메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 143, Issue 11, 2010, Pages 2730-2738

Implications of conserving an ecosystem modifier: Increasing green turtle (Chelonia mydas) densities substantially alters seagrass meadows

Author keywords

Green turtles; Human wildlife conflict; Plant animal interactions; Population management; Seagrass meadows

Indexed keywords

CONSERVATION PLANNING; ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT; FORAGING BEHAVIOR; GRAZING PRESSURE; MANAGEMENT PRACTICE; MEADOW; POPULATION DENSITY; SEAGRASS; TURTLE;

EID: 77956886102     PISSN: 00063207     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.biocon.2010.07.020     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (95)

References (67)
  • 1
    • 0037204157 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of sea urchin grazing on seagrass (Thalassodendron ciliatum) beds of a Kenyan lagoon
    • Alcoverro T., Mariani S. Effects of sea urchin grazing on seagrass (Thalassodendron ciliatum) beds of a Kenyan lagoon. Marine Ecology Progress Series 2002, 226:255-263.
    • (2002) Marine Ecology Progress Series , vol.226 , pp. 255-263
    • Alcoverro, T.1    Mariani, S.2
  • 2
    • 0034705197 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Umbrellas and flagships: efficient conservation surrogates or expensive mistakes?
    • Andelman S., Fagan W. Umbrellas and flagships: efficient conservation surrogates or expensive mistakes?. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2000, 97:5954-5959.
    • (2000) Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences , vol.97 , pp. 5954-5959
    • Andelman, S.1    Fagan, W.2
  • 3
    • 0033286355 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impact of dugong grazing and turtle cropping on tropical seagrass communities
    • Aragones L., Marsh H. Impact of dugong grazing and turtle cropping on tropical seagrass communities. Pacific Conservation Biology 2000, 5:277-288.
    • (2000) Pacific Conservation Biology , vol.5 , pp. 277-288
    • Aragones, L.1    Marsh, H.2
  • 4
    • 0001263251 scopus 로고
    • Nutrition and grazing behavior of the green turtle Chelonia mydas
    • Bjorndal K.A. Nutrition and grazing behavior of the green turtle Chelonia mydas. Marine Biology 1980, 56:147-154.
    • (1980) Marine Biology , vol.56 , pp. 147-154
    • Bjorndal, K.A.1
  • 5
    • 0000865055 scopus 로고
    • Nutritional ecology of sea turtles
    • Bjorndal K.A. Nutritional ecology of sea turtles. Copeia 1985, 1985:736-751.
    • (1985) Copeia , vol.1985 , pp. 736-751
    • Bjorndal, K.A.1
  • 6
    • 4243103344 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Roles of sea turtles in marine ecosystems: reconstructing the past
    • CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, P. Lutz, J. Musick, J. Wyneken (Eds.)
    • Bjorndal K., Jackson J. Roles of sea turtles in marine ecosystems: reconstructing the past. The Biology of Sea Turtles 2003, 259-273. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida. P. Lutz, J. Musick, J. Wyneken (Eds.).
    • (2003) The Biology of Sea Turtles , pp. 259-273
    • Bjorndal, K.1    Jackson, J.2
  • 7
    • 0034141978 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Green turtle somatic growth model: evidence for density dependence
    • Bjorndal K.A., Bolten A., Chaloupka M. Green turtle somatic growth model: evidence for density dependence. Ecological Applications 2000, 10:269-282.
    • (2000) Ecological Applications , vol.10 , pp. 269-282
    • Bjorndal, K.A.1    Bolten, A.2    Chaloupka, M.3
  • 8
    • 0034687355 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Zoobenthic community establishment and habitat complexity - the importance of seagrass shoot-density, morphology and physical disturbance for faunal recruitment
    • Boström C., Bonsdorff E. Zoobenthic community establishment and habitat complexity - the importance of seagrass shoot-density, morphology and physical disturbance for faunal recruitment. Marine Ecology Progress Series 2000, 205:123-138.
