Tropospheric ozone: A continuing threat to global forests?

Developments in Environmental Science

Volumn 3, Issue C, 2003, Pages 85-118

  Percy, K E ^a   Legge, A H ^b   Krupa, S V ^c  

^a NATURAL RESOURCES CANADA   (Canada)

^b Biosphere Solutions   (Canada)

^c UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

HEXAPODA;

EID: 77956736175     PISSN: 14748177     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1016/S1474-8177(03)03004-3     Document Type: Review

References (118)

1. Andersen C.P., and Grulke N.E. Complexities in understanding ecosystem response to ozone stress. Human Ecol. Risk Assess. 7 (2001) 1169-1182
2. Arbaugh M.J., Peterson D.L., and Miller P.R. Air pollution effects on growth of ponderosa pine, jeffrey pine and bigcone Douglas-fir. In: Miller P.R., and McBride J.R. (Eds). Oxidant Air Pollution Impacts in the Montane Forests of Southern California. A Case Study of the San Bernardino Mountains (1999), Springer-Verlag, New York 179-207
3. Ashmore M.R. Air quality guidelines and their role in pollution control policy. In: Bell J.N.B., and Treshow M. (Eds). Air Pollution and Plant Life. 2nd Edition (2002), Wiley, Chichester, England 417-429
4. Ashmore, M.R., Wilson, R.B., 1992. Critical Levels of Air Pollutants for Europe. Background papers prepared for the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe Workshop on Critical Levels, Egham, United Kingdom, March 23-26, 1992. Air Quality Division, Department of the Environment, London, United Kingdom
5. Barnes J.D., Bender J., Lyons T., and Borland A. Natural and man-made selection for air pollution resistance. J. Exp. Bot. 50 (1999) 1423-1435
6. Beck J.P., and Grennfelt P. Estimate of ozone production and destruction over northwestern Europe. Atmos. Environ. 28 (1994) 129-140
7. Blumenthal, D.L., Lurmann, F., Kumar, N., Dye, T., Ray, S., Korc, M., Londergan, R., Moore, G., 1997. Transport and mixing phenomena related to ozone exceedances in the Northeast US. Report STI-996133-1710, Sonoma Technology, Santa Rosa, CA
8. In: Borrell P., Builtjes P.J.H., Hov Ø., and Grennfelt P. (Eds). Photo-oxidants, Acidification and Tools: Policy Applications of EUROTRAC Results. Transport and Chemical Transformation of Pollutants in the Troposphere 10 (1997), Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg
9. Bravo A.H., and Torres J.R. The usefulness of air quality monitoring and air quality impact studies before the introduction of reformulated gasolines in developing countries. Mexico City: a real case study. Atmos. Environ. 34 (2000) 499-506
10. Bull K.R. The critical loads/levels approach to gaseous pollutant emission control. Environ. Pollut. 69 (1991) 105-123
11. In: Bytnerowicz A., Krupa S., and Cox R. (Eds). Proceedings of the International Symposium on Passive Sampling of Gaseous Air Pollutants in Ecological Effects Research. The Scientific World 1 (2001) 461-462 (Preface)
12. Bytnerowicz A., Fenn M.E., Miller P.R., and Arbaugh M.J. Wet and dry pollutant deposition to the mixed conifer forest. In: Miller P.R., and McBride J.R. (Eds). Oxidant Air Pollution Impacts in the Montane Forests of Southern California. A Case Study of the San Bernardino Mountains (1999), Springer-Verlag, New York 235-269
13. Chameides W.L., Kasibhatla P.S., Yienger J., and Levi II H. Growth of continental-scale metro-agro-plexes, regional ozone pollution, and world food production. Science 264 (1994) 74-77
14. CCME (Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment), 2000. Canada-Wide Standards for Particulate Matter (PM) and Ozone. Available at http://www.ccme.ca/assets/pdf/pmozone_standard_e.pdf
15. Chappelka A.H., and Samuelson L.J. Ambient ozone effects on forest trees of the eastern United States: a review. New Phytol. 139 (1998) 91-108
16. Conklin P.L., and Last R.L. Differential accumulation of antioxidant mRNAs in Arabidopsis thaliana exposed to ozone. Plant Physiol. 109 (1995) 203-212
17. Coyle M., Smith R., and Fowler D. An ozone budget for the UK: using measurements from the national ozone monitoring network; measured and modelled metereological data, and a 'big-leaf' resistance analogy model of dry deposition. Environ. Pollut. 123 (2003) 115-123
