Defining privacy

Journal of Social Philosophy

Volumn 39, Issue 3, 2008, Pages 411-428

  Moore, Adam ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 77956937286     PISSN: 00472786     EISSN: 14679833     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9833.2008.00433.x     Document Type: Review

References (72)

1. Aristotle, Eudemian Ethics in The Complete Works of Aristotle, vol. II, ed. Jonathan Barnes (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1984), VII, 2:1236a16-32.
2. See John Finnis, Natural Law and Natural Rights (New York: Oxford University Press, 1980), 11.
3. Adam D. Moore, "Privacy: Its Meaning and Value", American Philosophical Quarterly 40(2003):215-27.
4. see Judith Wagner De Cew, In Pursuit of Privacy: Law, Ethics, and the Rise of Technology (Ithaca, NY and London: Cornell University Press, 1997), chaps. 1-4. While I do not agree entirely with De Cew's proposed definition of privacy, her analysis is insightful and thought-provoking.
5. See Thomas M. Cooley, Cooley on Torts (2nd ed., 1888);
6. S. Warren and L. Brandeis, "The Right to Privacy", The Harvard Law Review 4(1890):193-220.
7. Roscoe Pound, "Interests in Personality", Harvard Law Review 28(1915):343;
8. and Paul A. Freund, "Privacy: One Concept or Many?" in Privacy Nomos XIII, ed. Roland Pennock and John W. Chapman (New York: Atherton Press, 1971), 182.
9. Dean William Prosser, "Privacy", California Law Review 48(1960):383, 389
10. quoted in E. Alderman and C. Kennedy, The Right to Privacy (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1995), 155-56.
11. Alan F. Westin, Privacy and Freedom (New York: Atheneum, 1968);
12. Adam D. Moore, Intellectual Property and Information Control (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishing, 2001, 2004).
13. See also Anita Allen, Why Privacy Isn't Everything: Feminist Reflections on Personal Accountability (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2003);
14. and Ruth Gavison, "Information Control: Availability and Control", in Public and Private in Social Life, ed. Stanley Benn and G. Gaus (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1983), 113-34.
15. Eisenstadt v. Baird, 405 U. S. 438(1972):453.
16. See also Louis Henkin, "Privacy and Autonomy", Columbia Law Review 74(1974):1410, 1425;
17. Joel Feinberg, "Autonomy, Sovereignty, and Privacy: Moral Ideas in the Constitution?" Notre Dame Law Review 58(1983):445;
18. Daniel R. Ortiz, "Privacy, Autonomy, and Consent", Harvard Journal of Law and Public Policy 12(1989):91;
19. and H. Tristram Englehardt Jr., "Privacy and Limited Democracy", Social Philosophy and Policy 17(Summer 2000):120-40. "Three different senses of privacy⋯ must be distinguished..: (1) freedom from unwanted observation or collection of information, (2) freedom from the disclosure of personal information without one's consent, and (3) freedom from unwarranted government intrusion"
20. Englehardt, "Privacy and Limited Democracy", 123.
21. W. A. Parent, "Privacy, Morality, and the Law", Philosophy and Public Affairs 12(1983):269.
22. Julie Inness, Privacy, Intimacy, and Isolation (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992), 140.
23. De Cew, In Pursuit of Privacy, 58, 64. De Cew presents and defends this broad definition, in part, to capture the disparate elements of privacy that have been codified in the law. In any case, I do not think that De Cew's definition is incompatible with the account offered below.
24. Parent, "Privacy, Morality, and the Law", 269.
25. See Judith Jarvis Thomson, "The Right to Privacy", Philosophy and Public Affairs 4(1975):295. For an analysis of the reduction verses non-reduction debate
26. see Amy Peikoff, "No Corn on This Cob: Why Reductionists Should Be All Ears for Pavesich", Brandeis Law Journal 42(2004):751.
27. Frederick Davis, "What Do We Mean by 'Right to Privacy'?" San Diego Law Review 4(1959):20.
28. Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan, ed. C. B. MacPherson (Harmondsworth, UK: Penguin, 1985), chap. 14, p. 189.
29. J. S. Mill, On Liberty, ed. E. Rapaport (Indianapolis, IN: Hackett Publishing, 1978), chap. 1, p. 1.
30. citing Thomas Scanlon, "Thomson on Privacy", Philosophy and Public Affairs 4(1975):315-22;
31. and Jeffrey Reiman, "Privacy, Intimacy, and Personhood", Philosophy and Public Affairs 6(1976):26-44.
32. See Adam D. Moore, "Justifying Informational Privacy Rights", San Diego Law Review 45(November/December 2007):809-946;
33. Moore, Intellectual Property and Information Control, chap. 8;