    • (2000) Marine Ecology Progress Series , vol.205 , pp. 123-138
    • Boström, C.1    Bonsdorff, E.2
  • 10
    • 28444476537 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Survival probability estimates for large juvenile and adult green turtles (Chelonia mydas) exposed to an artisanal marine turtle fishery in the western Caribbean
    • Campbell C., Lagueux C. Survival probability estimates for large juvenile and adult green turtles (Chelonia mydas) exposed to an artisanal marine turtle fishery in the western Caribbean. Herpetologica 2005, 61:91-103.
    • (2005) Herpetologica , vol.61 , pp. 91-103
    • Campbell, C.1    Lagueux, C.2
  • 11
    • 84990137045 scopus 로고
    • The elephant problem - an alternative hypothesis
    • Caughley G. The elephant problem - an alternative hypothesis. African Journal of Ecology 1976, 14:265-283.
    • (1976) African Journal of Ecology , vol.14 , pp. 265-283
    • Caughley, G.1
  • 14
    • 0037228850 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Seasonal movements, migratory behavior, and site fidelity of West Indian manatees along the Atlantic Coast of the United States
    • Deutsch C., Reid J., Bonde R., Easton D., Kochman H., O'Shea T. Seasonal movements, migratory behavior, and site fidelity of West Indian manatees along the Atlantic Coast of the United States. Wildlife Monographs 2003, 151:1-77.
    • (2003) Wildlife Monographs , vol.151 , pp. 1-77
    • Deutsch, C.1    Reid, J.2    Bonde, R.3    Easton, D.4    Kochman, H.5    O'Shea, T.6
  • 15
    • 0026352392 scopus 로고
    • Allometric scaling of seagrass form and productivity
    • Duarte C.M. Allometric scaling of seagrass form and productivity. Marine Ecology Progress Series 1991, 77:289-300.
    • (1991) Marine Ecology Progress Series , vol.77 , pp. 289-300
    • Duarte, C.M.1
  • 16
    • 0036615901 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The future of seagrass meadows
    • Duarte C.M. The future of seagrass meadows. Environmental Conservation 2002, 29:192-206.
    • (2002) Environmental Conservation , vol.29 , pp. 192-206
    • Duarte, C.M.1
  • 17
    • 0001159336 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The fate of marine autotrophic production
    • Duarte C., Cebrian J. The fate of marine autotrophic production. Limnology and Oceanography 1996, 41:1758-1766.
    • (1996) Limnology and Oceanography , vol.41 , pp. 1758-1766
    • Duarte, C.1    Cebrian, J.2
  • 21
    • 0028976890 scopus 로고
    • Sea otters and kelp forests in Alaska: generality and variation in a community ecological paradigm
    • Estes J.A., Duggins D.O. Sea otters and kelp forests in Alaska: generality and variation in a community ecological paradigm. Ecological Modelling 1995, 65:75-100.
    • (1995) Ecological Modelling , vol.65 , pp. 75-100
    • Estes, J.A.1    Duggins, D.O.2
  • 22
    • 62149102948 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Seagrass meadow structure alters interactions between the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus and its predators
    • Farina S., Tomas F., Prado P., Romero J., Alcoverro T. Seagrass meadow structure alters interactions between the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus and its predators. Marine Ecology Progress Series 2009, 377:131-137.
    • (2009) Marine Ecology Progress Series , vol.377 , pp. 131-137
    • Farina, S.1    Tomas, F.2    Prado, P.3    Romero, J.4    Alcoverro, T.5
  • 23
    • 0027037219 scopus 로고
    • Phosphorus limitation of primary production in Florida Bay: evidence from C:N:P ratios of the dominant seagrass Thalassia testudinum
    • Fourqurean J.W., Zieman J.C. Phosphorus limitation of primary production in Florida Bay: evidence from C:N:P ratios of the dominant seagrass Thalassia testudinum. Limnology and Oceanography 1992, 37:162-171.
