Chapter 2 Metabolism and population dynamics of the intestinal microflora in the growing pig

Biology of Growing Animals

Volumn 2, Issue C, 2005, Pages 21-53

  Katouli, M ^a   Wallgren, P ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF THE SUNSHINE COAST   (Australia)

^b NATIONAL VETERINARY INSTITUTE   (Sweden)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 77957157926     PISSN: 18771823     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1016/S1877-1823(09)70035-9     Document Type: Article

References (153)

1. Aalbaek B. Gram-negative anaerobes in the intestinal flora of pigs. Acta Vet. Scand. 13 (1972) 228-237
2. Aarestrup F.M. Occurrence, selection and spread of resistance to antimicrobial agents used for growth promotion for food animals in Denmark. APMIS, Suppl. 101 (2000) 1-48
3. Algers B. Nursing in pigs: communicating needs and distribution resources. J. Anim. Sci. 71 (1993) 2826-2831
4. Anugwa F.O.I., Varel V.H., Dickson J.S., Pond W.G., and Krook L.P. Effects of dietary fiber and protein concentration on growth, feed efficiency, visceral organ weights and large intestine microbial populations of swine. J. Nutr. 6 (1989) 879-886
5. Arbuckle J.B.R. The distribution of certain Escherichia coli strains in pigs and their environment. J. Med. Microbiol. 3 (1968) 333-340
6. Axelsson L.T., Chung T.C., Dobrogosz D.J., and Lindgren S.E. Production of a broad spectrum antimicrobial substance by Lactobacillus reuteri. Microbial Ecol. Health Dis. 2 (1989) 131-136
7. Bailey M., Clarke C.J., Wilson A.D., Williams N.A., and Stokes C.R. Depressed potential for inter-leukin-2 production following early weaning of piglets. Vet. Immunol. Immunopath. 34 (1992) 197-207
8. Barza M., Giuliano M., Jacobus N.V., and Gorbach S.L. Effect of broad spectrum antibiotics on colonization resistance of intestinal microfloraof humans. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 31 (1987) 723-727
9. Benini A., Bertazzoni Minelli E., Vesetini S., Marchiri L., and Nardo G. Intestinal ecosystem and metabolic capacity in women with breast cancer. Pharmacol. Res. 25 (1992) 184-185
10. Bergeland M.E., and Henry S.C. Infectious diarrheas of young piglets. Vet. Clin. North Amer. Large Anim. Pract. 4 (1982) 389-399
11. Berschinger H.W., Eng V., and Wegmann P. Relationship between coliform contamination of floor and teats and the incidence of puerperal mastitis in two types of farrowing accommodations. Proceeding of the 6th International Congress on Animal Hygiene (1988), Swedish University of Agricultural Science, Skara, Sweden 86-88
12. Berschinger H.U. Postweaning Escherichia coli diarrhea and edema disease. In: Straw B.E., D'Allaire S., Mengeli W.L., and Taylor D.J. (Eds). Diseases of Swine. 8th edition (1999), Iowa State University Press, Ames, IA 441-454
13. Blecha F., Pollman D.S., and Nichols D.A. Weaning pigs at an early age decreases cellular immunity. J. Anim. Sci. 52 (1985) 396-400
14. Bordello S.P. The normal flora of the gastrointestinal tract. In: Hart A.L., Stagg A.J., Graffner H., Glise H., Falk P., and Kamm M.A. (Eds). Gut Ecology (2002), Martin Dunitz Ltd, London 3-12
15. Briggs C.A.E., Willingale J.M., Braude R., and Mitchell K.G. The normal intestinal flora of the pig. I. Bacteriological methods for quantitative studies. Vet. Rec. 66 (1954) 241-242
16. Clarke R.T.J. Methods for studying gut microbes. In: Clark R.T.J., and Bauchop T. (Eds). Microbial Ecology of the Gut (1977), Academic Press, New York 1-33
17. Cranwell, P.D., 1990. Development of the gastrointestinal microflora in the milk-fed human infant. Thesis, LaTrobe University, School of Agriculture, Melbourne, Australia.
