detection and surveillance of bladder cancer. World J Urol 2004; 22: 145-149.
90. Friedrich MG, Toma MI, Hellstern A, Pantel K, Weisenberger DJ, Noldus J and Huland H. Comparison of multitarget fluorescence in situ hybridization in urine with other noninvasive tests for detecting bladder cancer. BJU Int 2003; 92: 911-914.
91. Sarosdy MF, Schellhammer P, Bokinsky G, Kahn P, Chao R, Yore L, Zadra J, Burzon D, Osher G, Bridge JA, Anderson S, Johansson SL, Lieber M, Soloway M and Flom K. Clinical evaluation of a multi-target fluorescent in situ hybridization assay for detection of bladder cancer. J Urol 2002; 168: 1950-1954.
92. Dalquen P, Kleiber B, Grilli B, Herzog M, Bubendorf L and Oberholzer M. DNA image cytometry and fluorescence in situ hybridization for noninvasive detection of urothelial tumors in voided urine. Cancer 2002; 96: 374-379.
93. Laudadio J, Keane TE, Reeves HM, Savage SJ, Hoda RS, Lage JM and Wolff DJ. Fluorescence in situ hybridization for detecting transitional cell carcinoma: implications for clinical practice. BJU Int 2005; 96: 1280-1285.
94. Bergman J, Reznichek RC and Rajfer J. Surveillance of patients with bladder carcinoma using fluorescent in-situ hybridization on bladder washings. BJU Int 2008; 101: 26-29.
95. Skacel M, Fahmy M, Brainard JA, Pettay JD, Biscotti CV, Liou LS, Procop GW, Jones JS, Ulchaker J, Zippe CD and Tubbs RR. Multitarget fluorescence in situ hybridization assay detects transitional cell carcinoma in the majority of patients with bladder cancer and atypical or negative urine cytology. J Urol 2003; 169: 2101-2105.
96. Bubendorf L, Grilli B, Sauter G, Mihatsch MJ, Gasser TC and Dalquen P. Multiprobe FISH for enhanced detection of bladder cancer in voided urine specimens and bladder washings. Am J Clin Pathol 2001; 116: 79-86.
97. Getzenberg RH, Konety BR, Oeler TA, Quigley MM, Hakam A, Becich MJ and Bahnson RR. Bladder cancer-associated nuclear matrix proteins. Cancer Res 1996; 56: 1690-1694.
98. Myers-Irvin JM, Van Le TS and Getzenberg RH. Mechanistic analysis of the role of BLCA-4 in bladder cancer pathobiology. Cancer Res 2005; 65: 7145-7150.
99. Konety BR, Nguyen TS, Dhir R, Day RS, Becich MJ, Stadler WM and Getzenberg RH. Detection of bladder cancer using a novel nuclear matrix protein, BLCA-4. Clin Cancer Res 2000; 6: 2618-2625.
100. Van Le TS, Miller R, Barder T, Babjuk M, Potter DM and Getzenberg RH. Highly specific urinebased marker of bladder cancer. Urology 2005; 66: 1256-1260.
101. Myers-Irvin JM, Landsittel D and Getzenberg RH. Use of the novel marker BLCA-1 for the detection of bladder cancer. J Urol 2005; 174: 64-68.
102. Orlando C, Gelmini S, Selli C and Pazzagli M. Telomerase in urological malignancy. J Urol 2001; 166: 666-673.
103. Kinoshita H, Ogawa O, Kakehi Y, Mishina M, Mitsumori K, Itoh N, Yamada H, Terachi T and Yoshida O. Detection of telomerase activity in exfoliated cells in urine from patients with bladder cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 1997; 89: 724-730.
104. Yoshida K, Sugino T, Tahara H, Woodman A, Bolodeoku J, Nargund V, Fellows G, Goodison S, Tahara E and Tarin D. Telomerase activity in bladder carcinoma and its implication for noninvasive diagnosis by detection of exfoliated cancer cells in urine. Cancer 1997; 79: 362-369.
