Recent trends on the development of photobiological processes and photobioreactors for the improvement of hydrogen production

International Journal of Hydrogen Energy

Volumn 35, Issue 19, 2010, Pages 10218-10238

  Dasgupta, Chitralekha Nag ^a   Jose Gilbert, J ^a   Lindblad, Peter ^b   Heidorn, Thorsten ^b   Borgvang, Stig A ^c   Skjanes, Kari ^c   Das, Debabrata ^a  

^a INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (India)

^b UPPSALA UNIVERSITY   (Sweden)

^c NORWEGIAN INSTITUTE OF BIOECONOMY RESEARCH   (Norway)

Author keywords

Biohydrogen production; Biophotolysis; Bioreactor; Genetic engineering; Photofermentation

Indexed keywords

BIO-HYDROGEN PRODUCTION; BIOLOGICAL ROUTE; BIOMASS GENERATION; BIOMASS PRODUCTIONS; BIOPHOTOLYSIS; CYANOBACTERIAL STRAINS; DIFFERENT GEOMETRY; ENGINEERING INNOVATIONS; ENVIRONMENTALLY-FRIENDLY; FERMENTORS; FLAT PLATE; FLAT-PLATE REACTORS; FUTURE DESIGNS; GAS EXCHANGE; GAS HOLD UP; LARGE SCALE PRODUCTIONS; LIGHT PENETRATION; OXYGEN TOXICITY; PHOTO FERMENTATION; PHOTO-BIOREACTORS; PHOTOBIOLOGICAL HYDROGEN PRODUCTION; PHOTOBIOLOGICAL PROCESS; RECENT TRENDS; TWO-STAGE PROCESS;

BIOCONVERSION; BIOMASS; BIOREACTORS; GAS PRODUCERS; GENETIC ENGINEERING; INNOVATION; OXYGEN;

HYDROGEN PRODUCTION;

EID: 77957252570     PISSN: 03603199     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2010.06.029     Document Type: Review

References (132)

