Flow of cytokinins through the environment

Plant Growth Regulation

Volumn 62, Issue 2, 2010, Pages 101-116

  Stirk, W A ^a   van Staden, J ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF KWAZULU NATAL   (South Africa)

Author keywords

Angiosperms; Cytokinins; Insects; Lower order plants; Microbes

Indexed keywords

ALGAE; BACTERIA (MICROORGANISMS); HEXAPODA; MAGNOLIOPHYTA; NEMATODA; STREPSIPTERA;

EID: 77957327176     PISSN: 01676903     EISSN: 15735087     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s10725-010-9481-x     Document Type: Review

References (117)

1. Akiyoshi DE, Regier DA, Gordon MP (1987) Cytokinin production by Agrobacterium and Pseudomonas spp. J Bacteriol 169: 4242-4248.
2. 3H]DHZ by tomato seedlings. S Afr J Bot 67: 661-666.
3. Arthur GD, Jäger AK, van Staden J (2001b) The release of cytokinin-like compounds from Gingko biloba leaf material during composting. Environ Exp Bot 45: 55-61.
4. Arthur GD, Stirk WA, Novák O, Hekera P, van Staden J (2007) Occurrence of nutrients and plant hormones (cytokinins and IAA) in the water fern Salvinia molesta during growth and composting. Environ Exp Bot 61: 137-144.
5. Åstot C, Doležal K, Nordström A, Wang Q, Kunkel T, Moritz T, Chau N-H, Sandberg G (2000) An alternative cytokinin biosynthesis pathway. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97: 14778-14783.
6. 3H]iso-pentenyladenine following application to the tips of intact and decapitated tap roots of Pinus pinea. Plant Growth Regul 13: 249-255.
7. Auer CA (1997) Cytokinin conjugation: recent advances and patterns in plant evolution. Plant Growth Regul 23: 17-32.
8. Baker DA (2000) Vascular transport of auxins and cytokinins in Ricinus. Plant Growth Regul 32: 157-160.
9. Barbour MG, Burk JH, Pitts WA (1980) Terrestrial plant ecology. The Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company Inc, California.
10. Bashan Y, Holguin G (1997) Azospirillum-plant relationships: environmental and physiological advances (1990-1996). Can J Microbiol 43: 103-121.
11. Bassil NV, Mok DWS, Mok MC (1993) Partial purification of a cis-trans-isomerase of zeatin from immature seeds of Phaseolus vulgaris L. Plant Physiol 102: 867-872.
12. Beveridge CA, Murfet IC, Kerhoas L, Sotta B, Miginiac E, Rameau C (1997) The shoot controls zeatin riboside export from pea roots. Evidence from the branching mutant rms4. Plant J 11: 339-345.
13. Boussiba S (1988) Anabeana azollae as a nitrogen biofertilizer. In: Stadler T, Mollion J, Verdus M-C, Karamono S, Morvan H, Christiaen D (eds) Algal biotechnology. Elsevier Applied Sciences, England, pp 169-178.
14. Burkiewicz K (1987) Active substances in the media after algae cultivation. Physiol Plant 9: 211-217.
15. Burrows WJ, Armstrong DJ, Skoog F, Hecht SM, Boyle JTA, Leonard NJ, Occolowitz J (1968) Cytokinin from soluble RNA of Escherichia coli: 6-(3-methyl-2-butenylamino)-2-methylthio-9-β-D-ribofuranosylpurine. Science 161: 691-693.
16. Burrows WJ, Armstrong DJ, Skoog F, Hecht SM, Boyle JTA, Leonard NJ, Occolowitz J (1969) The isolation and identification of two cytokinins from Escherichia coli transfer ribonucleic acids. Biochemistry 8: 3071-3076.
17. Chiwocha S, von Aderkas P (2002) Endogenous levels of free and conjugated forms of auxin, cytokinins and abscisic acid during seed development in Douglas fir. Plant Growth Regul 36: 191-200.