105. Casadio V, Bravaccini S, Gunelli R, Nanni O, Zoli W, Amadori D, Calistri D and Silvestrini R. Accuracy of urine telomerase activity to detect bladder cancer in symptomatic patients. Int J Biol Markers 2009; 24: 253-257.
106. Bravaccini S, Sanchini MA, Granato AM, Gunelli R, Nanni O, Amadori D, Calistri D and Silvestrini R. Urine telomerase activity for the detection of bladder cancer in females. J Urol 2007; 178: 57-61.
107. Sanchini MA, Gunelli R, Nanni O, Bravaccini S, Fabbri C, Sermasi A, Bercovich E, Ravaioli A, Amadori D and Calistri D. Relevance of urine telomerase in the diagnosis of bladder cancer. JAMA 2005; 294: 2052-2056.
108. Dalbagni G, Han W, Zhang ZF, Cordon-Cardo C, Saigo P, Fair WR, Herr H, Kim N and Moore MA. Evaluation of the telomeric repeat amplification protocol (TRAP) assay for telomerase as a diagnostic modality in recurrent bladder cancer. Clin Cancer Res 1997; 3: 1593-1598.
109. Kavaler E, Landman J, Chang Y, Droller MJ and Liu BC. Detecting human bladder carcinoma cells in voided urine samples by assaying for the presence of telomerase activity. Cancer 1998; 82: 708-714.
110. Liu BC and Loughlin KR. Telomerase in human bladder cancer. Urol Clin North Am 2000; 27: 115-123, x.
111. Buchumensky V, Klein A, Zemer R, Kessler OJ, Zimlichman S and Nissenkorn I. Cytokeratin 20: a new marker for early detection of bladder cell carcinoma? J Urol 1998; 160: 1971-1974.
112. Southgate J, Harnden P and Trejdosiewicz LK. Cytokeratin expression patterns in normal and malignant urothelium: a review of the biological and diagnostic implications. Histol Histopathol 1999; 14: 657-664.
113. Eissa S, Swellam M, el-Mosallamy H, Mourad MS, Hamdy N, Kamel K, Zaglol AS, Khafagy MM and el-Ahmady O. Diagnostic value of urinary molecular markers in bladder cancer. Anticancer Res 2003; 23: 4347-4355.
114. Boman H, Hedelin H, Jacobsson S and Holmang S. Newly diagnosed bladder cancer: the relationship of initial symptoms, degree of microhe maturia and tumor marker status. J Urol 2002; 168: 1955-1959.
115. Babjuk M, Kostirova M, Mudra K, Pecher S, Smolova H, Pecen L, Ibrahim Z, Dvoracek J, Jarolim L, Novak J and Zima T. Qualitative and quantitative detection of urinary human complement factor H-related protein (BTA stat and BTA TRAK) and fragments of cytokeratins 8, 18 (UBC rapid and UBC IRMA) as markers for transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. Eur Urol 2002; 41: 34-39.
116. Sanchez-Carbayo M, Herrero E, Megias J, Mira A and Soria F. Comparative sensitivity of urinary CYFRA 21-1, urinary bladder cancer antigen, tissue polypeptide antigen, tissue polypeptide antigen and NMP22 to detect bladder cancer. J Urol 1999; 162: 1951-1956.
117. Mian C, Lodde M, Haitel A, Vigl EE, Marberger M and Pycha A. Comparison of the monoclonal UBC-ELISA test and the NMP22 ELISA test for the detection of urothelial cell carcinoma of the bladder. Urology 2000; 55: 223-226.
118. Gkialas I, Papadopoulos G, Iordanidou L, Stathouros G, Tzavara C, Gregorakis A and Lykourinas M. Evaluation of urine tumor-associated trypsin inhibitor, CYFRA 21-1, and urinary bladder cancer antigen for detection of high-grade bladder carcinoma. Urology 2008; 72: 1159-1163.
119. May M, Hakenberg OW, Gunia S, Pohling P, Helke C, Lubbe L, Nowack R, Siegsmund M and Hoschke B. Comparative diagnostic value of urine cytology, UBC-ELISA, and fluorescence in situ hybridization for detection of transitional cell carcinoma of urinary bladder in routine clinical practice. Urology 2007; 70: 449-453.