    • (1992) Limnology and Oceanography , vol.37 , pp. 162-171
    • Fourqurean, J.W.1    Zieman, J.C.2
  • 24
    • 23744501133 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spatial and seasonal variability in elemental content, δ13C, and δ15N of Thalassia testudinum from South Florida and its implications for ecosystem studies
    • Fourqurean J., Escorcia S., Anderson W., Zieman J. Spatial and seasonal variability in elemental content, δ13C, and δ15N of Thalassia testudinum from South Florida and its implications for ecosystem studies. Estuaries and Coasts 2005, 28:447-461.
    • (2005) Estuaries and Coasts , vol.28 , pp. 447-461
    • Fourqurean, J.1    Escorcia, S.2    Anderson, W.3    Zieman, J.4
  • 25
    • 0032702133 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An approach to measurement of particle flux and sediment retention within seagrass (Posidonia oceanica) meadows
    • Gacia E., Granata T., Duarte C. An approach to measurement of particle flux and sediment retention within seagrass (Posidonia oceanica) meadows. Aquatic Botany 1999, 65:255-268.
    • (1999) Aquatic Botany , vol.65 , pp. 255-268
    • Gacia, E.1    Granata, T.2    Duarte, C.3
  • 26
    • 4344674757 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Change in abundance of dugongs in Shark Bay, Ningaloo and Exmouth Gulf, Western Australia: evidence for large-scale migration
    • Gales N., McCauley R., Lanyon J., Holley D. Change in abundance of dugongs in Shark Bay, Ningaloo and Exmouth Gulf, Western Australia: evidence for large-scale migration. Wildlife Research 2004, 31:283-290.
    • (2004) Wildlife Research , vol.31 , pp. 283-290
    • Gales, N.1    McCauley, R.2    Lanyon, J.3    Holley, D.4
  • 27
  • 28
    • 24044493292 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reefs since Columbus
    • Jackson J.B.C. Reefs since Columbus. Coral Reefs 1997, 16(Suppl.):S23-S32.
    • (1997) Coral Reefs , vol.16 , Issue.SUPPL.
    • Jackson, J.B.C.1
  • 30
    • 0032051743 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Structure of major seagrass beds from three coral reef atolls of Lakshadweep, Arabian Sea, India
    • Jagtap T.G. Structure of major seagrass beds from three coral reef atolls of Lakshadweep, Arabian Sea, India. Aquatic Botany 1998, 60:397-408.
    • (1998) Aquatic Botany , vol.60 , pp. 397-408
    • Jagtap, T.G.1
  • 31
    • 0028179028 scopus 로고
    • Organisms as ecosystem engineers
    • Jones C., Lawton J., Shachak M. Organisms as ecosystem engineers. Oikos 1994, 69:373-386.
    • (1994) Oikos , vol.69 , pp. 373-386
    • Jones, C.1    Lawton, J.2    Shachak, M.3
  • 32
    • 0037070084 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Parrotfish grazing on turtlegrass Thalassia testudinum: evidence for the importance of seagrass consumption in food web dynamics of the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary
    • Kirsch K.D., Valentine J.F., Heck K.L. Parrotfish grazing on turtlegrass Thalassia testudinum: evidence for the importance of seagrass consumption in food web dynamics of the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary. Marine Ecology Progress Series 2002, 227:71-85.
    • (2002) Marine Ecology Progress Series , vol.227 , pp. 71-85
    • Kirsch, K.D.1    Valentine, J.F.2    Heck, K.L.3
  • 33
    • 40149098704 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Shifting baselines, local impacts, and global change on coral reefs
    • Knowlton N., Jackson J. Shifting baselines, local impacts, and global change on coral reefs. Plos Biology 2008, 6:e54.
    • (2008) Plos Biology , vol.6
    • Knowlton, N.1    Jackson, J.2
  • 34
    • 0002886917 scopus 로고
    • Elephants as agents of habitat and landscape change in East Africa
    • Laws R. Elephants as agents of habitat and landscape change in East Africa. Oikos 1970, 21:1-15.