18. Cummings J.H. Microbial digestion of complex carbohydrates in man. Proc. Nutr. Soc. 43 (1984) 35-44
19. Cutler R.S., Fahy E.M., Spicey E.M., and Gronin G.M. Preweaning mortality. In: Straw B.E., D'Allaire S., Mengelin W.I., and Taylor D.J. (Eds). Diseases of Swine. 8th edition (1999), Iowa State University Press, Ames, IA 985-1001
20. Daniel S.L., Hartman P.A., and Allison M.J. Microbial degradation of oxalate in gastrointestinal tract of rats. Appl. Environ. Micobiol. 53 (1987) 1793-1797
21. Drasar B.S. Some factors associated with geographical variations in the intestinal microflora. In: Skinner F.A., and Carr J.G. (Eds). The Normal Microbial Flora of Man (1974), Academic Press, London 187-196
22. Drasar, B.S., Barrow, P.A., 1985. Intestinal Microbiology. Van Nostrand Reinhold (UK).
23. Drasar B.S., and Hill M.J. Human Intestinal Flora. 1st edition (1974), Academic Press, London
24. Ducluzeau R. Implantation and development of the gut flora in the newborn animal. Ann. Vet. Res. 14 (1983) 354-359
25. Edfors-Lilja I., and Wallgren P. Escherichia coli and Salmonella diarrhoea in pigs. In: Axford R.F.E., Bishop S., Nicholas F., and Owen J.B. (Eds). Breeding for Disease Resistance in Farm Animals. 2nd edition (1999), CAB International, Wallingford 253-267
26. Edfors-Lilja I., Gustafsson U., Duval Iflah Y., Ellergren H., Johansson M., Jeneja R.K., Marklund L., and Andersson L. The porcine intestinal receptor for E. coli K88ab, K88ac: regional localisation on chromosome 13 and influence of IgG response to the K88 antigen. Anim. Genetics 26 (1995) 237-242
27. Edwards C.A., Duerden B.I., and Read N.W. Metabolism of mixed human colonic bacteria in continuous culture mimicking the human cecal content. Gastroenterology 88 (1985) 1903-1909
28. Ehle F.R., Robertson J.B., and van Soest P.J. Influence of dietary fibers on fermentation in the human large intestine. J. Nutr. 112 (1982) 158-166
29. Eidelsburger U., Kirgessner M., and Roth E.X. Influence of fumaric acid, hydrochloric acid, sodium formate, tylosin and toyocerin on daily weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion rate and digestibility. II. Investigations about the nutritive efficacy of organic acids in rearing of piglets. J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr. 68 (1992) 82-92
30. Fairbrother J.M. Neonatal Escherichia coli diarrhea. In: Straw B.E., D'Allaire S., Mengelin W.L., and Taylor D.J. (Eds). Diseases of Swine. 8th edition (1999), Iowa State University Press, Ames, IA 433-441
31. Finegold S.M., Sutter V.L., and Mathisen G.E. In: Hentges D.J. (Ed). Human Microflora in Health and Disease (1983), Academic Press, London 3
32. Fu Z.F., Hampson D.J., and Wilks C.R. Transfer of maternal antibody against group A rotavirus from sows to piglets and serological responses following natural infection. Res. Vet. Sci. 48 (1990) 365-373
33. Fuller R. The effects of probiotics on the gut micro-ecology of farm animals. In: Wood B.J.B. (Ed). Lactic Acid Bacteria, Vol. 1: The Lactic Acid Bacteria in Health and Disease (1992), Elsevier Applied Science, New York 171-192
34. Fuller R., Barrow P.A., and Brooker B.E. Bacteria associated with the gastric epithelium of neonatal pigs. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 35 (1978) 582-591
35. Glock R.D. Disease of swine. In: Leman A.D. (Ed) (1981), The Iowa State University Press, Ames, IA 130-137
36. Gorbach S.L. Lactic acid bacteria and human health. Ann. Med. 22 (1990) 37-41