18. Crespi M, Messens E, Caplan AB, van Montagu M, Desomer J (1992) Fasciation induction by the phytopathogen Rhodococcus fascians depends upon a linear plasmid encoding a cytokinin synthase gene. EMBO J 11: 795-804.
19. De Meutter J, Tytgat T, Witters E, Gheysen G, van Onckelen H, Gheysen G (2003) Identification of cytokinins produced by the plant parasitic nematodes Heterodera schachtii and Meloidogyne incognita. Mol Plant Pathol 4: 271-277.
20. De Nys R, Jameson PE, Chin N, Brown MT, Sanderson KJ (1990) The cytokinins as endogenous growth regulators in Macrocystis pyrifera (L.) C. Ag. (Phaeophyceae). Bot Mar 33: 467-475.
21. Dekhuijzen HM (1980) The occurrence of free and bound cytokinins in clubroots and Plasmodiophora brassicae infected turnip tissue cultures. Physiol Plantarum 49: 169-176.
22. Dimalla GG, van Staden J (1977) Cytokinins in the root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita. Plant Sci Lett 10: 25-29.
23. Dodd IC, Beveridge CA (2006) Xylem-borne cytokinins: still in search of a role? J Exp Bot 57: 1-4.
24. Dodd IC, Ngo C, Turnbull CGN, Beveridge CA (2004) Effects of nitrogen supply on xylem cytokinin delivery, transpiration and leaf expansion of pea genotypes differing in xylem-cytokinin concentrations. Funct Plant Biol 31: 903-911.
25. 6-benzyladenosines. Bioorganic Mol Chem 15: 3737-3747.
26. Donderski W, Gluchowska M (2000) Production of cytokinin-like substances by planktonic bacteria isolated from Lake Jeziorak. Pol J Environ Stud 9: 369-376.
27. Dorchin N, Hoffman JH, Stirk WA, Novák O, Strnad M, van Staden J (2009) Sexually dimorphic gall structures correspond to differential phytohormone contents in male and female wasp larvae. Physiol Entomol 34: 359-369.
28. Duan D, Liu X, Pan F, Liu H, Chen N, Fei X (1995) Extraction and identification of cytokinin from Laminaria japonica Aresch. Bot Mar 38: 409-422.
29. Emery RJN, Atkins CA (2002) Roots and cytokinins. In: Waisel Y, Eshel A, Kafkafi U (eds) Plant roots-the hidden half. Marcel Dekker Inc., New York, pp 417-434.
30. Emery RJN, Leport L, Barton JE, Turner NC, Atkins CA (1998) cis-Isomers of cytokinins predominate in chickpea seeds throughout their development. Plant Physiol 117: 1515-1523.
31. Emery RJN, Ma Q, Atkins CA (2000) The forms and sources of cytokinins in developing white lupine seeds and fruit. Plant Physiol 123: 1593-1604.
32. Featonby-Smith BC, van Staden J (1984) Identification and seasonal variation of endogenous cytokinins in Ecklonia maxima (Osbeck) Papenf. Bot Mar 27: 527-531.
33. Greene EM (1980) Cytokinin production by microorganisms. Bot Rev 46: 25-74.
34. Hirose N, Makita N, Yamaya T, Sakakibara H (2005) Functional characterization and expression analysis of a gene, OsENT2, encoding an equilibrative nucleoside transporter in rice suggest a function in cytokinin transport. Plant Physiol 138: 196-206.
35. Horgan R, Hewett EW, Purse JG, Wareing PF (1973) A new cytokinin from Populus robusta. Tetrahedron Lett 14: 2827-2828.
36. Hwang I, Sakakibara H (2006) Cytokinin biosynthesis and perception. Physiol Plant 126: 528-538.
37. Jameson P (2000) Cytokinins and auxins in plant-pathogen interactions-an overview. Plant Growth Regul 32: 369-380.
38. Kakimoto T (2001) Identification of plant cytokinin biosynthetic enzymes as dimethylallyl diphosphate: ATP/ADP isopentenyltransferase. Plant Cell Physiol 42: 677-685.