1. H. Gaffron, and J. Rubin Fermentative and photochemical production of hydrogen in algae J Gen Physiol 26 1942 219 240
2. C.J.P. Spruit Simultaneous photoproduction of hydrogen and oxygen by Chlorella Mededel Landbouwhogeschool (Wageningen/Nederland 58 1958 l l7
3. T. Kawasugi, P. Pedroni, M. Miyake, A. Toriyama, S. Fukunaga, and K. Takasaki RITE biological hydrogen programme O.R. Zaborsky, Biohydrogen 1998 Plenum Press London 501 505
4. P. Tamagnini, R. Axelsson, P. Lindberg, F. Oxelfelt, R. Wunschiers, and P. Lindblad Hydrogenases and hydrogen metabolism of cyanobacteria Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 66 2002 1 20
5. P. Tamagnini, E. Leitão, P. Oliveira, D. Ferreira, F. Pinto, and D. Harris Cyanobacterial hydrogenases: diversity, regulation and applications FEMS Microbiol Rev 31 2007 692 720
6. B. Hankamer, F. Lehr, J. Rupprecht, J.H. Mussgnug, C. Posten, and O. Kruse Photosynthetic biomass and H2 production by green algae: from bioengineering to bioreactor scale-up Physiol Plantarum 131 2007 10 21
7. M. Iqbal, D. Grey, F. Stepan-Sarkissian, and M.W. Fowler A flat-sided photobioreactor for continuous culturing microalgae Aquacult Eng 12 1993 183 190
8. L. Pottier, J. Pruvost, J. Deremetz, J.F. Cornet, J. Legrand, and C.G. Dussap A fully predictive model for one-dimensional light attenuation by Chlamydomonas reinhardtii in a torus photobioreactor Biotechnol Bioeng 91 2005 569 582
9. N. Basak, and D. Das Photofermentative hydrogen production using purple non-sulfur bacteria Rhodobacter sphaeroides O.U.001 in an annular photobioreactor: a case study Biomass Bioenergy 33 2009 911 919
10. M. Javanmardian, and B.O. Palsson High-density photoautotrophic algal cultures: design, construction, and operation of a novel photobioreactor system Biotechnol Bioeng 38 1991 1182 1189
11. S. Hirata, M. Hayashitani, M. Taya, and S. Tone Carbon dioxide fixation in batch culture of Chlorella sp. using a photobioreactor with a sunlight collection device J Ferment Bioeng 81 1996 470 472
12. 2 production using a novel light-induced and diffused photoreactor Biotechnol Techniq 11 1997 403 407
13. R.M.A. E1-Shishtawy, S. Kawasaki, and M. Morimoto Cylindrical-type induced and diffused-photobioreactor O.R. Zaborsky, Biohydrogen 1998 Plenum Press London 353 358
14. G.E. Molina, J. Fernandez, F.G. Acien, and Y. Chisti Tubular photobioreactor design for algal cultures J Biotechnol 92 2001 113 131
15. Y. Asada, and J. Miyake Photobiological hydrogen production J Biosci Bioeng 88 1999 1 6
16. Arik T, Gunduz U, Yucel M, Turker L, Sediroglu V, Eroglu I. Photoproduction of hydrogen by Rhodobacter sphaeroides O.U.001. Proceedings of the 11th World Hydrogen Energy Conference, Stuttgart, Germany. 1996; 3:2417-24.
17. A.S. Miron, A.C. Gomez, F.G. Camacho, G.E. Molina, and Y. Chisti Comparative evaluation of compact photobioreactors for large-scale monoculture of microalgae J Biotechnol 70 1999 249 270
18. Q. Hu, H. Gutermann, and A. Richmond A flat inclined modular photobioreactor for the outdoor mass cultivation of photoautotrophs Biotechnol Bioeng 51 1996 51 60
19. A. Richmond Microalgal biotechnology at the turn of the millennium: a personal view J Appl Phycol 12 2000 441 451
20. F. Lehr, and C. Posten Closed photo-bioreactors as tools for biofuel production Curr Opin Biotechnol 20 2009 280 285
21. N.I. Bishop, and H. Gaffron On the interrelation of the mechanisms for oxygen and hydrogen evolution in adapted algae. In: photosynthetic mechanisms of green plants Nat Acad Sci 1145 1963 441 451
22. L.F. Wu, and M.A. Mandrand Microbial hydrogenases: primary structure, classification, signatures and phylogeny FEMS Microbiol Rev 104 1993 243 270
23. K. Sasikala, C.V. Ramana, R.P. Raghuveer, and K.L. Kovacs Anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria: physiology and advances in hydrogen production technology Adv Appl Microbiol 38 1993 211 295