37. Gorbach S.L., Chang T.W., and Goldin B. Successful treatment of relapsing Clostridium difficile colitis with Lactobacillus GG. Lancet ii (1987) 1519
38. Hampson D.J. Alterations in piglet small intestinal structure at weaning. Res. Vet. Sci. 40 (1986) 32-40
39. Hampson D.J., and Kidder D.E. Influence of creep feeding and weaning on brush border enzyme activities in the piglet small intestine. Rev. Vet. Sci. 40 (1986) 24-31
40. Hashimoto S., Igimi H., Uchida K., Satoh T., Benno Y., and Takeuchi N. Effects of beta-lactam antibiotics on intestinal microflora and bile acid metabolism in rats. Lipids 31 (1996) 601-609
41. Heidelberg Miller B.G., Newby T.J., Stokes C.R., and Bourne F.J. Influence of diet on preventing post weaning malabsorbtion and diarrhoea in the pig. Res. Vet. Sci. 36 (1984) 187-193
42. Henriksson A., Andre L., and Conway P.L. Distribution of lactobacilli in the porcine gastrointestinal tract. FEMS Microbial Ecol. 16 (1995) 55-60
43. Hentages D.J., Stein A.J., Casey S.W., and Que J.U. Protective role of intestinal flora against infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa in mice: influence of antibiotics on colonization resistance. Infect. Immun. 47 (1985) 118-122
44. Hessing M.J.C., Coenen G.J., Vaiman M., and Renard C. Individual differences in cell-mediated and humoral immunity in pigs. Vet. Immunol. Immunopath. 45 (1995) 97-113
45. Holland R.E. Some infectious causes of diarrhoea in young farm animals. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 3 (1990) 345-375
46. Holm A. Escherichia coli induced post-weaning diarrhoea in pigs. Dietary supplementation as an antimicrobial method?. Dansk VeterinEertidskrift 71 (1988) 1118-1126
47. Holmgren N. Prophylactic effects of zinc oxide or olaquindox against post-weaning diarrhoea in swine. Svensk Veterinärtidning 46 (1994) 217-222
48. Horvath, D.J., 1957. The intestinal flora of simple-stomached animals, with special reference to the pig. Thesis, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, pp. 147.
49. Inborr J., and Suomi K. Industrial amino acids in diets for piglets and growing pigs. J. Agr. Sci. Fin. 60 (1988) 673-683
50. Jager L.P., Ziljstra F.J., Hoogendoorn A., and Nabuurs M.J.A. Enteropooling in piglets induced by soya-peptone mediated via an increased biosynthesis of prostanoids. Vet. Res. Com. 10 (1986) 407-412
51. Jensen P., and Recen B. Maternal behaviour of free-ranging domestic pigs. Proc. Int. Eth. Congr. 4 (1985) 5
52. Jensen-Waern M., Melin L., Lindberg R., Johannisson A., Petersson L., and Wallgren P. Dietary zinc oxide in weaned pigs - effects on performance, tissue concentrations, morphology, neutrophil functions and faecal microflora. Res. Vet. Sci. 64 (1998) 225-231
53. Johansen H.N., and Bach Knudsen K.E. Effects of wheat-flour meal and oat mill fractions on jejunal flow, starch degradation and absorption of glucose over an isolated loop of jejunum in pigs. Brit. J. Nutr. 72 (1994) 299-313
54. Joling P., Bianchi A.T.J., Kappe A.L., and Zwart R.J. Distribution of lymphocyte subpopulations in thymus, spleen and peripheral blood of specific pathogen free pigs from 1 to 40 weeks of life. Vet. Immunol. Immunopath. 40 (1994) 105-117
55. Jonsson E. Persistence of Lactobacillus strain in the gut of suckling piglets and its influence on performance and health. Swedish J. Agr. Res. 16 (1986) 43-47
56. Jonsson E., and Conway P.L. Probiotics for pigs. In: Fuller R. (Ed). Probiotics, the Scientific Basis (1992), Chapman & Hall, London 87-110