39. Kakimoto T (2003) Biosynthesis of cytokinins. J Plant Res 116: 233-239.
40. Kamada-Nobusada T, Sakakibara H (2009) Molecular basis for cytokinin biosynthesis. Phytochemistry 70: 444-449.
41. 6-benzyladenosine derivatives hydroxylated on the side-chain phenyl ring. J Plant Growth Regul 6: 113-120.
42. Kamínek M, Motyka V, Vaňková R (1997) Regulation of cytokinin content in plant cells. Physiol Plant 101: 689-700.
43. Karanov EN, Iliev LK, Alexieva VS (1992) Phenylurea cytokinins-chemistry, physiology and application (mini review). In: Kamínek M, Mok DWS, Zažímalová E (eds) Physiology and biochemistry of cytokinins in plants. SPB Academic Publishing, The Netherlands, pp 199-204.
44. Kasahara H, Takei K, Ueda N, Hishiyama S, Yamaya T, Kamiya Y, Yamaguchi S, Sakakibara H (2004) Distinct isoprenoid origins of cis- and trans-zeatin biosyntheses in Arabidopsis. J Biol Chem 279: 4049-14054.
45. Kentzer T, Synak R, Burkiewicz K, Banas A (1980) Cytokinin-like activity in sea water and Fucus vesiculosus L. Biol Plant 22: 218-225.
46. Lejeune P, Bernier G, Requier M-C, Kinet J-M (1994) Cytokinin in phloem and xylem saps of Sinapis alba during floral induction. Physiol Plant 90: 522-528.
47. Lichter A, Manulis S, Sagee O, Gafni Y, Gray J, Meilan R, Morris RO, Barash I (1995) Production of cytokinins by Erwinia herbicola pv. gypsophilae and isolation of a locus conferring cytokinin biosynthesis. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 8: 114-121.
48. Lohar DP, Schaff JE, Laskey JG, Kieber JJ, Bilyeu KD, Bird DMcK (2004) Cytokinins play opposite roles in lateral root formation, and nematode and rhizobial symbioses. Plant J 38: 203-214.
49. Ma Q-H, Lin Z-B, Fu D-Z (2002) Increased seed cytokinin levels in transgenic tobacco influence embryo and seedling development. Funct Plant Biol 29: 1107-1113.
50. Mapes CC, Davies PJ (2001) Cytokinins in the ball gall of Solidago altissima and in the gall forming larvae of Eurosta solidaginis. New Phytol 151: 203-212.
51. Martin RC, Mok MC, Habben JE, Mok DWS (2001) A maize cytokinin gene encoding an O-glucosyltransferase specific to cis-zeatin. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98: 5922-5926.
52. Maruyama A, Maeda M, Simidu U (1986) Occurrence of plant hormone (cytokinin)-producing bacteria in the sea. J Appl Bacteriol 61: 569-574.
53. Maruyama A, Yamaguchi I, Maeda M, Simidu U (1988) Evidence of cytokinin production by a marine bacterium and its taxonomic characteristics. Can J Microbiol 34: 829-833.
54. McDermott J, Meilan R, Thornburg R (1996) Plant-insect interactions: The hackberry nipple gall. WWW J Biol 2: pp 7.
55. Mok MC (1994) Cytokinins and plant development-an overview. In: Mok DWS, Mok MC (eds) Cytokinins: chemistry, activity and function. CRC, Boca Raton, pp 155-166.
56. Mok DWS, Mok MC (2001) Cytokinin metabolism and action. Annu Rev Plant Physiol Plant Mol Biol 52: 89-118.
57. Mooney PA, van Staden J (1984) Seasonal changes in the levels of endogenous cytokinins in Sargassum heterophyllum (Phaeophyceae). Bot Mar 27: 437-442.
58. Müller P, Hilgenberg W (1986) Isomers of zeatin and zeatin riboside in clubroot tissue: evidence for trans-zeatin biosynthesis by Plasmodiophora brassicae. Physiol Plant 66: 245-250.