120. Shoshtari MA, Soleimani M and Moslemi M. Comparative evaluation of urinary bladder cancer antigen and urine cytology in the diagnosis of bladder cancer. Urol J 2005; 2: 137-140.
121. Hakenberg OW, Fuessel S, Richter K, Froehner M, Oehlschlaeger S, Rathert P, Meye A and Wirth MP. Qualitative and quantitative assessment of urinary cytokeratin 8 and 18 fragments compared with voided urine cytology in diagnosis of bladder carcinoma. Urology 2004; 64: 1121-1126.
122. Mungan NA, Vriesema JL, Thomas CM, Kiemeney LA and Witjes JA. Urinary bladder cancer test: a new urinary tumor marker in the followup of superficial bladder cancer. Urology 2000; 56: 787-792.
123. Retz M, Lehmann J, Amann E, Wullich B, Roder C and Stockle M. Mucin 7 and cytokeratin 20 as new diagnostic urinary markers for bladder tumor. J Urol 2003; 169: 86-89.
124. Rotem D, Cassel A, Lindenfeld N, Mecz Y, Sova Y, Resnick M and Stein A. Urinary cytokeratin 20 as a marker for transitional cell carcinoma. Eur Urol 2000; 37: 601-604.
125. Cassel A, Rahat MA, Lahat N, Lindenfeld N, Mecz Y and Stein A. Telomerase activity and cytokeratin 20 as markers for the detection and followup of transitional cell carcinoma: an unfulfilled promise. J Urol 2001; 166: 841-844.
126. Retz M, Lehmann J, Roder C, Weichert-Jacobsen K, Loch T, Romahn E, Luhl C, Kalthoff H and Stockle M. Cytokeratin-20 reversetranscriptase polymerase chain reaction as a new tool for the detection of circulating tumor cells in peripheral blood and bone marrow of bladder cancer patients. Eur Urol 2001; 39: 507-515; discussion 516-507.
127. Guo B, Luo C, Xun C, Xie J, Wu X and Pu J. Quantitative detection of cytokeratin 20 mRNA in urine samples as diagnostic tools for bladder cancer by real-time PCR. Exp Oncol 2009; 31: 43-47.
128. Eissa S, Zohny SF, Swellam M, Mahmoud MH, El-Zayat TM and Salem AM. Comparison of CD44 and cytokeratin 20 mRNA in voided urine samples as diagnostic tools for bladder cancer. Clin Biochem 2008; 41: 1335-1341.
129. Pu XY, Wang ZP, Chen YR, Wu YL, Wang HP and Wang XH. [Clinical value of combined detection with urinary bladder cancer antigen, hyaluronic acid and cytokeratin 20 in diagnosis of bladder cancer]. Ai Zheng 2008; 27: 970-973.
130. Gazzaniga P, Gandini O, Giuliani L, Magnanti M, Gradilone A, Silvestri I, Gianni W, Gallucci M, Frati L and Agliano AM. Detection of epidermal growth factor receptor mRNA in peripheral blood: a new marker of circulating neoplastic cells in bladder cancer patients. Clin Cancer Res 2001; 7: 577-583.
131. Okegawa T, Kinjo M, Nutahara K and Higashihara E. Value of reverse transcription polymerase chain assay in peripheral blood of patients with urothelial cancer. J Urol 2004; 171: 1461-1466.
132. Klein A, Zemer R, Buchumensky V, Klaper R and Nissenkorn I. Expression of cytokeratin 20 in urinary cytology of patients with bladder carcinoma. Cancer 1998; 82: 349-354.
133. Lin S, Hirschowitz SL, Williams C, Shintako P, Said J and Rao JY. Cytokeratin 20 as an immunocytochemical marker for detection of urothelial carcinoma in atypical cytology: preliminary retrospective study on archived urine slides. Cancer Detect Prev 2001; 25: 202-209.
134. Golijanin D, Shapiro A and Pode D. Immunostaining of cytokeratin 20 in cells from voided urine for detection of bladder cancer. J Urol 2000; 164: 1922-1925.