57. Katouli M., Erhart-Bennet A.S., Kühn I., Kollberg B., and Möllby R. Metabolic capacity and pathogen properties of the intestinal coliforms in patients with ulcerative colitis. Microbial. Ecol. Health Dis. 5 (1992) 245-255
58. Katouli M., Lund A., Wallgren P., Kühn I., Söderlind O., and Möllby R. Phenotypic characterization of intestinal Escherichia coli of pigs during suckling, postweaning and fattening periods. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 61 (1995) 778-783
59. Katouli M., Foo E.L., Kühn I., and Möllby R. Evaluation of the Phene Plate generalized microplate for metabolic fingerprinting and for measuring fermentative capacity of mixed bacterial populations. J. Appl. Microbiol. 82 (1997) 511-518
60. Katouli M., Lund A., Wallgren P., Kühn I., Söderlind O., and Möllby R. Metabolic fingerprinting and fermentative capacity of the intestinal flora of pigs during pre- and post weaning periods. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 83 (1997) 147-154
61. Katouli M., Melin L., Jensen-Waern M., Wallgren P., and Möllby R. The effect of zinc oxide supplementation on the stability of the intestinal flora with special reference to composition of coliforms in weaned pigs. J. Appl. Microbiol. 87 (1999) 564-573
62. Kelly D., Smyth J.A., and McCracken K.J. Digestive development of the early weaned pig. 1. Effect of continuous nutrient supply on the development of the digestive tract and on changes in digestive enzyme activity during the first week post weaning. Brit. J. Nutr. 65 (1991) 169-180
63. Kelly D., Smyth J.A., and McCracken K.J. Digestive development of the early weaned pig. 2. Effect of level of food intake on digestive enzyme activity during the immediate post-weaning period. Brit. J. Nutr. 65 (1991) 169-180
64. Kenworthy R., and Crabb W.E. The intestinal flora of young pigs, with reference to early weaning, Escherichia coli and scours. J. Comp. Path. 73 (1963) 215-228
65. Kirchgessner M., Roth E.X., Eidelsburger U., and Gedek B. Nutritive effects of Bacillus cereus as a probiotic on piglet rearing. I. Influence of growth variables and gastrointestinal tract. Arch. Anim. Nutr. 44 (1993) 111-121
66. Klobasa F., Werhahn E., and Butler J.E. Composition of sow milk during lactation. J. Anim. Sci. 64 (1987) 1458-1466
67. Komarew M.G. Differences in the normal microflora of the intestines of piglets at different ages (in Russian). Soviet Vet. 1 (1940) 27
68. Kovacs F., Nagy B., and Sinkvics G. The gut bacterial flora of healthy early weaned piglets, with special regard to factors influencing its composition. Acta Vet. Acad. Sci. Hung. Tomus 22 (1972) 327-338
69. Kyriakis S.C. New aspects of the prevention and/or treatment of the major stress induced diseases of the early-weaned piglet. Pig News Info. 2 (1989) 177-181
70. Kyriakis S.C., Tsiloylannis V.K., Vlemmas J., Sarris K., Tsinas C., Alexopolous C., and Jansegers L. The effect of probiotic LPS 122 on the control of post-weaning diarrhoea syndrome of piglets. Res. Vet. Sci. 67 (1999) 223-228
71. Kühn I., Katouli M., Lund A., Wallgren P., and Möllby R. Phenotype diversity and stability of intestinal coliform flora in piglets during the first three months of age. Microbial. Ecol. Health Dis. 6 (1993) 101-107
72. Kühn I., Katouli M., Wallgren P., Söderlind O., and Möllby R. Biochemical fingerprinting as a tool to study the diversity and stability of intestinal microfloras. Microecol. Ther. 23 (1995) 140-148
73. Lee A., and Gemmell E. Changes in the mouse intestinal microflora during weaning: role of volatile fatty acids. Infect. Immun. 5 (1972) 1-7