    • (1970) Oikos , vol.21 , pp. 1-15
    • Laws, R.1
  • 35
    • 0032808441 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Conservation implications of dietary dilution from debris ingestion: sublethal effects in post-hatchling loggerhead sea turtles
    • McCauley S., Bjorndal K. Conservation implications of dietary dilution from debris ingestion: sublethal effects in post-hatchling loggerhead sea turtles. Conservation Biology 1999, 13:925-929.
    • (1999) Conservation Biology , vol.13 , pp. 925-929
    • McCauley, S.1    Bjorndal, K.2
  • 36
    • 34547628744 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nutritional composition of marine plants in the diet of the green sea turtle (Chelonia mydas) in the Hawaiian Islands
    • McDermid K., Stuercke B., Balazs G. Nutritional composition of marine plants in the diet of the green sea turtle (Chelonia mydas) in the Hawaiian Islands. Bulletin of Marine Science 2007, 81:55-71.
    • (2007) Bulletin of Marine Science , vol.81 , pp. 55-71
    • McDermid, K.1    Stuercke, B.2    Balazs, G.3
  • 37
    • 31844439220 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Simulated green turtle grazing affects structure and productivity of seagrass pastures
    • Moran K., Bjorndal K.A. Simulated green turtle grazing affects structure and productivity of seagrass pastures. Marine Ecology Progress Series 2005, 305:235-247.
    • (2005) Marine Ecology Progress Series , vol.305 , pp. 235-247
    • Moran, K.1    Bjorndal, K.A.2
  • 38
    • 33847257301 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Simulated green turtle grazing affects nutrient composition of the seagrass Thalassia testudinum
    • Moran K., Bjorndal K.A. Simulated green turtle grazing affects nutrient composition of the seagrass Thalassia testudinum. Marine Biology 2007, 150:1083-1092.
    • (2007) Marine Biology , vol.150 , pp. 1083-1092
    • Moran, K.1    Bjorndal, K.A.2
  • 39
    • 0028831401 scopus 로고
    • Development of a trawl efficiency device (TED) for Australian prawn fisheries. I. The AusTED design
    • Mounsey R., Baulch G., Buckworth R. Development of a trawl efficiency device (TED) for Australian prawn fisheries. I. The AusTED design. Fisheries Research 1995, 22:99-105.
    • (1995) Fisheries Research , vol.22 , pp. 99-105
    • Mounsey, R.1    Baulch, G.2    Buckworth, R.3
  • 40
    • 0345167620 scopus 로고
    • Grazing of seagrasses by large herbivores in the Caribbean
    • Ogden J., Tighe S., Miller S. Grazing of seagrasses by large herbivores in the Caribbean. American Zoologist 1980, 20:949.
    • (1980) American Zoologist , vol.20 , pp. 949
    • Ogden, J.1    Tighe, S.2    Miller, S.3
  • 42
    • 34547149693 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Extensive direct measurements of Posidonia oceanica defoliation confirm the importance of herbivory in temperate seagrass meadows
    • Prado P., Tomas F., Alcoverro T., Romero J. Extensive direct measurements of Posidonia oceanica defoliation confirm the importance of herbivory in temperate seagrass meadows. Marine Ecology Progress Series 2007, 340:63-71.
    • (2007) Marine Ecology Progress Series , vol.340 , pp. 63-71
    • Prado, P.1    Tomas, F.2    Alcoverro, T.3    Romero, J.4
  • 44
    • 0034987511 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spatial patterns of genetic diversity in Posidonia oceanica, an endemic Mediterranean seagrass
    • Procaccini G., Orsini L., Ruggiero M.V., Scardi M. Spatial patterns of genetic diversity in Posidonia oceanica, an endemic Mediterranean seagrass. Molecular Ecology 2001, 10:1413-1421.