59. Muñoz J, Cahue-López AC, Patiño R, Robledo D (2006) Use of plant growth regulators in micropropagation of Kappaphycus alvarezii (Doty) in airlift bioreactors. J Appl Phycol 18: 209-218.
60. Ohkawa M (1974) Isolation of zeatin from larvae of Dryocosmus kuriphilus Yasumatsu. Hortscience 9: 458-459.
61. Ördög V, Stirk WA, van Staden J, Novák O, Strnad M (2004) Endogenous cytokinins in three genera of microalgae from the Chlorophyta. J Phycol 40: 88-95.
62. Patten CL, Glick BR (1996) Bacterial biosynthesis of indole-3-acetic acid. Can J Microbiol 42: 207-220.
63. Pedersén M (1973) Identification of a cytokinin, 6-(3 methyl-2-butenylamino)purine, in sea water and the effect of cytokinins on brown algae. Physiol Plant 28: 101-105.
64. Pedurand P, Reynaud PA (1987) Do cyanobacteria enhance germination and growth in rice? Plant Soil 101: 235-240.
65. Pertry I, Václavíková K, Depuydt S, Galuszka P, Spíchal L, Temmerman W, Stes E, Schmülling T, Kakimoto T, van Montagu MCE, Strnad M, Holsters M, Tarkowski P, Vereecke D (2009) Identification of Rhodococcus fascians cytokinins and their modus operandi to reshape the plant. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 106: 929-934.
66. Picard C, Bosco M (2005) Maize heterosis affects the structure and dynamics of indigenous rhizospheric auxins-producing Pseudomonas populations. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 53: 349-357.
67. Quesnelle PE, Emery RJN (2007) cis-Cytokinins that predominate in Pisum sativum during early embryogenesis will accelerate embryo growth in vitro. Can J Bot 85: 91-103.
68. Ripley BS, Kiguli LN, Barker NP (2003) Azolla filiculoides as a biofertilizer of wheat under dry-land soil conditions. S Afr J Bot 69: 295-300.
69. Sakakibara H (2006) Cytokinins: activity, biosynthesis and translocation. Annu Rev Plant Biol 57: 431-449.
70. Sakakibara H, Kasahara H, Ueda N, Kojima M, Takei K, Hishiyama S, Asami T, Okada K, Kamiya Y, Yamaya T, Yamaguchi S (2005) Agrobacterium tumefaciens increases cytokinin production in plastids by modifying the biosynthetic pathway in the host plant. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102: 9972-9977.
71. Schmülling T (2002) New insights into the functions of cytokinins in plant development. J Plant Growth Regul 21: 40-49.
72. Singh S, Letham DS, Palni LMS (1992) Cytokinin biochemistry in relation to leaf senescence. VIII. Translocation, metabolism and biosynthesis of cytokinins in relation to sequential leaf senescence of tobacco. Physiol Plant 86: 398-406.
73. Soejima H, Sugiyama T, Ishihara K (1995) Changes in the chlorophyll contents of leaves and in levels of cytokinins in root exudates during ripening of rice cultivars Nipponbare and Akenohoshi. Plant Cell Physiol 36: 1105-1114.
74. Stern RA, Naor A, Bar N, Gazit S, Bravdo BA (2003) Xylem-sap zeatin-riboside and dihydrozeatin-riboside levels in relation to plant and soil water status and flowering in "Mauritius" lychee. Sci Hortic 98: 285-291.
75. Stevens GA, Berry AM (1988) Cytokinin secretion by Frankia sp. HFPArI3 in defined medium. Plant Physiol 87: 15-16.
76. Stirk WA, van Staden J (2003) Occurrence of cytokinin-like compounds in two aquatic ferns and their exudates. Environ Exp Bot 49: 77-85.
77. Stirk WA, van Staden J (2006) Seaweed products as biostimulants in agriculture. In: Critchley AR, Ohno M, Largo DB (eds) World seaweed resources. ETI BioInformatics, The Netherlands.
78. Stirk WA, Ördög V, van Staden J (1999) Identification of the cytokinin isopentenyladenine in a strain of Arthronema africanum (Cyanobacteria). J Phycol 35: 89-92.