24. T.V. Laurinavichene, A.S. Fedorov, M.L. Ghirardi, M. Seibert, and A.A. Tsygankov Demonstration of hydrogen photoproduction by immobilized, sulfur-deprived Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cells Int J Hydrogen Energy 31 2006 659 667
25. S. Ohta, K. Miyamoto, and Y. Miura Hydrogen evolution as a consumption mode of reducing equivalents in green algal fermentation Plant Physiol 83 1987 1022 1026
26. S. Chader, H. Haceneb, and S.N. Agathos Study of hydrogen production by three strains of Chlorella isolated from the soil in the Algerian Sahara Int J Hydrogen Energy 34 2009 4941 4946
27. Y.F. Guan, M.C. Deng, X.J. Yu, and W. Zhang Two-stage photo-biological production of hydrogen by marine green alga Platymonas subcordiformis Biochem Eng J 19 2004 69 73
28. G.R. Lambert, and G.D. Smith Hydrogen formation by marine Blue-green algae FEBS Lett 83 1977 159 162
29. H. Berberoglu, J. Jenny, and P. Laurent Effect of nutrient media on photobiological hydrogen production by Anabaena variabilis ATCC 29413 Int J Hydrogen Energy 33 2008 1172 1184
30. A.A. Tsygankov, D.O. Hall, J. Liu, and K.K. Rao An automated helical photobioreactor incorporating cyanobacteria for continuous hydrogen production O.R. Zaborsky, Biohydrogen 1998 Plenum Press London 431 440
31. D.C. Howarth, and G.A. Codd The uptake and production of molecular hydrogen by unicellular cyanobacteria J Gen Microbiol 131 1985 1561 1569
32. R. Moezelaar, S.M. Bijvank, and L.J. Stal Fermentation and sulfur reduction in the mat-building cyanobacterium Microcoleus chtonoplastes Appl Environ Microbiol 62 1996 1752 1758
33. 2-uptake and evolution in the unicellular cyanobacterium Chroococcidiopsis thermalis CALU 758 Plant Physiol Biochem 38 2000 525 530
34. K. Aoyama, I. Uemura, J. Miyake, and Y. Asada Fermentative metabolism to produce hydrogen gas and organic compounds in a cyanobacterium, Spirulina platensis J Ferment Bioeng 83 1997 53 57
35. H. Heyer, L.J. Stal, and W.E. Krumbein Simultaneous heterolatic and acetate fermentation in the marine cyanobacterium Oscillatoria limosa incubated anaerobically in the dark Arch Microbiol 151 1989 558 564
36. E.J. Phlips, and A. Mitsui Role of light intensity and temperature in the regulation of hydrogen photoproduction by the marine cyanobacterium Oscillatoria sp. strain Miami BG7 Appl Environ Microbiol 45 1983 1212 1220
37. E.H. Burrows, F.W.R. Chaplen, and R.L. Ely Optimization of media nutrient composition for increased photofermentative hydrogen production by Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 Int J Hydrogen Energy 33 2008 6092 6099
38. I.N. Gogotov, N.A. Zorin, and L.T. Serebriakova Hydrogen production by model systems including hydrogenases from phototrophic bacteria Int J Hydrogen Energy 16 1991 393 396
39. Y. Ohta, J. Frank, and A. Mitsui Hydrogen production photosynthetic bacteria: effect of environmental factors and substrate specificity of the growth of hydrogen-producing marine photosynthetic bacterium Chromatium sp. Miami PBS 1071 Int J Hydrogen Energy 6 1981 451 460
40. H. Ooshima, S. Takakuwa, T. Katsuda, M. Okuda, T. Shirasawa, and M. Azuma Production of hydrogen by a hydrogenase-deficient mutant of Rhodobacter capsulatus J Ferment Bioeng 85 1998 470 474
41. R.M.A. El-Shishtawy, Y. Kitajima, S. Otsuka, S. Kawasaki, and M. Morimoto Study on the behavior of production and uptake of photobiohydrogen by photosyntheticbacterium Rhodobacter sphaeroides RV O.R. Zaborsky, Biohydrogen 1998 Plenum Press London 117 138
42. K. Sasaki Hydrogen and 5-aminolevulinic acid production by photosynthetic bacteria O.R. Zaborsky, Biohydrogen 1998 Plenum Press London 133 175
43. I. Eroglu, K. Aslan, U. Gunduz, M. Yucel, and L. Turker Continuous hydrogen production by Rhodobacter sphaeroides O.U. 001 O.R. Zaborsky, Biohydrogen 1998 Plenum Press London 143 151
44. T. Otsuki, S. Uchiyama, K. Fujiki, and S. Fukunaga Hydrogen production by a floating-type photobioreactor O.R. Zaborsky, Biohydrogen 1998 Plenum Press London 369 374
45. H. Zurrer, and R. Bachofen Aspects of growth and hydrogen production of the photosynthetic bacterium Rhodospirillum rubrum in continuous culture Biomass 2 1982 165 174