    • (2001) Molecular Ecology , vol.10 , pp. 1413-1421
    • Procaccini, G.1    Orsini, L.2    Ruggiero, M.V.3    Scardi, M.4
  • 45
    • 77956881211 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • -2008. ImageJ. US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
    • Rasband, W.S., 1997-2008. ImageJ. US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
    • (1997)
    • Rasband, W.S.1
  • 46
    • 67349255322 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Disturbance by mowing affects clonal diversity: the genetic structure of Ranunculus ficaria (Ranunculuaceae) in meadows and forests
    • Reisch C., Scheitler S. Disturbance by mowing affects clonal diversity: the genetic structure of Ranunculus ficaria (Ranunculuaceae) in meadows and forests. Plant Ecology 2009, 201:699-707.
    • (2009) Plant Ecology , vol.201 , pp. 699-707
    • Reisch, C.1    Scheitler, S.2
  • 47
    • 1242288085 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Usefulness of the umbrella species concept as a conservation tool
    • Roberge J., Angelstam P. Usefulness of the umbrella species concept as a conservation tool. Conservation Biology 2004, 18:76-85.
    • (2004) Conservation Biology , vol.18 , pp. 76-85
    • Roberge, J.1    Angelstam, P.2
  • 48
    • 22544447716 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Aerial and snorkelling census techniques for estimating green turtle abundance on foraging areas: a pilot study in Mayotte Island (Indian Ocean)
    • Roos D., Pelletier D., Ciccione S., Taquet M., Hughes G. Aerial and snorkelling census techniques for estimating green turtle abundance on foraging areas: a pilot study in Mayotte Island (Indian Ocean). Aquatic Living Resources 2005, 18:193-198.
    • (2005) Aquatic Living Resources , vol.18 , pp. 193-198
    • Roos, D.1    Pelletier, D.2    Ciccione, S.3    Taquet, M.4    Hughes, G.5
  • 50
    • 77956873329 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 2002 IUCN Red List Global Status Assessment, Green Turtle Chelonia mydas. IUCN Marine Turtle Specialist Group Review
    • Seminoff, J., 2002. 2002 IUCN Red List Global Status Assessment, Green Turtle Chelonia mydas. IUCN Marine Turtle Specialist Group Review, p. 93.
    • (2002) , pp. 93
    • Seminoff, J.1
  • 52
    • 33845593995 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Seagrass as pasture for seacows: landscape-level dugong habitat evaluation
    • Sheppard J.K., Lawler I.R., Marsh H. Seagrass as pasture for seacows: landscape-level dugong habitat evaluation. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 2007, 71:117-132.
    • (2007) Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science , vol.71 , pp. 117-132
    • Sheppard, J.K.1    Lawler, I.R.2    Marsh, H.3
  • 53
    • 0002187665 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Methods for the measurement of seagrass growth and production
    • Elsevier, Amsterdam, F.T. Short, R. Coles, C. Short (Eds.)
    • Short F., Duarte C. Methods for the measurement of seagrass growth and production. Global Seagrass Research Methods 2001, 157-182. Elsevier, Amsterdam. F.T. Short, R. Coles, C. Short (Eds.).
    • (2001) Global Seagrass Research Methods , pp. 157-182
    • Short, F.1    Duarte, C.2
  • 54
    • 0031102939 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Flagships, umbrellas, and keystones: is single-species management passe in the landscape era?
    • Simberloff D. Flagships, umbrellas, and keystones: is single-species management passe in the landscape era?. Biological Conservation 1998, 83:247-257.
    • (1998) Biological Conservation , vol.83 , pp. 247-257
    • Simberloff, D.1
  • 55
    • 3042847391 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Community ecology: is it time to move on?
    • Simberloff D. Community ecology: is it time to move on?. American Naturalist 2004, 163:787-799.
