Greening the security council: Climate change as an emerging "threat to international peace and security"

International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics

Volumn 7, Issue 1, 2007, Pages 35-71

  Penny, Christopher K ^a  

^a CARLETON UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

Author keywords

'threat to international peace and security'; Chapter VII; Charter of the United Nations; Climate change; Enforcement measures; Environment; International law; Security Council; United Nations

Indexed keywords

CLIMATE CHANGE; ENVIRONMENTAL LEGISLATION; INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK; INTERNATIONAL LAW; LEGISLATION; PEACE PROCESS; SECURITY; UNITED NATIONS;

EID: 33847747445     PISSN: 15679764     EISSN: 15731553     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s10784-006-9029-8     Document Type: Article

References (65)

1. Basel Convention on Transboundary Movement of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal, (1989) 28 I.L.M. 657.
2. Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety to the Biodiversity Convention, (2000) 39 I.L.M. 1027.
3. Charter of the United Nations, 26 June 1945, Can. T.S. 1945 No. 7 〈http://www.un.org/aboutun/charter〉
4. International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism, (2000) 39 I.L.M. 270.
5. Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (1998) 37 I.L.M. 22.
6. Montreal Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts Against Civil Aviation, (1971) 974 U.N.T.S. 178.
7. Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, (1987) 26 I.L.M. 1550.
8. Rio Declaration on Environment and Development, (1992) 31 I.L.M. 876.
9. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, (1992) 31 I.L.M. 849.
10. A more secure world: Our shared responsibility: Report of the High-level Panel on Threats, Challenges and Change, UN Doc. A/59/656 (2 December 2004).
11. Annan, K. (2000). 'We the Peoples': The Role of the United Nations in the 21st Century, Millennium Report of the Secretary-General, UN Doc. A/54/2000, 3 April 2000 〈http://www.un.org/millennium/sg/report/full. htm〉
12. Annan, K. (2005). In larger freedom: towards development, security and human rights for all, Report of the Secretary-General, UN Doc. A/59/2005, 21 March 2005 〈http://www.un.org/largerfreedom/reportlargerfreedom. pdf〉
13. General Assembly Resolution 377 (V) (3 November 1950).
14. General Assembly Resolution 2997 (XXVII) (15 December 1972).
15. General Assembly Resolution 49/60 (9 December 1994).
16. General Assembly Resolution 51/210 (17 December 1996).
17. General Assembly Resolution 44/206 (22 December 1989).
18. General Assembly Resolution 60/1 (24 October 2005).
19. Report of the Security Council Committee Established by Resolution 661 (1990) Concerning the Situation between Iraq and Kuwait, UN Doc. S/1996/700 (26 August 1996).
20. Security Council Resolution 161 (21 February 1961).
21. Security Council Resolution 660 (2 August 1990).
22. Security Council Resolution 661 (6 August 1990).
23. Security Council Resolution 678 (29 November 1990).
24. Security Council Resolution 687 (3 April 1991).
25. Security Council Resolution 713 (25 September 1991).
26. Security Council Resolution 715 (11 October 1991).
27. Security Council Resolution 748 (31 March 1992).
28. Security Council Resolution 827 (25 May 1993).
29. Security Council Resolution 955 (8 November 1994).
30. Security Council Resolution 1308 (17 July 2000).
31. Security Council Resolution 1332 (14 December 2000).
32. Security Council Resolution 1368 (12 September 2001).
33. Security Council Resolution 1373 (28 September 2001).
34. Security Council Resolution 1493 (28 July 2003).
35. Security Council Resolution 1528 (27 February 2004).
36. Security Council Resolution 1532 (12 March 2004).
37. Security Council Resolution 1535 (26 March 2004).
38. Security Council Resolution 1539 (22 April 2004).
39. Security Council Resolution 1540 (28 April 2004).
40. Security Council Resolution 1572 (15 November 2004).
41. Security Council Resolution 1591 (29 March 2005).
42. Certain Expenses of the United Nations (Article 17, paragraph 2, of the Charter), Advisory Opinion, [1962] ICJ Reports 151.
43. Corfu Channel Case, Judgment of 9 April 1949, [1949] ICJ Reports 4.
44. Legal Consequences for States of the Continued Presence of South Africa in Namibia (South West Africa) Notwithstanding Security Council Resolution 276 (1970), Advisory Opinion, [1971] I.C.J. Rep. 16.
45. Marbury v. Madison, 5 U.S. 137 (1803).
46. Prosecutor v. Dusko Tadic, Decision on the Defence Motion for Interlocutory Appeal on Jurisdiction, Case No. IT-94-1-AR72 (2 October 1995), (1996) 35 I.L.M. 32.
47. Questions of Interpretation and Application of the 1971 Montreal Convention Arising from the Aerial Incident at Lockerbie (Libya v. UK; Libya v. US), Provisional Measures, [1992] ICJ Reports 3.
48. Reparations for Injuries Suffered in the Service of the United Nations, Advisory Opinion, [1949] ICJ Reports 174.
49. Trail Smelter Arbitration, (1941) 3 R.I.A.A. 1905.
50. An Inconvenient Truth (2006), Dir. David Guggenheim, Paramount Classic Pictures (2006).
51. Bantekas, I. (2003). The international law of terrorist financing. American Journal of International Law, 97(2), 315.
52. Brunnée, J. (2004). The United States and international environmental law: Living with an elephant. European Journal of International Law, 15(4), 617.
53. Government of Canada (2001). Canada's Third National Report on Climate Change: Actions to Meet Commitments Under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change 〈http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/ cannce3.pdf〉.
54. Government of Canada (2005a). Canada's International Policy Statement: A Role of Pride and Influence in the World: Overview, Ottawa 〈http://www.dfait-maeci.gc.ca/cip-pic/IPS/IPS-Over-view.pdf〉
55. Government of Canada (2005b). Canada's International Policy Statement: A Role of Pride and Influence in the World: Defence, Ottawa 〈http://www.forces.gc.ca/site/reports/dps/pdf/dps_e.pdf〉.
56. Hampson, F. et al. (2002). Madness in the multitude: Human security and world disorder. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
57. Homer-Dixon, T. (1999). Environment, Scarcity and Violence (p. 643). Princeton: Princeton University Press.
58. Killaby, LCdr G. (2006). Great game in a cold climate: Canada's Arctic sovereignty in question. Canadian Military Journal, 6(4), 31.
59. Malone, D.M. (2004). Introduction, The UN security council: From the cold war to the 21st century. Boulder, Co.: Lynne Rienner.
60. McNeil, J.R. (2003). Environmental change and security. In M.E. Brown (Ed.), Grave new world: security challenges in the 21st Century (Chapter 8, pp. 178-196). Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press.
61. Ratner, S.R. (2004). The security council and international law. The UN security council: From the cold war to the 21st century (Chapter 37, pp. 591-605). Boulder, Co.: Lynne Rienner
62. Rosand, E. (2003). Security council resolution 1373, the counter-terrorism committee, and the fight against terrorism. American Journal of International Law, 97(2), 333.
63. Salehyan, I. (2005). Refugees, climate change, and instability, Human Security and Climate Change. http://www.cicero.uio.no/humsec/papers/ Salehyan.pdf〉.
64. Simma, B. et al. (Eds.). (2002). The charter of the United Nations: A commentary (2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
65. Szasz, P. (2002). The security council starts legislating. American Journal of International Law, 96(4), 901.