46. D.D. Wykoff, J.P. Davies, A. Melis, and A.R. Grossman The regulation of photosynthetic electron transport during nutrient deprivation in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii Plant Physiol 117 1998 129 139
47. A. Melis, L. Zhang, M. Forestier, M.L. Ghirardi, and M. Seibert Sustained photobiological hydrogen gas production upon reversible inactivation of oxygen evolution in the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii Plant Physiol 122 2000 127 135
48. A. Melis Green alga hydrogen production: progress, challenges and prospects Int J Hydrogen Energy 27 2002 1217 1228
49. D.J. Kyle, I. Ohad, and C.J. Arntzen Membrane protein damage and repair: selective loss of a quinone-protein function in chloroplast membranes Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 81 1984 4070 4074
50. T. Happe, and A. Kaminski Differential regulation of the Fe-hydrogenase during anaerobic adaptation in the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii Eur J Biochem 269 2002 1022 1032
51. M. Forestier, P. King, L. Zhang, M. Posewitz, S. Schwarzer, and T. Happe Expression of two [Fe]-hydrogenases in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii under anaerobic conditions Eur J Biochem 270 2003 2750 2758
52. M.L. Ghirardi, L. Zhang, J.W. Lee, T. Flynn, M. Seibert, and E. Greenbaum Microalgae: a green source of renewable hydrogen Trends Biotechnol 18 2000 506 511
53. H.C. Chen, K. Yokthongwattana, A.J. Newton, and A. Melis SulP, a nuclear gene encoding a putative chloroplast-targeted sulfate permease in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii Planta 218 2003 98 106
54. T. Happe, and J.D. Naber Isolation, characterization and N-terminal amino acid sequence of hydrogenase from the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii Eur J Biochem 214 1993 475 481
55. 2 and high value products Biomol Eng 24 2007 405 413
56. L.J. Stal, and W.E. Krumbein Oxygen protection of nitrogenase in the aerobically nitrogen fixing, non-heterocystous cyanobacterium Oscillatoria sp Arch Microbiol 143 1985 72 76
57. L.J. Stal, and W.E. Krumbein Temporal separation of nitrogen fixation and photosynthesis in the filamentous, non-heterocystous cyanobacterium Oscillatoria sp Arch Microbiol 149 1987 76 80
58. H. Koku, I. Eroglu, U. Gunduz, M. Yucel, and L. Turker Aspects of the metabolism of hydrogen production by Rhodobacter sphaeroides Int J Hydrogen Energy 27 2002 1315 1329
59. D. Das, and T.N. Veziroglu Hydrogen production by biological processes a survey of literature Int J Hydrogen Energy 26 2001 13 28
60. M. Yetis, U. Gunduz, I. Eroglu, M. Yucel, and L. Turker Photoproduction of hydrogen from sugar refinery wastewater by Rhodobacter sphaeroides O.U.001 Int J Hydrogen Energy 25 2000 1035 1041
61. P.M. Vignais, and B. Billoud Occurrence, classification, and biological function of hydrogenases: an overview Chem Rev 107 2007 4206 4272
62. J.B. Howard, and D.C. Rees Structural basis of biological nitrogen fixation Chem Rev 96 1996 2965 2982
63. M. Guiral, T. Pascale, V. Belle, C. Aubert, C. Leger, and B. Guigliarelli Hyperthermostable and oxygen resistant hydrogenases from a hyperthermophilic bacterium Aquifex aeolicus: physicochemical properties Int J Hydrogen Energy 31 2006 1424 1431
64. K. Skjanes, F.L. Pinto, and P. Lindblad Evidence for transcription of three genes with characteristics of hydrogenases in the green alga Chlamydomonas noctigama Int J Hydrogen Energy 35 2010 1074 1088
65. D. Elrad, K.K. Niyogib, and A.R. Grossmanc A major light-harvesting polypeptide of photosystem II functions in thermal dissipation Plant Cell 14 2002 1801 1816
66. J.E.W. Polle, S. Kanakagiri, and A. Melis tla1, a DNA insertional transformant of the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii with a truncated light-harvesting chlorophyll antenna size Planta 217 2003 49 59
