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Mary E. Pettenger (ed.), The Social Construction of Climate Change: Power, Knowledge, Norms, Discourses (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2007), pp. 23-50, analyzes the political salience of the domestic emission reduction commitment norm.
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Kyoto Protocol ratifications by year: 1998: 5; 1999: 16; 2000: 10; 2001: 15; 2002: 56; 2003: 20; 2004: 12; 2005: 24; 2006: 12; 2007: 4. Available at: http://unfccc.int/files/kyoto_protocol/background/status_of_ratification/application/pdf/kp_ratifcation.pdf (accessed 14 May 2009).
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UNFCCC country ratifications by year: 1992: 9; 1993: 42; 1994: 64; 1995: 35; 1996: 13; 1997: 6; 1998: 6; 1999: 5; 2000: 5; 2001: 1; 2002: 2; 2003: 0; 2004: 1; 2005: 0; 2006: 2; 2007: 0 (author's own data).
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Energy security refers to security of energy supplies, according to the IPCC
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Energy security refers to security of energy supplies, according to the IPCC.
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Other states, such as Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Venezuela, Cuba, Bolivia, Nicaragua and others are also recalcitrant and obstructionist during the negotiations.
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