135. Soyuer I, Sofikerim M, Tokat F, Soyuer S and Ozturk F. Which urine marker test provides more diagnostic value in conjunction with standard cytology- ImmunoCyt/uCyt+ or Cytokeratin 20 expression. Diagn Pathol 2009; 4: 20.
136. Bhatia A, Dey P, Kumar Y, Gautam U, Kakkar N, Srinivasan R and Nijhawan R. Expression of cytokeratin 20 in urine cytology smears: a potential marker for the detection of urothelial carcinoma. Cytopathology 2007; 18: 84-86.
137. Melissourgos ND, Kastrinakis NG, Skolarikos A, Pappa M, Vassilakis G, Gorgoulis VG and Salla C. Cytokeratin-20 immunocytology in voided urine exhibits greater sensitivity and reliability than standard cytology in the diagnosis of transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. Urology 2005; 66: 536-541.
138. Sanchez-Carbayo M, Ciudad J, Urrutia M, Navajo JA and Orfao A. Diagnostic performance of the urinary bladder carcinoma antigen ELISA test and multiparametric DNA/cytokeratin flow cytometry in urine voided samples from patients with bladder carcinoma. Cancer 2001; 92: 2811-2819.
139. Pariente JL, Bordenave L, Jacob F, Gobinet A, Leger F, Ferriere JM and Le Guillou M. Analytical and prospective evaluation of urinary cytokeratin 19 fragment in bladder cancer. J Urol 2000; 163: 1116-1119.
140. Sanchez-Carbayo M, Urrutia M, Silva JM, Romani R, De Buitrago JM and Navajo JA. Comparative predictive values of urinary cytology, urinary bladder cancer antigen, CYFRA 21-1 and NMP22 for evaluating symptomatic patients at risk for bladder cancer. J Urol 2001; 165: 1462-1467.
141. Nisman B, Barak V, Shapiro A, Golijanin D, Peretz T and Pode D. Evaluation of urine CYFRA 21-1 for the detection of primary and recurrent bladder carcinoma. Cancer 2002; 94: 2914-2922.
142. Bian W and Xu Z. Combined assay of CYFRA21-1, telomerase and vascular endothelial growth factor in the detection of bladder transitional cell carcinoma. Int J Urol 2007; 14: 108-111.
143. Fernandez-Gomez J, Rodriguez-Martinez JJ, Barmadah SE, Garcia Rodriguez J, Allende DM, Jalon A, Gonzalez R and Alvarez-Mugica M. Urinary CYFRA 21.1 is not a useful marker for the detection of recurrences in the follow-up of superficial bladder cancer. Eur Urol 2007; 51: 1267-1274.
144. Hautmann SH, Schroeder GL, Civantos F, Duncan RC, Gnann R, Friedrich MG, Hellstern A, Huland H, Soloway MS and Lokeshwar VB. [Hyaluronic acid and hyaluronidase. 2 new bladder carcinoma markers]. Urologe A 2001; 40: 121-126.
145. Hautmann SH, Lokeshwar VB, Schroeder GL, Civantos F, Duncan RC, Gnann R, Friedrich MG and Soloway MS. Elevated tissue expression of hyaluronic acid and hyaluronidase validates the HA-HAase urine test for bladder cancer. J Urol 2001; 165: 2068-2074.
146. Lokeshwar VB and Block NL. HA-HAase urine test. A sensitive and specific method for detecting bladder cancer and evaluating its grade. Urol Clin North Am 2000; 27: 53-61.
147. Pham HT, Block NL and Lokeshwar VB. Tumorderived hyaluronidase: a diagnostic urine marker for high-grade bladder cancer. Cancer Res 1997; 57: 778-783.
148. Passerotti CC, Bonfim A, Martins JR, Dall'Oglio MF, Sampaio LO, Mendes A, Ortiz V, Srougi M, Dietrich CP and Nader HB. Urinary hyaluronan as a marker for the presence of residual transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder. Eur Urol 2006; 49: 71-75.
149. Eissa S, Kassim SK, Labib RA, El-Khouly IM, Ghaffer TM, Sadek M, Razek OA and El-Ahmady O. Detection of bladder carcinoma by combined testing of urine for hyaluronidase and cytokeratin 20 RNAs. Cancer 2005; 103: 1356-1362.