67. G. Bernat, N. Waschewski, and M. Rogner Towards efficient hydrogen production: the impact of antenna size and external factors on electron transport dynamics in Synechocystis PCC 6803 Photosynthetic Res 99 2009 205 216
68. J.H. Mussgnug, S. Thomas-Hall, J. Rupprecht, A. Foo, and V. Klassen Engineering photosynthetic light capture: impacts on improved solar energy to biomass conversion Plant Biotechnol J 5 2007 802 814
69. T. Kondo, M. Arakawa, T. Hirai, T. Wakayama, M. Hara, and J. Miyake Enhancement of hydrogen production by a photosynthetic bacterium mutant with reduced pigment J Biosci Bioeng 93 2002 145 150
70. L. Vasilyeva, M. Miyake, E. Khatipov, T. Wakayama, M. Sekine, and M. Hara Enhanced hydrogen production by a mutant of Rhodobacter sphaeroides having an altered light-harvesting system J Biosci Bioeng 87 1999 619 624
71. 2 metabolism in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (unicellular green algae) Planta 226 2007 1075 1086
72. T. Ruhle, A. Hemschemeier, A. Melis, and T. Happe A novel screening protocol for the isolation of hydrogen producing Chlamydomonas reinhardtii strains BMC Plant Biol 8 2008 107
73. G. Torzillo, A. Scomaa, C. Faralonia, A. Enaa, and U. Johanningmeierb Increased hydrogen photoproduction by means of a sulfur-deprived Chlamydomonas reinhardtii D1 protein mutant Int J Hydrogen Energy 34 2009 4529 4536
74. Q. Xu, S. Yooseph, H.O. Smith, and C.J. Venter Development of a novel recombinant cyanobacterial system for hydrogen production from water Genomics: GTL program projects 2005 J. Craig Venter Institute Rockville MD 64
75. 2 production Appl Biochem Biotechnol 106 2003 303 313
76. E.J. Kim, M.K. Lee, M.S. Kim, and J.K. Lee Molecular hydrogen production by nitrogenase of Rhodobacter sphaeroides and by Fe-only hydrogenase of Rhodospirillum rubrum Int J Hydrogen Energy 33 2008 1516 1521
77. M. Miyake, and Y. Asada Direct electroporation of Clostridial hydrogenase into cyanobacterial cells Biotechnol Tech 11 1997 787 790
78. Y. Asada, Y. Koike, J. Schnackenberg, M. Miyake, I. Uemura, and J. Miyake Heterologous expression of clostridial hydrogenase in the cyanobacterium Synechococcus PCC7942 Biochim Biophys Acta 1490 2000 269 278
79. B. Fodor, G. Rakhely, A.T. Kovacs, and K.L. Kovacs Transposon mutagenesis in purple sulfur photosynthetic bacteria: identification of hypF, encoding a protein capable of processing [NiFe] hydrogenases in alpha, beta, and gamma subdivisions of the proteobacteria Appl Env Microbiol 67 2001 2476 2483
80. Z. Ruiyan, W. Di, Z. Yaoping, and Li Jilun Hydrogen production by draTGB hupL double mutant of Rhodospirillum rubrum under different light conditions Chin Sci Bull 51 2006 2611 2618
81. K. Gokhan, G. Ufuk, R. Gabor, Y. Meral, E. Inci, and L.K. Kornel Improved hydrogen production by uptake hydrogenase deficient mutant strain of Rhodobacter sphaeroides O.U.001 Int J Hydrogen Energy 33 2008 3056 3060
82. R.P. Gfeller, and M. Gibbs Fermentative metabolism of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. I. Analysis of fermentative products from starch in dark and light Plant Physiol 75 1984 212 218
83. A. Hemschemeier, and T. Happe The exceptional photofermentative hydrogen metabolism of the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii Biochem Soc Trans 33 2005 39 41
84. 2 production in engineered green algal cells J Biol Chem 280 2005 34170 34177
85. 2 production J Biotechnol 131 2007 27 33
86. P.M. Vignais, J.P. Magnin, and J.C. Willison Increasing biohydrogen production by metabolic engineering Int J Hydrogen Energy 31 2006 1478 1483
87. I. Eroglu, K. Aslan, U. Gunduz, M. Yucel, and L. Turker Substrate consumption rates for hydrogen production by Rhodobacter sphaeroides in a column photobioreactor J Biotechnol 70 1999 103 113
88. Y.K. Oh, E.H. Seol, M.S. Kim, and S. Parka Photoproduction of hydrogen from acetate by a chemoheterotrophic bacterium Rhodopseudomonas palustris P4 Int J Hydrogen Energy 29 2004 1115 1121
89. H.F. Jin, B.R. Lim, and K. Lee Influence of nitrate feeding on carbon dioxide fixation by microalgae J Environ Sci Health A 41 2006 2813 2824