    • (2004) American Naturalist , vol.163 , pp. 787-799
    • Simberloff, D.1
  • 58
    • 77956884992 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Marine turtles of Lakshadweep islands in the Arabian sea of India. In: Proceedings of the 22nd Annual Symposium on Sea Turtle Biology and Conservation. NOAA Tech, Memo. NMFS-SEFSC, Miami, Florida USA
    • Tripathy, B., Choudhury, B., Shanker, K., 2002. Marine turtles of Lakshadweep islands in the Arabian sea of India. In: Proceedings of the 22nd Annual Symposium on Sea Turtle Biology and Conservation. NOAA Tech, Memo. NMFS-SEFSC, Miami, Florida USA.
    • (2002)
    • Tripathy, B.1    Choudhury, B.2    Shanker, K.3
  • 60
    • 4143127864 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long-term conservation efforts contribute to positive green turtle Chelonia mydas nesting trend at Tortuguero, Costa Rica
    • Troëng S., Rankin E. Long-term conservation efforts contribute to positive green turtle Chelonia mydas nesting trend at Tortuguero, Costa Rica. Biological Conservation 2005, 121:111-116.
    • (2005) Biological Conservation , vol.121 , pp. 111-116
    • Troëng, S.1    Rankin, E.2
  • 61
    • 84900068775 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The central role of grazing in seagrass ecology
    • Springer, A.W.D. Larkum, R.J. Orth, C.M. Duarte (Eds.)
    • Valentine J., Duffy J. The central role of grazing in seagrass ecology. Seagrasses: Biology, Ecology and Conservation 2006, 463-501. Springer. A.W.D. Larkum, R.J. Orth, C.M. Duarte (Eds.).
    • (2006) Seagrasses: Biology, Ecology and Conservation , pp. 463-501
    • Valentine, J.1    Duffy, J.2
  • 62
    • 0033580059 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Seagrass herbivory: evidence for the continued grazing of marine grasses
    • Valentine J.F., Heck K.L. Seagrass herbivory: evidence for the continued grazing of marine grasses. Marine Ecology Progress Series 1999, 176:291-302.
    • (1999) Marine Ecology Progress Series , vol.176 , pp. 291-302
    • Valentine, J.F.1    Heck, K.L.2
  • 63
    • 34547599816 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Megaparks for metapopulations: addressing the causes of locally high elephant numbers in southern Africa
    • Van Aarde R., Jackson T. Megaparks for metapopulations: addressing the causes of locally high elephant numbers in southern Africa. Biological Conservation 2007, 134:289-297.
    • (2007) Biological Conservation , vol.134 , pp. 289-297
    • Van Aarde, R.1    Jackson, T.2
  • 65
    • 0035526343 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Geostatistical analysis of soil moisture variability on Da Nangou catchment of the loess plateau, China
    • Wang J., Fu B., Qiu Y., Chen L., Wang Z. Geostatistical analysis of soil moisture variability on Da Nangou catchment of the loess plateau, China. Environmental Geology 2001, 41:113-120.
    • (2001) Environmental Geology , vol.41 , pp. 113-120
    • Wang, J.1    Fu, B.2    Qiu, Y.3    Chen, L.4    Wang, Z.5
  • 66
    • 0000853111 scopus 로고
    • Thalassia testudinum productivity and grazing by green turtles in a highly disturbed seagrass bed
    • Williams S. Thalassia testudinum productivity and grazing by green turtles in a highly disturbed seagrass bed. Marine Biology 1988, 98:447-455.
    • (1988) Marine Biology , vol.98 , pp. 447-455
    • Williams, S.1
  • 67
    • 0000793386 scopus 로고
    • Herbivory effects on Thalassia testudinum leaf growth and nitrogen content
    • Zieman J., Iverson R., Ogden J. Herbivory effects on Thalassia testudinum leaf growth and nitrogen content. Marine Ecology Progress Series 1984, 15:151-158.
    • (1984) Marine Ecology Progress Series , vol.15 , pp. 151-158
    • Zieman, J.1    Iverson, R.2    Ogden, J.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.