74. Lidbeck A., and Nord C.E. Lactobacilli and normal human anaerobic microflora. Clin. Infect. Dis. 16 Suppl 4 (1993) S181-S187
75. Lin C., and Stahl D.A. Toxin-specific probes for the cellulolytic genus Fibrobacter reveal abundant and novel equine-associated populations. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 61 (1995) 1348-1351
76. Lin C., Flesher B., Capman W.C., Amann R.I., and Stahl D.A. Taxon specific hybridisation probes for fiberdigesting bacteria suggest novel gut-associated Fibrobacter. System Appl. Microbiol. 17 (1994) 418-424
77. Lin C., Raskin L., and Stahl D.A. Microbial community structure in gastrointestinal tracts of domestic animals: comparative analyses using rRNA-targeted oligonucleotide probes. FEMS Microbial Ecol. 22 (1997) 281-294
78. Linton A.H., Hedges A.J., and Bennet P.M. Monitoring for the development of antimicrobial resistance during the use of olaquindox as feed additive on commercial pig farms. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 64 (1988) 311-327
79. Lund A., Wallgren P., Rundgren M., Artursson K., Thomke S., and Fossum C. Performance, behaviour and immune capacity of domestic pigs reared for slaughter as siblings or transported and reared in mixed groups. Acta Agr. Scand. 48 (1998) 103-112
80. MacFarlande G.T., Gibson G.R., and Cummings J.H. Comparison of fermentation reaction in different regions of the human colon. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 72 (1992) 57-64
81. Månsson I., and Olsson B. The intestinal flora of pigs. I. Quantitative studies of coliforms, entero-cocci and clostridia in the faeces of pigs self-fed a high protein and high calcium diet. Acta Agr. Scand. 11 (1961) 197-210
82. Mäyrä-Mäkinen A.A., Manninen A., and Gyllenberg H. The adherence of lactic acid bacteria to the columnar cells of pigs and calves. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 55 (1983) 241-245
83. McAllister J.S., Kurtz H.J., and Short E.C. Changes in the intestinal flora of young pigs with post-weaning diarrhea or edema disease. J. Anim. Sci. 49 (1979) 868-879
84. McBurney M.I., Horvath P.J., and van Soest P.J. Effect of in vitro fermentation using human faecal inoculum in the water-holding capacity of dietary fibre. Brit. J. Nutr. 53 (1985) 17-24
85. McGillivery D.J., and Cranwell P.D. Anaerobic microflora associated with the pars oesophagea of the pig. Res. Vet. Sci. 53 (1992) 110-115
86. McLeese J.M., Tremblay M.L., Patience J.F., and Christison G.I. Water intake and patterns in the weanling pig: effects of water quality, antibiotics and probiotics. Anim. Prod. 54 (1992) 35-142
87. Melin L., Katouli M., Jensen-Waern M., and Wallgren P. The influence of zinc oxide on the intestinal microflora of piglets at weaning. Proc. IPVS 14 (1996) 465
88. Melin L., Jensen-Waern M., Johannisson A., Ederoth M., Katouli M., and Wallgren P. Development of selected faecal microfloras and phagocytic killing capacity of neutrophils in young pigs. Vet. Microbiol. 54 (1997) 287-300
89. Melin L., Katouli M., Lindberg A., Fossum C., and Wallgren P. Weaning of piglets. Effects of an exposure to a pathogenic strain of Escherichia coli. J. Vet. Med. B. 47 (2000) 663-675
90. Melin L., Mattsson S., and Wallgren P. Challenge with pathogenic strains of Escherichia coli at weaning. I. Clinical signs and reisolation of the challenge strains. Proc. IPVS 16 (2000) 22
91. Melin L., Mattsson S., and Wallgren P. Challenge with pathogenic strains of Escherichia coli at weaning. II. Monitoring of the faecal coliform flora. Proc. IPVS 16 (2000) 23