150. Ambrosini G, Adida C and Altieri DC. A novel anti-apoptosis gene, survivin, expressed in cancer and lymphoma. Nat Med 1997; 3: 917-921.
151. Smith SD, Wheeler MA, Plescia J, Colberg JW, Weiss RM and Altieri DC. Urine detection of survivin and diagnosis of bladder cancer. Jama 2001; 285: 324-328.
152. Tanaka K, Iwamoto S, Gon G, Nohara T, Iwamoto M and Tanigawa N. Expression of survivin and its relationship to loss of apoptosis in breast carcinomas. Clin Cancer Res 2000; 6: 127-134.
153. Kawasaki H, Altieri DC, Lu CD, Toyoda M, Tenjo T and Tanigawa N. Inhibition of apoptosis by survivin predicts shorter survival rates in colorectal cancer. Cancer Res 1998; 58: 5071-5074.
154. Monzo M, Rosell R, Felip E, Astudillo J, Sanchez JJ, Maestre J, Martin C, Font A, Barnadas A and Abad A. A novel anti-apoptosis gene: Reexpression of survivin messenger RNA as a prognosis marker in non-small-cell lung cancers. J Clin Oncol 1999; 17: 2100-2104.
155. Adida C, Berrebi D, Peuchmaur M, Reyes-Mugica M and Altieri DC. Anti-apoptosis gene, survivin, and prognosis of neuroblastoma. Lancet 1998; 351: 882-883.
156. Gazzaniga P, Gradilone A, Giuliani L, Gandini O, Silvestri I, Nofroni I, Saccani G, Frati L and Agliano AM. Expression and prognostic significance of LIVIN, SURVIVIN and other apoptosis-related genes in the progression of superficial bladder cancer. Ann Oncol 2003; 14: 85-90.
157. Schultz IJ, Kiemeney LA, Karthaus HF, Witjes JA, Willems JL, Swinkels DW, Gunnewiek JM and de Kok JB. Survivin mRNA copy number in bladder washings predicts tumor recurrence in patients with superficial urothelial cell carcinomas. Clin Chem 2004; 50: 1425-1428.
158. Hausladen DA, Wheeler MA, Altieri DC, Colberg JW and Weiss RM. Effect of intravesical treatment of transitional cell carcinoma with bacillus Calmette-Guerin and mitomycin C on urinary survivin levels and outcome. J Urol 2003; 170: 230-234.
159. Eissa S, Swellam M, Shehata H, El-Khouly IM, El-Zayat T and El-Ahmady O. Expression of HYAL1 and survivin RNA as diagnostic molecular markers for bladder cancer. J Urol 183: 493-498.
160. Kenney DM, Geschwindt RD, Kary MR, Linic JM, Sardesai NY and Li ZQ. Detection of newly diagnosed bladder cancer, bladder cancer recurrence and bladder cancer in patients with hematuria using quantitative rt-PCR of urinary survivin. Tumour Biol 2007; 28: 57-62.
161. Horstmann M, Bontrup H, Hennenlotter J, Taeger D, Weber A, Pesch B, Feil G, Patschan O, Johnen G, Stenzl A and Bruning T. Clinical experience with survivin as a biomarker for urothelial bladder cancer. World J Urol 28: 399-404.
162. Moussa O, Abol-Enein H, Bissada NK, Keane T, Ghoneim MA and Watson DK. Evaluation of survivin reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction for noninvasive detection of bladder cancer. J Urol 2006; 175: 2312-2316.
163. Melamed MR. Flow cytometry of the urinary bladder. Urol Clin North Am 1984; 11: 599-608.
164. Mora LB, Nicosia SV, Pow-Sang JM, Ku NK, Diaz JI, Lockhart J and Einstein A. Ancillary techniques in the followup of transitional cell carcinoma: a comparison of cytology, histology and deoxyribonucleic acid image analysis cytometry in 91 patients. J Urol 1996; 156: 49-54; discussion 54-45.