79. Stirk WA, Ördög V, van Staden J, Jäger K (2002) Cytokinin- and auxin-like activity in Cyanophyta and microalgae. J Appl Phycol 14: 215-221.
80. Stirk WA, Novák O, Strnad M, van Staden J (2003) Cytokinins in macroalgae. Plant Growth Regul 41: 13-24.
81. Stirk WA, Arthur GD, Lourens AF, Novák O, Strnad M, van Staden J (2004) Changes in cytokinin and auxin concentrations in seaweed concentrates when stored at an elevated temperature. J Appl Phycol 16: 31-39.
82. Stirk WA, Thomson SV, van Staden J (2006) Effect of rust-causing pathogen (Puccinia thlaspeos) on auxin-like and cytokinin-like activity in dyer's woad (Isatis tinctoria). Weed Sci 54: 815-820.
83. Stirk WA, Novák O, Václavíková K, Tarkowski P, Strnad M, van Staden J (2008) Spatial and temporal changes in endogenous cytokinins in developing pea roots. Planta 227: 1279-1289.
84. Stirk WA, Novák O, Hradecká V, Pěnčík A, Rolčík J, Strnad M, van Staden J (2009) Endogenous cytokinins, auxins and abscisic acid in Ulva fasciata (Chlorophyta) and Dictyota humifusa (Phaeophyta): towards understanding their biosynthesis and homeostasis. Eur J Phycol 44: 231-240.
85. Stirk WA, van Staden J, Novák O, Doležal K, Strnad M, Dobrev P, Sipos G, Ördög V, Bálint P (in press) Changes in endogenous cytokinin concentrations in Chlorella (Chlorophyta) in relation to light and the cell cycle. J Phycol.
86. Strnad M (1997) The aromatic cytokinins. Physiol Plant 101: 674-688.
87. Swaminathan S, Bock RM (1977) Isolation and identification of cytokinins from Euglena gracilis transfer ribonucleic acid. Biochemistry 16: 1355-1360.
88. Takei K, Sakakibara H, Sugiyama T (2001a) Identification of genes encoding adenylate isopentenyltransferase, a cytokinin biosynthetic enzyme, in Arabidopsis thaliana. J Biol Chem 276: 26405-26410.
89. Takei K, Sakakibara H, Taniguchi M, Sugiyama T (2001b) Nitrogen-dependent accumulation of cytokinins in root and the translocation to leaf: implication of cytokinin species that induce gene expression of maize response regulator. Plant Cell Physiol 42: 85-93.
90. Tarkowski P, Tarkowská D, Novák O, Mihaljević S, Magnus V, Strnad M, Salopek-Sondi B (2006) Cytokinins in the perianth, carpels, and developing fruit of Helleborus niger L. J Exp Bot 57: 2237-2247.
91. Tarkowski P, Ge L, Yong JWH, Tan SN (2009) Analytical methods for cytokinins. Trends Anal Chem 28: 323-335.
92. Taya T, Tanaka Y, Nishimura S (1978) 5′-AMP is a direct precursor of cytokinin in Dictyostelium discoideum. Nature 271: 545-547.
93. Taylor NJ, Stirk WA, van Staden J (2003) The elusive cytokinin biosynthetic pathway. S Afr J Bot 69: 269-281.
94. Temple WD, Bomke AA (1988) Effects of kelp (Macrocytis intergrifolia) on soil chemical properties and crop responses. Plant Soil 105: 213-222.
95. van Staden J (1976a) Occurrence of a cytokinin glucoside in the leaves and in honeydew of Salix babylonica. Physiol Plant 36: 225-228.
96. van Staden J (1976b) The release of cytokinins by maize roots. Plant Sci Lett 7: 279-283.
97. van Staden J (1977) Seasonal changes in the cytokinin content of the leaves of Salix babylonica. Physiol Plant 40: 296-299.