90. K. Nath, A. Kumar, and D. Das Hydrogen production by Rhodobacter sphaeroides strain O.U.001 using spent media of Enterobacter cloacae strain DM11 Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 68 2006 533 541
91. M.A. Borowitzka Closed algal photobioreactors: design considerations for large-scale systems J Mar Biotechnol 4 1996 185 191
92. A.P. Carvalho, L.A. Meireles, and F.X. Malcata Microalgal reactors: a review of enclosed system designs and performances Biotechnol Prog 22 2006 1490 1506
93. F. Martnez-Jeronimo, and F. Espinosa-Chavez A laboratory-scale system for mass culture of freshwater microalgae in polyethylene bags J Appl Phycol 6 1994 423 425
94. Tredici MR, Rodolfi L. University of Florence, Italy. Reactor for industrial culture of photosynthetic micro-organisms. PCT WO 2004/074423 A2; 2004.
95. A.S. Miron, F.G. Camacho, A.C. Gomez, G.E. Molina, and Y. Chisti Bubble column and airlift photobioreactors for algal culture AIChE 46 2000 1872 1887
96. J.J. Chalmers Cells and bubbles in sparged bioreactors Cytotechnology 15 1994 311 320
97. S. Hoekema, M. Bijmans, M. Janssen, J. Tramper, and R.H. Wijffels A pneumatically agitated flat-panel photobioreactor with gas re-circulation: anaerobic photoheterotrophic cultivation of a purple non-sulfur bacterium Int J Hydrogen Energy 27 2002 1331 1338
98. A. Richmond The challenge confronting industrial microagriculture: high photosynthetic efficiency in large-scale reactors Hydrobiology 151-152 1987 117 121
99. M.R. Tredici, G.C. Zittelli, and J.R. Benemann A tubular integral gas exchange photobioreactor for biological hydrogen production O.R. Zaborsky, Biohydrogen 1998 Plenum Press London 391 401
100. J. Gebicki, M. Modigell, M. Schumacher, J.V.D. Burgb, and E. Roebroeck Development of photobioreactors for anoxygenic production of hydrogen by purple bacteria Chem Eng Trans 18 2009 363 366
101. M.R. Tredici, and G.C. Zittelli Efficiency of sunlight utilization: tubular versus flat photobioreactors Biotechnol Bioeng 57 1998 187 197
102. M. Morita, Y. Watanable, and H. Saiki Investigation of photobioreactor design for enhancing the photosynthetic productivity of microalgae Biotechnol Bioeng 69 2000 693 698
103. Y.K. Lee, S.Y. Ding, C.S. Low, and Y.C. Chang Design and performance of an α-type tubular photobioreactor for mass cultivation of microalgae J Appl Phycol 7 1995 47 51
104. Q. Hu, and A. Richmond Productivity and photosynthetic efficiency of Spirulina platensis as affected by light intensity, algal density and rate of mixing in a flat plate photobioreactor J Appl Phycol 8 1996 139 145
105. Y.K. Lee Enclosed bioreactors for the mass cultivation of photosynthetic microorganisms: the future trend Trends Biotechnol 4 1986 186 189
106. I. Eroglu, A. Tabanoglu, U. Gunduz, E. Eroglu, and M. Yucel Hydrogen production by Rhodobacter sphaeroides O.U.001 in a flat plate solar bioreactor Int J Hydrogen Energy 33 2008 531 541
107. K. Zhang, S. Miyachi, and N. Kurano Evaluation of a vertical flat-plate photobioreactor for outdoor biomass production and carbon dioxide bio-fixation: effects of reactor dimensions, irradiation and cell concentration on the biomass productivity and irradiation utilization efficiency Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 55 2001 428 433
108. M.R. Tredici, P. Carlozzi, G.C. Zittelli, and R. Materassi A vertical alveolar panel (VAP) for outdoor mass cultivation of microalgae and cyanobacteria Bioresour Technol 38 1991 153 159
109. M.R. Tredici, G.C. Zittelli, S. Biagiolini, and R. Materassi Novel photobioreactor for the mass cultivation of Spirulina sp Bull Inst Oceanogr 1993 89 96
110. M.R. Tredici, and R. Materassi From open ponds to vertical alveolar panels: the Italian experience in the development of reactors for the mass cultivation of phototrophic microorganisms J Appl Phycol 4 1992 221 231
111. P. Pohl, M. Kohlhase, and M. Martin Photobioreactors for the axenic mass cultivation of microalgae T. Stadler, J. Mollion, M.C. Verdus, Y. Karamanos, H. Morvan, D. Christiaen, Algal biotechnology 1988 Elsevier New York 209 218