165. Barlandas-Rendon E, Muller MM, Garcia-Latorre E and Heinschink A. Comparison of urine cell characteristics by flow cytometry and cytology in patients suspected of having bladder cancer. Clin Chem Lab Med 2002; 40: 817-823.
166. Parry WL and Hemstreet GP, 3rd. Cancer detection by quantitative fluorescence image analysis. J Urol 1988; 139: 270-274.
167. Caraway NP, Khanna A, Payne L, Kamat AM and Katz RL. Combination of cytologic evaluation and quantitative digital cytometry is reliable in detecting recurrent disease in patients with urinary diversions. Cancer 2007; 111: 323-329.
168. Kamentsky LA and Kamentsky LD. Microscopebased multiparameter laser scanning cytometer yielding data comparable to flow cytometry data. Cytometry 1991; 12: 381-387.
169. Ross JS and Cohen MB. Ancillary methods for the detection of recurrent urothelial neoplasia. Cancer 2000; 90: 75-86.
170. Brentnall TA. Microsatellite instability. Shifting concepts in tumorigenesis. Am J Pathol 1995; 147: 561-563.
171. Cairns P, Tokino K, Eby Y and Sidransky D. Homozygous deletions of 9p21 in primary human bladder tumors detected by comparative multiplex polymerase chain reaction. Cancer Res 1994; 54: 1422-1424.
172. Mao L, Lee DJ, Tockman MS, Erozan YS, Askin F and Sidransky D. Microsatellite alterations as clonal markers for the detection of human cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1994; 91: 9871-9875.
173. Ruppert JM, Tokino K and Sidransky D. Evidence for two bladder cancer suppressor loci on human chromosome 9. Cancer Res 1993; 53: 5093-5095.
174. van der Riet P, Nawroz H, Hruban RH, Corio R, Tokino K, Koch W and Sidransky D. Frequent loss of chromosome 9p21-22 early in head and neck cancer progression. Cancer Res 1994; 54: 1156-1158.
175. Orntoft TF and Wolf H. Molecular alterations in bladder cancer. Urol Res 1998; 26: 223-233.
176. Christensen M, Jensen MA, Wolf H and Orntoft TF. Pronounced microsatellite instability in transitional cell carcinomas from young patients with bladder cancer. Int J Cancer 1998; 79: 396-401.
177. Mao L, Schoenberg MP, Scicchitano M, Erozan YS, Merlo A, Schwab D and Sidransky D. Molecular detection of primary bladder cancer by microsatellite analysis. Science 1996; 271: 659-662.
178. van Rhijn BW, Lurkin I, Chopin DK, Kirkels WJ, Thiery JP, van der Kwast TH, Radvanyi F and Zwarthoff EC. Combined microsatellite and FGFR3 mutation analysis enables a highly sensitive detection of urothelial cell carcinoma in voided urine. Clin Cancer Res 2003; 9: 257-263.
179. Mourah S, Cussenot O, Vimont V, Desgrandchamps F, Teillac P, Cochant-Priollet B, Le Duc A, Fiet J and Soliman H. Assessment of microsatellite instability in urine in the detection of transitional-cell carcinoma of the bladder. Int J Cancer 1998; 79: 629-633.
180. Linn JF, Lango M, Halachmi S, Schoenberg MP and Sidransky D. Microsatellite analysis and telomerase activity in archived tissue and urine samples of bladder cancer patients. Int J Cancer 1997; 74: 625-629.
181. Bartoletti R, Dal Canto M, Cai T, Piazzini M, Travaglini F, Gavazzi A and Rizzo M. Early diagnosis and monitoring of superficial transitional cell carcinoma by microsatellite analysis on urine sediment. Oncol Rep 2005; 13: 531-537.
182. Bartoletti R, Cai T, Dal Canto M, Boddi V, Nesi G and Piazzini M. Multiplex polymerase chain reaction for microsatellite analysis of urine sediment cells: a rapid and inexpensive method for diagnosing and monitoring superficial transitional bladder cell carcinoma. J Urol 2006; 175: 2032-2037; discussion 2037.