34. and Adam D. Moore, "Intangible Property: Privacy, Power, and Information Control", American Philosophical Quarterly 35(October 1998):365-78.
35. Charles Fried, An Anatomy of Values (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1970), chap. 9;
36. Richard Wasserstrom, "Privacy: Some Assumptions and Arguments", in Philosophical Law, ed. R. Bronaugh (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1979), 148;
37. Hyman Gross, "Privacy and Autonomy", Privacy: Nomos XIII (1971): 170;
38. Ernest Van Den Haag, "On Privacy", Privacy: Nomos XIII (1971): 147;
39. and Richard Parker, "A Definition of Privacy", Rutgers Law Review 27(1974):280.
40. Lawrence Becker, Property Rights, Philosophic Foundations (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1977), 19. Hohfeld distinguishes four types of rights: claim rights, liberty rights, power rights, and immunity rights.
41. See W. N. Hohfeld, "Fundamental Legal Conceptions", Yale Law Journal (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1919).
42. see A. M. Honoré, "Ownership", in Oxford Essays in Jurisprudence, ed. A. G. Guest (London: Oxford University Press, 1961), 112-28.
43. See also Carl Wellman, A Theory of Rights: Persons Under Laws, Institutions, and Morals (Totowa, NJ: Rowman and Allanheld, 1985).
44. See Robert Nozick, Anarchy, State, and Utopia (New York: Basic Books, 1974);
45. David Lyons, Rights, Welfare, and Mill's Moral Theory (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994);
46. Neil MacCormick, Legal Right and Social Democracy: Essays in Legal and Political Philosophy (New York: Oxford University Press, 1982);
47. Joseph Raz, The Morality of Freedom (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986);
48. Jeremy Waldron, "Rights in Conflict", Ethics 99(April 1989):503-19;
49. H. L. A. Hart, Essays on Bentham (New York: Oxford University Press, 1982)
50. and Essays in Jurisprudence and Philosophy (New York: Oxford University Press, 1983);
51. Phillip Montague, "Two Concepts of Rights", Philosophy and Public Affairs 9(1980):372-84;
52. Hillel Steiner, An Essay on Rights (Oxford: Blackwell, 1994);
53. George Rainbolt, "Rights as Normative Constraints on Others", Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 53(1993):93-112;
54. Joel Feinberg, Rights Justice, and the Bounds of Liberty (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1980);
55. R. M. Dworkin, "Rights as Trumps", in Theories of Rights, ed. J. Waldron (New York: Oxford University Press, 1985), 153-68.
56. Judith Wagner De Cew, "The Scope of Privacy in Law and Ethics", Law and Philosophy 5(1986):165.
57. Samuel Rickless, "The Right to Privacy Unveiled", San Diego Law Review 45(November/December 2007):773-99. Rickless contends that Goldberg violates Rudolf's privacy in this case even though no information that was not already a part of the public record was obtained. If so, possession of undocumented personal information about someone is not a necessary condition for a privacy violation. This sort of objection was also raised by De Cew.
58. See De Cew, "The Scope of Privacy", 152.
59. Moore, "Privacy: Its Meaning and Value", 215-27.
60. Thomson, "The Right to Privacy", 304, n. 1. For a critique of Thomson's view of privacy
61. see Scanlon, "Thomson on Privacy", 315-22.
62. Thomson, "The Right to Privacy", 306.
63. See also Van Den Haag, "On Privacy", 147. As noted above, I would add that life rights, liberty rights, and property rights overlap with each other and privacy as well.
64. James Rachels, "Why Privacy Is Important", Philosophy and Public Affairs 4(1975):333. As already noted, the fact that privacy protects different sorts of interests does not by itself lead us to the conclusion that privacy and property do not come bundled together.
65. see Morgan Cloud, "The Fourth Amendment During the Lochner Era: Privacy, Property, and Liberty in Constitutional Theory", Stanford Law Review 48(1996):555.
66. See H. Tavani, "Philosophical Theories of Privacy: Implications for an Adequate Online Privacy Policy", Metaphilosophy 39(2007):1-22.
67. Richard B. Parker, "A Definition of Privacy", Rutgers Law Review 27(1974):281.
68. M. Weinstein, "The Uses of Privacy in the Good Life", Privacy: Nomos XIII (1971): 94.
69. Tavani builds on an account offered in James Moor, "Towards a Theory of Privacy in the Information Age", Computers and Society 27(1997):27-32.
70. and Rickless, "The Right to Privacy Unveiled"
71. Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics
72. trans. W. D. Ross, in The Complete Works of Aristotle, vol. II, ed. Jonathan Barnes (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1984), 1094b 15, 1730.