Blood concentrations of clobazam and norclobazam in a lethal case involving clobazam, meprobamate and clorazepate

Legal Medicine

Volumn 12, Issue 6, 2010, Pages 300-304

  Pok, Phak Rop Pos ^a   Mauras, Michel ^a   De Saint Léger, Marie Noëlle ^a   Kuhlmann, Erika ^a   Charpenel Durat, Catherine ^a   Navarette, Claudie ^a   Duval, Marie Laure ^a   De Meo, Pierre ^a  

^a Centre Universitaire des Saints Pères   (France)

Author keywords

Clobazam and norclobazam; Postmortem blood concentrations

Indexed keywords

CLOBAZAM; CLORAZEPATE DIPOTASSIUM; CLOTIAZEPAM; MEPROBAMATE; NORCLOBAZAM; OXAZEPAM; VINYLBITAL;

AGED; ANXIETY DISORDER; ARTICLE; AUTOPSY; BLOOD SAMPLING; BRAIN HEMATOMA; BRAIN HEMORRHAGE; CASE REPORT; CAUSE OF DEATH; COMPARATIVE TOXICOLOGY; DIODE ARRAY DETECTION; DRUG BLOOD LEVEL; DRUG DETERMINATION; DRUG FATALITY; DRUG RETENTION; EPILEPSY; FEMALE; FEMORAL ARTERY; GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY; HEART; HEART VALVE REGURGITATION; HIGH PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY; HUMAN; LUNG EDEMA; MASS SPECTROMETRY; QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS; RESPIRATION DEPRESSION; STOMACH CONTENT; TOXICOLOGICAL PARAMETERS; TREATMENT DURATION; URINALYSIS;

AGED; ANTICONVULSANTS; AUTOPSY; BENZODIAZEPINES; CLORAZEPATE DIPOTASSIUM; FATAL OUTCOME; FEMALE; HUMANS; MEPROBAMATE; OVERDOSE;

EID: 77957256777     PISSN: 13446223     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2010.08.002     Document Type: Article

References (27)

1. Vidal® 2007. Les monographies des spécialités pharmaceutiques du Dictionnaire Vidal®. 83th ed. Copyright Vidal, France, p. 2300-2301.
2. GNU Free Documentation License, Wikimedia Foundation, INC., Clobazam. Availble from: [accessed on May 27, 2008]. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clobazam.
3. Medic8® Drug information, Clobazam. Availble from: [accessed May, 2007]. http://www.medic8.com/medicines/Clobazam.html.
4. Moffat A.C., Osselton M.D., Widdop B. Clarke's analysis of drugs and poisons in pharmaceuticals, body fluids and postmortem material 2004, Pharmaceutical Press, London, p. 820-821. 3th ed.
5. Sanofi-Aventis, Auckland, NZ. Information for health professionals, medicine data sheet, Frisium, clobazam 10 mg tablet. Availble from: [accessed on October 15, 2007]. http://www.medsafe.govt.nz/profs/datasheet/f/frisiumtab.htm.
6. Ovation Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Deerfield, IL 60015, USA. Product monograph, Frisium® (clobazam), tablets, 10 mg, imported by Mckesson Logistics Solutions, Mississauga, Ontario Canada LR 3Y4, control no. 096840, February 14, 2007. p. 1-22.
7. Giraud C., Tran A., Rey E., Vincent J., Tréluyer J.M., Pons G. In vitro characterization of clobazam metabolism by recombinant cytochrome P450 enzymes: importance of CYP2C19. Drug Metab Dispos 2004, 32:1279-1286.
8. Proença P., Teixeira H., Pinheiro J., Marques E., Vieira D.N. Forensic intoxication with clobazam: HPLC/DAD/MSD analysis. Forensic Sci Int 2004, 143:205-209.
9. Rouini M., Ardakani Y.H., Hakemi L., Mokhberi M., Badri G. Simultaneous determination of clobazam and its major metabolite in human plasma by rapid HPLC method. J Chromatogr 2005, 823:167-171.
10. Akermann K.K. Analysis of clobazam and its active metabolite norclobazam in plasma and serum using HPLC/DAD. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1996, 56:609-714.
11. Knapp J., Boknik P., Gumbinger H.G., Linck B., Lüss H., Müller F.U., et al. Quantitation of clobazam in human plasma using high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr Sci 1999, 37:145-149.
12. Bolner A., Tagliaro F., Lomeo A. Optimized determination of clobazam in human plasma with extraction and high-performance liquid chromatography analysis. J Chromatogr 2001, 750:177-180.
13. Pok P.-R.P., DeSaint-Léger M.N., Elie I., Mauras M., Burle J., Kuhlmann E., et al. Recherche et dosage de la nitrendipine dans un cas mortel d'intoxication polymédicamenteuse. Ann Toxicol Anal 2006, XVIII:299-308.
14. Pok P-R P., Haddouche D., Mauras M., Kuhlmann E., Burle J., Salmon T., et al. Cardiac blood-peripheral blood similarities in the comparison of nordiazepam and bromazepam blood concentrations. J Anal Toxicol 2008, 32:782-786.
15. Uges D.R. Therapeutic and toxic drug concentrations. TIAFT Bull 1996, 26:1-32.
16. Flanagan RJ, Widdop B. Clinical toxicology. In: Curry AS, editor. Handbook of analytical methods in human toxicology. Part I. Deerfiel Beach Florida, Basel: Verlag Chemie, Weinheim; I985. p. 37-66.
17. Bardy A.H., Seppala T., Salokorpi T., Granstrom M.L., Santavuori P. Monitoring of concentrations of clobazam and norclobazam in serum and saliva of children with epilepsy. Brain Dev 1991, 13:174-179.
18. Sennoune S., Mesdjian E., Bonneton J., Genton P., Dravet C., Roger J. Interactions between clobazam and standard antiepileptic drugs in patients with epilepsy. Ther Drug Monit 1992, 14:269-274.
19. Theis J.G., Koren G., Daneman R., Sherwin A.L., Menzano E.C.B.Z., Cortez M., et al. Interactions of clobazam with conventional antiepileptics in children. J Child Neurol 1997, 12:208-213.
20. Drug information online. Meprobamate drug interaction. Availble from: 2009. http://www.drugs.com/drug-interactions/meprobamate_d00288.html.
21. Kato R., Vassanelli P. Induction of increased meprobamate metabolism in rats pretreated with some neurotropic drugs. Biochem Pharmacol 1962, 11:779-794.
22. Biam2, Méprobamate. Availble from: [accessed February, 2001]. http://www.biam2.org/www/Sub2341.html.
23. Pharmacorama - Benzodiazépines, Classification en fonction des indications, Benzodiazepines anxiolytique, Remarque: autres anxiolytiques, Meprobamate. Availble from: on Août 2008. http://www.pharmacorama.com/Rubriques/Output/Acides_aminesa4_1.php#703761.
24. SAEPI, Stilpane® Tablets, Side-effects and special precautions, Meprobamate. Availble from: 2004. http://home.intekom.com/pharm/lennon/stilpant.html.
25. Schulz M., Schmoldt A. Therapeutic and toxic blood concentrations of more than 800 drugs and other xenobiotics. Pharmazie 2003, 58:447-474.
26. Nouri S, Balish M. Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy. emedicine. Availble from: [accessed on Oct. 1, 2009]. http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1187111-overview.
27. Vessel E.S., Passananti G.T. Utility of clinical chemical determinations of drug concentrations in biological fluids. Clin Chem 1971, 17:851-866.