112. 2 production by microalgae in a fully-controlled photobioreactor Int J Hydrogen Energy 33 2008 3302 3310
113. 2 by Anabaena variabilis mutant PK84 dense cultures exposed to nitrogen limitations Int J Hydrogen Energy 31 2006 1591 1596
114. M. Ota, Y. Kato, H. Watanabe, M. Watanabe, Y. Sato, and R.L. Smith Effect of inorganic carbon on photoautotrophic growth of microalga Chlorococcum littorale Biotechnol Prog 25 2009 492 498
115. J.C. Goldman, M.R. Dennett, and C.B. Riley Inorganic carbon sources and biomass regulation in intensive microalgal cultures Biotechnol Bioeng 23 1981 995 1014
116. 2-mass transfer, light availability, and hydrodynamic stress in the growth of Phaeodactylum tricornutum in a concentric tube airlift photobioreactor Biotechnol Bioeng 60 1998 317 325
117. F.C. Rubio, F.G.A. Fernandez, J.A.S. Perez, F.G. Camacho, and G.E. Molina Prediction of dissolved oxygen and carbon dioxide concentration profiles in tubular photobioreactors for microalgal culture Biotechnol Bioeng 62 1999 71 86
118. K. Miyamoto, O. Wable, and J.R. Benemann Vertical tubular reactor for microalgae cultivation Biotechnol Lett 10 1988 703 708
119. J.C. Ogbonna, T. Soejima, and H. Tanaka Development of efficient large-scale photobioreactors O.R. Zaborsky, Biohydrogen 1998 Plenum Press London 329 343
120. K. Zhang, N. Kurano, and S. Miyachi Optimized aeration by carbon dioxide gas for microalgal production and mass transfer characterization in a vertical flat-plate photobioreactor Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 25 2002 97 101
121. Z. Su, R. Kang, S. Shi, W. Cong, and Z. Cai An effective device for gas-liquid oxygen removal in enclosed microalgae culture Appl Biochem Biotechnol 160 2010 428 437
122. E.W. Becker Large-scale cultivation E.W. Becker, Microalgae: biotechnology and microbiology 1994 Cambridge University Press New York 63 171
123. M.J. Barbosa, Hadiyanto, and R.H. Wijffels Overcoming shear stress of microalgae cultures in sparged photobioreactors Biotechnol Bioeng 85 2004 78 85
124. M.R. Tredici Bioreactors, photo M.C. Flickinger, S.W. Drew, Encyclopedia of bioprocess technology: fermentation, biocatalysis and bioseparation vol. 1 1999 Wiley New York 395 419
125. 2 production from marine and freshwater species of green algae during sulfur starvation and considerations for bioreactor design Int J Hydrogen Energy 33 2008 511 521
126. F.G.A. Fernandez, J.M.F. Sevilla, J.A.S. Perez, G.E. Molina, and Y. Christi Airlift-driven external-loop tubular photobioreactors for outdoor production of microalgae: assessment of design and performance Chem Eng Sci 56 2001 2721 2732
127. K.I.K. Syahidah, G. Najafpour, H. Younesic, A.R. Mohamed, and A.Z. Kamaruddin Biological hydrogen production from CO: bioreactor performance Biochem Eng 39 2008 468 477
128. I. Akkerman, M. Janssen, J. Rocha, and R.H. Wijiffels Photobiological hydrogen production: photochemical efficiency and bioreactor design Int J Hydrogen Energy 27 2002 1195 1208
129. G. Burgess, and J.G. Fernandez Velasco Materials, operational energy inputs, and net energy ratio for photobiological hydrogen production Int J Hydrogen Energy 32 2007 1225 1234
130. M. Huesemann, and J.R. Benemann Biofuels from microalgae: review of products, process and potential, with special focus on Dunaliella sp A. Ben-Amotz, J.E.W. Polle, V.D. Subba Rao, The alga dunaliella: biodiversity, physiology, genomics and biotechnology 2009 Science Publishers New Hampshire
131. L. Rodolfi, G.C. Zittelli, N. Bassi, G. Padovani, N. Biondi, and G. Bonini Microalgae for oil: strain selection, induction of lipid synthesis and outdoor mass cultivation in a low-cost photobioreactor Biotechnol Bioeng 101 2009 100 112
132. O. Jorquera, A. Kiperstok, E.A. Sales, M. Embirucu, and M.L. Ghirardi Comparative energy life-cycle analyses of microalgal biomass production in open ponds and photobioreactors BioresTechnol 101 2010 1406 1413