92. Meynell G.G., and Meynell E. Theory and Practice in Experimental Bacteriology (1970), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
93. Midtvedt T. Microflora associated characteristics (MACs) and germ-free animal characteristics (GACs) in man and animal. Microecol. Ther. 15 (1985) 295-302
94. Midtvedt T. Microbial functional activities. Probiotics, other nutritional factors, and intestinal flora. Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series 42 (1999) 79-96
95. Miller B.G., Newby T.J., Stokes C.R., and Bourne F.J. Influence of diet on post-weaning malab-sorbtion and diarrhoea in pigs. Res. Vet. Sci. 36 (1984) 187-193
96. Mitsuoka T., Terada A., Watanabe K., and Uchida K. Bacteroides multicidus, a new species from the faeces of humans and pigs. Int. J. Sys. Bacteriol. 24 (1974) 35-41
97. Mollby R., Kühn I., and Katouli M. Computerised biochemical fingerprinting - a new tool for typing of bacteria. Rev. Med. Microbiol. 4 (1993) 231-241
98. Molly K., Vandewoestyne M., Desmet I., and Verstraete W. Validation of the simulator of the human intestinal microbial ecosystem (SHIME) reactor using microorganism-associated activities. Microbial Ecol. Health Dis. 7 (1994) 191-200
99. Moore W.E., and Holdeman L.V. Special problems associated with the isolation and identification of intestinal bacteria in fecal flora studies. Amer. J. Clin. Nutr. 27 (1974) 1450-1455
100. Nabuurs M.J.A. Thermostable factor(s) in soya producing a net excess of secretion in the ligated gut test in pigs. Vet. Res. Com. 10 (1986) 399-405
101. Newport M.J. Artificial rearing of pigs. II. Effect of replacement of dried skim-milk by an isolated soya-bean protein on the performance of the pigs' digestion of protein. Brit. J. Nutr. 44 (1980) 171-178
102. Norin E., and Midtvedt T. Interactions of bacteria with the host. Alteration of microflora-associated characteristics of the host; non-immune functions. Microbial Ecol. Health Dis. Suppl. 2 (2000) 186-193
103. Pielou E.C. Ecological Diversity (1975), Wiley Interscience, New York
104. Onderdonk A.B. The intestinal microflora and intra-abdominal sepsis. In: Tannock G.W. (Ed). Medical Importance of the Normal Microflora (1999), Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht 164-176
105. Quinn L.Y., Lane M.D., Ashton G.C., Maddock H.M., and Carlton D.V. Mode of action of antibiotics on intestinal flora. Antibiotics Chemother. 3 (1953) 622-628
106. Quinn L.Y., Story C.D., Carlton D.V., Jensen A.H., and Whalen W.M. Effect of antibiotics on the growth rate and intestinal flora of swine. Antibiotics Chemother. 3 (1953) 527-532
107. Rainbard A.L., Low A., and Zebrowska T. Effect of guar gum on glucose and water absorption from isolated loops of jejunum in conscious growing pigs. Brit. J. Nutr. 52 (1984) 489-498
108. Rail G.D., Wood A.J., Wescott R.B., and Dommert A.R. Distribution of bacteria in faeces of swine. Appl. Microbiol. 20 (1970) 789-792
109. Raskin L., Capman W.C., Sharp R., and Stahl D.A. Molecular ecology of gastrointestinal systems. In: Mackie R.I., White B.A., and Issacson R.E. (Eds). Ecology and Physiology of Gastrointestinal Microbes, Vol 2: Gastrointestinal Microbiology and Host Interactions (1995), Chapman and Hall, Inc, New York
110. Risatti J.B., Capman W.C., and Stahl D.A. Community structure of a microbial mat: the phylogenetic dimension. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91 (1994) 171-173 10, 177.