98. van Staden J, Bennett PH (1991) Gall formation in crofton weed. Differences between normal stem tissue and gall tissue with respect to cytokinin levels and requirement for in vitro culture. S Afr J Bot 57: 246-248.
99. van Staden J, Breen CM (1973) Cytokinins in freshwater algal cultures. Plant Sci Lett 1: 325-330.
100. van Staden J, Davey JE (1976) Cytokinin translocation in xylem sap of herbaceous plants. Zeitschrift für Pflanzenphysiologie 77: 377-382.
101. van Staden J, Davey JE (1978) Endogenous cytokinins in the laminae and galls of Erythrina latissima leaves. Bot Gaz 139: 36-41.
102. van Staden J, Davey JE (1979) The synthesis, transport and metabolism of endogenous cytokinins. Plant Cell Environ 2: 93-106.
103. van Staden J, Dimalla GG (1976) Cytokinins from soils. Planta 130: 85-87.
104. van Staden J, Menary RC (1976) Identification of cytokinins in the xylem sap of tomato. Zeitschrift für Pflanzenphysiologie 78: 262-265.
105. 14C] adenine into cytokinins. Physiol Mol Plant Pathol 35: 423-431.
106. van Staden J, Davey JE, Brown NAC (1982) Cytokinins in seed development and germination. In: Khan AA (ed) The physiology and biochemistry of seed development, dormancy and germination. Elsevier, The Netherlands, pp 137-156.
107. van Staden J, Hutton MJ, Drewes SE (1983) Cytokinins in leaves of Ginkgo biloba. Plant Physiol 73: 223-227.
108. van Staden J, Cooke EL, Noodén LD (1988) Cytokinins and senescence. In: Noodén LD, Leopold AC (eds) Senescence and aging in plants. Academic Press Inc, San Diego, pp 281-328.
109. Veach YK, Martin RC, Mok DWS, Malbeck J, Vankova R, Mok MC (2003) O-Glycosylation of cis-zeatin in maize. Characterization of genes, enzymes, and endogenous cytokinins. Plant Physiol 131: 1374-1380.
110. Vermeulen JB, Grobler H, van Zyl K (2000) A guide to the use of plant growth regulators, defoliants and desiccants, 9th edn. National Department of Agriculture, South Africa.
111. Von Schwartzenberg K, Núñez MF, Blaschke H, Dobrev PI, Novák O, Motyka V, Strnad M (2007) Cytokinins in the Bryophyte Physcomitrella patens: Analysis of activity, distribution, and cytyokinin oxidase/dehydrogenase overexpression reveal the role of extracellular cytokinins. Plant Physiol 145: 786-800.
112. Yevdakova NA, Motyka V, Malbeck J, Trávníčková A, Novák O, Strnad M, von Schwartzenberg K (2008) Evidence for importance of tRNA-dependent cytokinin biosynthetic pathway in the moss Physcomitrella patens. J Plant Growth Regul 27: 271-281.
113. Yokoya NS, Handro W (2002) Effects of plant growth regulators and culture medium on morphogenesis of Solieria filiformis (Rhodophyta) cultured in vitro. J Appl Phycol 14: 97-102.
114. Yokoya NS, Stirk WA, van Staden J, Novák O, Turečková V, Pénćík A, Strand M (in press) Endogenous cytokinins, auxins and abscisic acid in red seaweeds from Brazil. J Phycol.
115. Yonekura-Sakakibara K, Kojima M, Yamaya T, Sakakibara H (2004) Molecular characterization of cytokinin-responsive histidine kinases in maize. Differential ligand preferences and response to cis-zeatin. Plant Physiol 134: 1654-1661.
116. Zhang W, Chapman DJ, Phinney BO, Spray CR (1991) Identification of cytokinins in Sargassum muticum (Phaeophyta) and Porphyra perforate (Rhodophyta). J Phycol 27: 87-91.
117. Zhang W, Yamane H, Spray CR, Chapman DJ, Phinney BO (1992) Cytokinins from the tRNA of the red alga Porphyra perforata. J Ag. Plant Cell Physiol 33: 197-199.