183. Wild PJ, Fuchs T, Stoehr R, Zimmermann D, Frigerio S, Padberg B, Steiner I, Zwarthoff EC, Burger M, Denzinger S, Hofstaedter F, Kristiansen G, Hermanns T, Seifert HH, Provenzano M, Sulser T, Roth V, Buhmann JM, Moch H and Hartmann A. Detection of urothelial bladder cancer cells in voided urine can be improved by a combination of cytology and standardized microsatellite analysis. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009; 18: 1798-1806.
184. Frigerio S, Padberg BC, Strebel RT, Lenggenhager DM, Messthaler A, Abdou MT, Moch H and Zimmermann DR. Improved detection of bladder carcinoma cells in voided urine by standardized microsatellite analysis. Int J Cancer 2007; 121: 329-338.
185. van der Aa MN, Zwarthoff EC, Steyerberg EW, Boogaard MW, Nijsen Y, van der Keur KA, van Exsel AJ, Kirkels WJ, Bangma C and van der Kwast TH. Microsatellite analysis of voidedurine samples for surveillance of low-grade non-muscle-invasive urothelial carcinoma: feasibility and clinical utility in a prospective multicenter study (Cost-Effectiveness of Follow-Up of Urinary Bladder Cancer trial [CEFUB]). Eur Urol 2009; 55: 659-667.
186. Hoque MO, Lee J, Begum S, Yamashita K, Engles JM, Schoenberg M, Westra WH and Sidransky D. High-throughput molecular analysis of urine sediment for the detection of bladder cancer by high-density single-nucleotide polymorphism array. Cancer Res 2003; 63: 5723-5726.
187. Grossman HB, Washington RW, Jr., Carey TE and Liebert M. Alterations in antigen expression in superficial bladder cancer. J Cell Biochem Suppl 1992; 16I: 63-68.
188. Sawczuk IS, Pickens CL, Vasa UR, Ralph DA, Norris KA, Miller MC, Ng AY, Grossman HB and Veltri RW. DD23 Biomarker: a prospective clinical assessment in routine urinary cytology specimens from patients being monitored for TCC. Urol Oncol 2002; 7: 185-190.
189. Gilbert SM, Veltri RW, Sawczuk A, Shabsigh A, Knowles DR, Bright S, O'Dowd GJ, Olsson CA, Benson MC and Sawczuk IS. Evaluation of DD23 as a marker for detection of recurrent transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder in patients with a history of bladder cancer. Urology 2003; 61: 539-543.
190. van der Poel HG, van Rhijn BW, Peelen P, Debruyne FM, Boon ME and Schalken JA. Consecutive quantitative cytology in bladder cancer. Urology 2000; 56: 584-588.
191. van der Poel HG and Debruyne FM. Can biological markers replace cystoscopy? An update. Curr Opin Urol 2001; 11: 503-509.
192. Witjes JA, van der Poel HG, van Balken MR, Debruyne FM and Schalken JA. Urinary NMP22 and karyometry in the diagnosis and follow-up of patients with superficial bladder cancer. Eur Urol 1998; 33: 387-391.
193. Vriesema JL, van der Poel HG, Debruyne FM, Schalken JA, Kok LP and Boon ME. Neural network-based digitized cell image diagnosis of bladder wash cytology. Diagn Cytopathol 2000; 23: 171-179.
194. van Rhijn BW, van der Poel HG, Boon ME, Debruyne FM, Schalken JA and Witjes JA. Presence of carcinoma in situ and high 2C-deviation index are the best predictors of invasive transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder in patients with high-risk Quanticyt. Urology 2000; 55: 363-367.
195. Wiener HG, Mian C, Haitel A, Pycha A, Schatzl G and Marberger M. Can urine bound diagnostic tests replace cystoscopy in the management of bladder cancer? J Urol 1998; 159: 1876-1880.
196. Ross S, Spencer SD, Lasky LA and Koeppen H. Selective expression of murine prostate stem cell antigen in fetal and adult tissues and the transgenic adenocarcinoma of the mouse prostate model of prostate carcinogenesis. Am J Pathol 2001; 158: 809-816.