111. Rolfe R.D. Colonization resistance. In: Mackie R.I., White B.A., and Isacson R.E. (Eds). Gastrointestinal Microecology Vol. 2 (1997), Chapman and Hall, Inc, New York 501-536
112. Ross L.F., and Shaffer G.P. Fermentation of carbohydrates under aerobic and anaerobic conditions by intestinal microflora from infants. J. Clin. Microbiol. 27 (1989) 2529-2534
113. Rotimi V.O., and Duerden B.I. The development of the bacterial flora in normal neonates. J. Med. Microbiol. 14 (1981) 51-62
114. Rowe J.B., Loughnan M.L., Nolan J.V., and Leng R.A. Secondary fermentation in the rumen of a sheep given a diet based on molasses. Brit. J. Nutr. 41 (1979) 393-397
115. Saito Y., Sanada T., Iwasaka K., Mita T., Ohba S., Tsumagari S., and Takeishi M. Changes in IgG, IgM and IgA content in the milk of sows and blood serum of suckling pigs. Jpn. J. Zootechnol. Sci. 57 (1986) 349-351
116. Salminen S., and Arvilommi H. Probiotics demonstrating efficacy in clinical settings. Clin. Infect. Dis. 32 (2001) 1577-1578
117. Salnitro J.P., Blake I.G., and Muirhead P.A. Isolation and identification of fecal bacteria from adult swine. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 33 (1977) 79-84
118. Sansom B.F., and Gleed P.T. The ingestion of sow's faeces by suckling piglets. Brit. J. Nutr. 46 (1981) 451-456
119. Sauer W.C., Jörgensen H., and Berzins R. A modified nylon bag technique for determining apparent digestibilities of protein in feedstuffs for pigs. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 63 (1983) 233-237
120. Savage D.C. Microbial ecology of the gastrointestinal tract. Annual Rev. Microbiol. 31 (1977) 107-133
121. Shone P., Ludke H., Brys J., and Bruckner H. The performance of pigs weaned at 5 weeks related to weaning weight, feed composition and the use of effective ergotropics. Arch. Anim. Nutr. 38 (1988) 861-877
122. Shell T.C., and Korneay E.T. Effectiveness of zinc acetate injection in alleviating post weaning performance lag in pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 72 (1994) 3037-3042
123. Smith C.J., and Bryant M.P. Introduction to metabolic activities of intestinal bacteria. Amer. J. Clin. Nutr. 32 (1979) 149-157
124. Smith H.W. Observations on the flora of the alimentary tract of animals and factors affecting its composition. J. Path. Bacteriol. 89 (1965) 95-102
125. Smith H.W. The development of the flora of the alimentary tract in young animals. J. Path. Bacteriol. 90 (1965) 459-513
126. Smith H.W., and Crabb W.E. The faecal bacterial flora of animals and man: its development in the young. J. Path. Bact. 82 (1961) 53-66
127. Smith H.W., and Jones J.E.T. Observation on the alimentary tract and its bacterial flora in healthy and diseased pigs. J. Path. Bact. 86 (1963) 387-412
128. Stahl D.A., Flesher B., Mansfield H.R., and Montgomery L. Use of phylogenetically based hybridisation probes for studies of ruminal microbial ecology. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 54 (1988) 1079-1084
129. Stewart C.S., and Bryant M.P. The rumen microbial ecosystem. In: Hobson P. (Ed) (1988), Elsevier Applied Science, New York 21
130. Straw B.E., Dewey C.E., and Wilsson M.R. Differential diagnosis of swine diseases. In: Straw B.E., D'Allaire S., Mengelin W.L., and Taylor D.J. (Eds). Diseases of Swine. 8th edition (1999), Iowa State University Press, Ames, IA 41-50
131. Tancerede C. Role of human microflora in health and disease. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 11 (1992) 1012-1015
132. Tannock G.V. Normal Microflora. An Introduction to Microbes Inhabiting the Human Body (1995), Chapman and Hall, London
133. Taylor D.J. Clostridial infection. In: Straw B.E., D'Allaire S., Mengelin W.L., and Taylor D.J. (Eds). Diseases of Swine. 8th edition (1999), Iowa State University Press, Ames, IA 395-412
134. Terada A., Uchida K., and Mitsouka T. The Bacteriodaceae flora in faeces of pigs. Zbl. Bakt. A. 234 (1976) 362-370
135. Thijm H.A., and van der Waaij D. The effect of three frequently applied antibiotics on the colonisation resistance of the digestive tract of mice. J. Hyg. (London) 82 (1979) 397-405
136. du Toit M., Franz C.M.A.P., Dicks L.M.T., Schillinger U., Haberer P., Warlies B., Ahrens F., and Holzapfel W.H. Characterisation and selection of probiotic lactobacilli for a preliminary minipig feeding trial and their effect on serum cholesterol levels, faeces pH and faeces moisture content. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 40 (1998) 93-104
137. Van Beers-Schreurs H.M.G., Nabuurs M.J.A., Vellenga L., Kalsbeck-van der Valk H.J., Wensing T., and Breukink H.J. Weaning piglets, microbial fermentation, short chain fatty acid and diarrhoea. Vet. Quart. 20 (1998) s64-s68
138. Van der Heyde H., and Henderickx H. Quantitative studies of the intestinal flora of suckling piglets. Zbl. Bakt. I. Abt. Orig. 1195 (1964) 215-226
139. Van der Peet-Schwering, C.M.C., van der Binnendijk, G.P., 2000. Influence of protein sources in prestarter diets on performance and health of weaned piglets. Proefverslag Praktijkonderzoek Varkenshouderij No P1. 234, p. 16.
