Developing waist-to-height ratio cut-offs to define overweight and obesity in children and adolescents

Public Health Nutrition

Volumn 13, Issue 10, 2010, Pages 1566-1574

  Nambiar, Smita ^a   Hughes, Ian ^a   Davies, Peter Sw ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND   (Australia)

Author keywords

Cardiovascular comorbidities; Children; Obesity; WHtR cut offs

Indexed keywords

HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; TRIACYLGLYCEROL;

ADOLESCENT; ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE; ARTICLE; AUSTRALIA; BLOOD; BLOOD PRESSURE; BODY COMPOSITION; BODY HEIGHT; BODY WEIGHT; CHILD; FEMALE; HUMAN; MALE; OBESITY; PREVALENCE; RECEIVER OPERATING CHARACTERISTIC; REFERENCE VALUE; SEX DIFFERENCE; SKINFOLD THICKNESS; WAIST CIRCUMFERENCE;

ADOLESCENT; ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE; AUSTRALIA; BLOOD PRESSURE; BODY COMPOSITION; BODY HEIGHT; BODY WEIGHT; CHILD; CHOLESTEROL, HDL; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; OBESITY; OVERWEIGHT; PREVALENCE; REFERENCE VALUES; ROC CURVE; SEX FACTORS; SKINFOLD THICKNESS; TRIGLYCERIDES; WAIST CIRCUMFERENCE;

EID: 77957235942     PISSN: 13689800     EISSN: 14752727     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S1368980009993053     Document Type: Article

References (46)