197. Saffran DC, Raitano AB, Hubert RS, Witte ON, Reiter RE and Jakobovits A. Anti-PSCA mAbs inhibit tumor growth and metastasis formation and prolong the survival of mice bearing human prostate cancer xenografts. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001; 98: 2658-2663.
198. Gu Z, Thomas G, Yamashiro J, Shintaku IP, Dorey F, Raitano A, Witte ON, Said JW, Loda M and Reiter RE. Prostate stem cell antigen (PSCA) expression increases with high gleason score, advanced stage and bone metastasis in prostate cancer. Oncogene 2000; 19: 1288-1296.
199. Cheng L, Reiter RE, Jin Y, Sharon H, Wieder J, Lane TF and Rao J. Immunocytochemical analysis of prostate stem cell antigen as adjunct marker for detection of urothelial transitional cell carcinoma in voided urine specimens. J Urol 2003; 169: 2094-2100.
200. Wu X, Ye Y, Kiemeney LA, Sulem P, Rafnar T, Matullo G, Seminara D, Yoshida T, Saeki N, Andrew AS, Dinney CP, Czerniak B, Zhang ZF, Kiltie AE, Bishop DT, Vineis P, Porru S, Buntinx F, Kellen E, Zeegers MP, Kumar R, Rudnai P, Gurzau E, Koppova K, Mayordomo JI, Sanchez M, Saez B, Lindblom A, de Verdier P, Steineck G, Mills GB, Schned A, Guarrera S, Polidoro S, Chang SC, Lin J, Chang DW, Hale KS, Majewski T, Grossman HB, Thorlacius S, Thorsteinsdottir U, Aben KK, Witjes JA, Stefansson K, Amos CI, Karagas MR and Gu J. Genetic variation in the prostate stem cell antigen gene PSCA confers susceptibility to urinary bladder cancer. Nat Genet 2009; 41: 991-995.
201. Gonzalez-Zulueta M, Bender CM, Yang AS, Nguyen T, Beart RW, Van Tornout JM and Jones PA. Methylation of the 5' CpG island of the p16/CDKN2 tumor suppressor gene in normal and transformed human tissues correlates with gene silencing. Cancer Res 1995; 55: 4531-4535.
202. Dulaimi E, Uzzo RG, Greenberg RE, Al-Saleem T and Cairns P. Detection of bladder cancer in urine by a tumor suppressor gene hypermethylation panel. Clin Cancer Res 2004; 10: 1887-1893.
203. Yu J, Zhu T, Wang Z, Zhang H, Qian Z, Xu H, Gao B, Wang W, Gu L, Meng J, Wang J, Feng X, Li Y, Yao X and Zhu J. A novel set of DNA methylation markers in urine sediments for sensitive/ specific detection of bladder cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2007; 13: 7296-7304.
204. Hoque MO, Begum S, Topaloglu O, Chatterjee A, Rosenbaum E, Van Criekinge W, Westra WH, Schoenberg M, Zahurak M, Goodman SN and Sidransky D. Quantitation of promoter methylation of multiple genes in urine DNA and bladder cancer detection. J Natl Cancer Inst 2006; 98: 996-1004.
205. Yates DR, Rehman I, Meuth M, Cross SS, Hamdy FC and Catto JW. Methylational urinalysis: a prospective study of bladder cancer patients and age stratified benign controls. Oncogene 2006; 25: 1984-1988.
206. Lin HH, Ke HL, Huang SP, Wu WJ, Chen YK and Chang LL. Increase sensitivity in detecting superficial, low grade bladder cancer by combination analysis of hypermethylation of E-cadherin, p16, p14, RASSF1A genes in urine. Urol Oncol 2009;
207. Renard I, Joniau S, van Cleynenbreugel B, Collette C, Naome C, Vlassenbroeck I, Nicolas H, de Leval J, Straub J, Van Criekinge W, Hamida W, Hellel M, Thomas A, de Leval L, Bierau K and Waltregny D. Identification and Validation of the Methylated TWIST1 and NID2 Genes through Real-Time Methylation-Specific Polymerase Chain Reaction Assays for the Noninvasive Detection of Primary Bladder Cancer in Urine Samples. Eur Urol 2009.