140. Van der Waaij D. New Criteria for Antimicrobial Therapy. Maintenance of Digestive Tract Colonisation Resistance (1979), Excerpta Medica, Amsterdam
141. Van Leeuwen P., van der Kleef D.J., van Kempen G.J.M., Huisman J., and Verstegen M.W.A. The post valve T-caecum cannulation technique to determine the digestibility of amino acids in maize, groundnut and sunflower meal. J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr. 65 (1991) 183-193
142. Varel V.H., and Pond W.G. Enumeration and activity of cellulolytic bacteria from gestating swine fed various levels of dietary fiber. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 49 (1985) 858-862
143. Wallgren P., Artursson K., Fossum C., and Aim G.V. Incidences of infections in pigs bred for slaughter revealed by elevated serum levels of interferon and development of antibodies to Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae. J. Vet. Med. B. 40 (1993) 1-12
144. Wallgren P., Bölske G., Gustafsson S., Mattsson S., and Fossum C. Humoral immune response to Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae in sows and offspring following an outbreak of mycoplasmosis. Vet. Microbiol. 60 (1998) 193-205
145. Wattrang E., Wallgren P., Lindberg A., and Fossum C. Signs of infections and reduced immune functions at weaning of conventionally reared and specific pathogen free pigs. J. Vet. Med. B. 45 (1998) 7-17
146. Wilbur, R.D., 1959. The intestinal flora of the pigs as influenced by diet and age. PhD thesis, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa.
147. Willingale J.M., and Briggs C.A.E. The normal intestinal flora of the pig. II. Quantitative bacteriological studies. Appl. Bact. 18 (1955) 284-292
148. Wilson D.A., MacFadden K.E., Green E.M., Crabill M., Frankeny R.L., and Thorne J.G. Case control and historical cohort study of diarrhoea associated with administration of trimethoprim-potenti-ated sulphonamides to horses and ponies. J. Vet. Intern. Med. 10 (1996) 258-264
149. Wilson G. In: Skinner F.A., and Carr J.G. (Eds). The Normal Microbial Flora of Man (1974), Academic Press, London and New York 1
150. Wilson K., Moore L., Patel M., and Permoad P. Suppression of potential pathogens by a defined colonic microflora. Microbial Ecol. Health Dis. 1 (1988) 237-243
151. Wilson K.H., and Freter R. Interaction of Clostridium difficile and Escherichia coli with microfloras in continuous-flow cultures and gnobiotic mice. Infect. Immun. 54 (1986) 354-358
152. Wyatt G.M., and Horn H. Fermentation of resistant food starches by human and rat intestinal bacteria. J. Sci. Food Agr. 44 (1988) 281-288
153. Zoric M., Arvidsson A., Melin L., Kühn I., Lindberg J.E., and Wallgren P. The correlation between coliform populations collected from different sites of the intestinal tract of pigs. In: Lindberg J.E., and Ogle B. (Eds). Digestive Physiology of Pigs (2001), CABI Publishing, Wallingford 283-285