1. Margery A, Daniels L & Boulton T (2001) Prevalence of overweight and obesity in Australian children and adolescents: Reassessment of the 1985 and 1995 data against standard definitions. Med J Aust 174, 561-564. (Pubitemid 32529670)
2. Must A, Spadana J, Coakley E et al. (1999) The disease burden associated with overweight and obesity. JAMA 282, 1523-1529. (Pubitemid 29504045)
3. Dietz WH (1998) Health consequences in youth: Childhood predictors of adult disease. Pediatrics 101, Suppl., 518-525.
4. Katzmarzyk PT, Srinivasan SR, Chen W et al. (2004) Body mass index, waist circumference and clustering of cardiovascular risk factors in bi-racial sample of children and adolescents. Pediatrics 114, 198-205.
5. Williams DP, Going SB, Lohman TG et al. (1992) Body fatness and risk for elevated blood pressure, total cholesterol and serum lipoprotein ratios in children and adolescents. Am J Public Health 82, 358-563.
6. Bacha F, Saad R, Gungor N et al. (2003) Obesity, regional fat distribution and Syndrome X in obese black versus white adolescents: Race differential in diabetogenic and atherogenic risk factors. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 88, 2534-2540. (Pubitemid 36724419)
7. Despres J, Morrjani S, Lupien P et al. (1990) Regional distribution of body fat, plasma lipoproteins and cardiovascular disease. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 10, 497-511. (Pubitemid 20220572)
8. Saelens BE, Seeley RJ, Schaick KV et al. (2007) Visceral abdominal fat is correlated with whole body fat and physical activity among 8-y-old children at risk of obesity. Am J Clin Nutr 85, 46-53.
9. Freedman DS, Khan LK, Dietz WH et al. (2001) Relationship of childhood obesity to coronary heart disease risk factors in adulthood: The Bogalusa Heart Study. Pediatrics 108, 712-718. (Pubitemid 32786603)
10. Gibson RS (2005) Principles of Nutritional Assessment, 2nd ed. New York: Oxford University Press.
11. World Health Organization Expert Committee (1995) Physical Status: The Use and Interpretation of Anthropometry. Geneva: WHO.
12. Neovius M, Linne Y & Rossner S (2005) BMI, waist circumference and waist-hip-ratio as diagnostic tests for fatness in adolescents. Int J Obes 29, 161-169. (Pubitemid 40188410)
13. Goh VHH, Tain CF, Ton TYY et al. (2004) Are BMI and other anthropometric measures appropriate as indices for obesity? A study in an Asian population. J Lipid Res 45, 1892-1898.
14. Hall DMB & Cole TJ (2006) What use is the BMI. Arch Dis Child 91, 283-286.
15. Janssen I & Katzmarzyk PT (2004) Waist circumference and not body mass index explains obesity-related health risk. Am J Clin Nutr 79, 379-384. (Pubitemid 41115579)
16. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2000) Overview of the CDC Growth Charts. http://www.cdc.gov (accessed December 2007).
17. Cole TJ, Bellizzi MC, Flegal KM et al. (2000) Establishing a standard definition for child overweight and obesity worldwide: International survey. BMJ 320, 1240-1243.
18. Hsieh S, Yoshinaga H & Muto T (2003) Waist to height ratio, a simple and practical index for assessing central fat distribution and metabolic risk in Japanese men and women. Int J Obes 27, 610-616. (Pubitemid 36561019)
19. Nambiar S, Truby H, Abbott R et al. (2009) Validating the waist-height ratio and developing centiles for use amongst children and adolescents. Acta Paed 98, 148-152.
20. Pyke JE (1985) Australian Health and Fitness Survey 1985. Parkside, SA: The Australian Council for Health, Physical Education and Recreation Inc.
21. Slaughter M, Lohman T, Boileau R et al. (1988) Skinfold equations for estimation of body fatness in children and youth. Hum Biol 60, 709-723.
22. McCarthy H, Cole T, Fry T et al. (2006) Body fat reference curves for children. Int J Obes 30, 598-602.
23. Mueller WH, Harrist RB, Doyle SR et al. (2004) Percentiles of body composition from bioelectrical impedance and body measurements in US adolescents 8-17 years old: Project HeartBeat! Am J Hum Biol 16, 135-150.
24. Reilly JJ, Wilson J & Durmin JVGA (1995) Determination of body composition from skinfold thickness: A validation study. Arch Dis Child 73, 305-310.
25. Lindsey CC, Graham MR, Johnson TP et al. (2004) A clinical comparison of calculated versus direct measurement of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level. Pharmacotherapy 24, 167-172.
26. Garbin CP (not dated) Bivariate Correlation Analyses and Comparisons; Cal's Computator Program. http://wwwclass. unl.edu/psycrs/statpage/comp.html (accessed February 2009).
27. Ashwell M (2005) Waist to height ratio and the Ashwell shape chart could predict risks of obesity in adults and children in all ethnic groups. Nutr Food Sci 36, 359-364. (Pubitemid 41479100)
28. Ashwell M & Hsieh SD (2005) Six reasons why the waist-toheight ratio is a rapid and effective global indicator for the health risks of obesity and how its use could simplify the international public health message on obesity. Int J Food Sci Nutr 56, 303-307. (Pubitemid 41631661)
29. Freedman DS, Kahn HS, Mei Z et al. (2007) Relation of body mass index and waist-to-height ratio to cardiovascular disease risk factors in children and adolescents: The Bogalusa Heart Study. Am J Clin Nutr 86, 33-40. (Pubitemid 47041590)
30. Hsieh S & Yoshinaga H (1995) Abdominal fat distribution and coronary heart disease risk factors in men - waist/ height ratio as a simple and useful predictor. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 19, 585-589.
31. Hsieh SD & Moto T (2006) Metabolic syndrome in Japanese men and women with special reference to the anthropometric criteria for the assessment of obesity: Proposal to use the waist to height ratio. Prev Med 42, 135-139.
32. Hsieh SD & Muto T (2005) The superiority of waistto- height ratio as an anthropometric index to evaluate clustering of coronary risk factors among non-obese men and women. Prev Med 40, 216-220. (Pubitemid 39468613)
33. Hsieh SD & Yoshinaga H (1995) Waist/height ratio as a simple and useful predictor of coronary heart disease risk factors in women. Int Med 34, 1147-1152.
34. McCarthy H & Ashwell M (2006) A study of central fatness using waist-to-height ratios in UK children and adolescents over two decades supports the sample message - 'keep your waist circumference to less than half your height. Int J Obes 30, 988-992. (Pubitemid 43801201)
35. Yan W, Bingxian H, Hua Y et al. (2007) Waist-to-height ratio is an accurate and easier index for evaluating obesity in children and adolescents. Obesity 15, 748-752. (Pubitemid 46643329)
36. Hara M, Saitou E, Iwata F et al. (2002) Waist-to-height ratio is the best predictor of cardiovascular disease risk factors in Japanese schoolchildren. J Arthroscl and Thromb 9, 127-132.
37. Ho SY, Lam TH & Janus ED (2003) Waist to stature ratio is more strongly associated with cardiovascular risk factors than other simple anthropometric indices. Ann Epidemiol 13, 683-691.
38. Daniels SR, Morrison JA, Sprecher DL et al. (1999) Association of body fat distribution and cardiovascular risk factors in children and adolescents. Circulation 99, 541-545. (Pubitemid 29061870)
39. Goran M, Gower B, Treuth M et al. (1998) Prediction of intra-abdominal and subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue in healthy pre-pubertal children. Int J Obes 22, 549-558. (Pubitemid 28254486)
40. Goran M & Gower BA (1999) Relation between visceral fat and disease risk in children and adolescents. Am J Clin Nutr 70, Suppl., 149S-156S. (Pubitemid 29461131)
41. Neovius M & Rasmussen F (2008) Evaluation of BMI-based classification of adolescent overweight and obesity: Choice of percentage body fat cut-offs exerts a large influence. The COMPASS study. Eur J Clin Nutr 62, 1201-1207.
42. Eissenmann JC (2005) Waist circumference percentiles for 7-to-15-year-old Australian children. Acta Pediatrica 94, 1182-1185. (Pubitemid 41510608)
43. Goss F, Robertson R, Williams A et al. (2003) A comparison of skinfolds and leg-to-leg bioelectrical impedance for the assessment of body composition in children. Dyn Med 2, 5. (Pubitemid 38809184)
44. Brambilla P, Bedogni G, Moreno LA et al. (2006) Cross validation of anthropometry against magnetic resonance imaging for the assessment of visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue in children. Int J Obes 30, 23-30. (Pubitemid 41790773)
45. Steinberger J, Jocobs DR Jr, Raatz S et al. (2005) Comparison of body fatness measurements by BMI and skinfolds vs dual X-ray absorptiometry and their relation to cardiovascular risk factors in adolescents. Int J Obes 29, 1346-1352. (Pubitemid 41679266)
46. Kaplowitz PB, Slora EJ, Wasserman RC et al. (2001) Earlier onset of puberty in girls: Relation to increased body mass index and race. Pediatrics 108, 347-353. (Pubitemid 32747346)