18. Dann, T., 2001 Trends and levels of CWS Pollutants, Presentation to an AWMA Speciality Conference on Canada Wide Standards, Toronto, March 7, 2001
19. deBauer M.L., Tejeda T.H., and Manning W.J. Ozone causes needle injury and tree decline in Pinus hartwegii at high altitudes in the mountains around Mexico City. J. Air Pollut. Control. Assoc. 35 (1985) 838
20. Derwent R., Collins W., Johnson C., and Stevenson D. Global ozone concentrations and regional air quality. Environ. Sci. Technol. 36 (2002) 379-382
21. Emberson L.D., Ashmore M.R., Murray F., Kuylenstierna J.C.I., Percy K.E., Izuta T., Zheng Y., Shimizu H., Sheu H., Liu C.P., Agrawal M., Wahid M., Abdel-latif N.M., van Tienhoven M.N., de Bauer L.I., and Domingos M. Impacts of air pollutants on vegetation in developing countries. Water Air Soil Pollut. 130 (2001) 107-118
22. EFI (European Forest Institute), 2002. Nitrogen deposition appears to be the main cause of increased forest growth in Europe, http://www.efi.fi/news/2002/recognition.html
23. Fangmeier A., Bender J., Weigel H.-J., and Jäger H.-J. Effects of pollutant mixtures. In: Bell J.N.B., and Treshow M. (Eds). Air Pollution and Plant Life. 2nd Edition (2002), Wiley, Chichester, England 251-272
24. Federal Register, 1997. National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Ozone, Rules and Regulations, Environmental Protection Agency, 40 CFR Part 50, Final Rule. 62(138), July 18, 1997, p. 38856
25. Ferretti M., Bussotti F., Cenni E., and Cozzi A. Implementation of quality assurance procedures in the Italian programs of forest condition monitoring. Water Air Soil Pollut. 116 (1999) 371-376
26. Finlayson-Pitts B.J., and Pitts Jr. J.N. Chemistry of the Upper and Lower Atmosphere (2000), Academic Press, San Diego, CA
27. Fowler D., Cape J.N., Coyle M., Flechard C., Kuylenstierna J., Hicks K., Derwent D., Johnson C., and Stevenson D. The global exposure of forests to air pollutants. Water Air Soil Pollut. 116 (1999) 5-32
28. Fuhrer, J., Achermann, B. (Eds.), 1994. Critical Levels for Ozone - A UN-ECE Workshop Report. UN-ECE Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution. Bern, Switzerland, November 1-4, 1993. Federal Research Station for Agricultural Chemistry and Environmental Hygiene, Liebefeld-Bern, Switzerland
29. Fuhrer, J., Achermann, B. (Eds.), 1999. Critical Levels for Ozone - Level II, UN-ECE Workshop Report. UN-ECE Convention of Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution. Gerzensee, Switzerland, April 11-15, 1999. Swiss Agency for the Environment, Forests and Landscape, Berne, Switzerland
30. In: Fox S., and Mickler R.A. (Eds). Impact of Air Pollutants on Southern Pine Forests (1996), Springer-Verlag, New York
31. Guenther A., Geron C., Pierce T., Lamb B., Harley P., and Fall R. Natural emissions of non-methane volatile organic compounds, carbon monoxide, and oxides of nitrogen from North America. Atmos. Environ. 34 (2000) 2205-2230
32. Guinnup, D., Collom, R., 1997. Final Report: Summary and Integration of Results. Air Quality Analysis Workgroup, Ozone Transport Assessment Group, Ozone Transport Commission. Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, US EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC
33. Haagen-Smit A.J., Brunelle M.F., and Haagen-Smit J.W. Ozone cracking in the Los Angeles area. Rubber Chem. Technol. 32 (1952) 1134-1142
34. Heath R.L. Biochemical processes in an ecosystem: How should they be measured?. Water Air Soil Pollut. 116 (1999) 279-298
35. Heggestad H.E., and Middleton J.T. Ozone in high concentrations as cause of tobacco leaf injury. Science 129 (1959) 208-210
36. Hidy G.M. Atmospheric Sulfur and Nitrogen Oxides (1994), Academic Press, San Diego, CA
37. Hjellbrekke, A.-G., Solberg, S., 2002. Ozone measurements 2000, EMEP/CCC Report 5/2002, Kjeller, Norway
38. Houzeau A. Preuve de la présence dans l'atmosphère d'un nouveau principe gazeux, l'oxygène naissant. C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris 46 (1858) 89-91
39. IUAPPA (International Union of Air Pollution Prevention and Environmental Protection Associations). Clean Air Around the World-National Approaches to Air Pollution Control. 3rd Edition (1995), IUAPPA, Brighton, England
40. Janach W.E. Surface ozone: trend details, seasonal variations, and interpretation. J. Geophys. Res. 94 (1989) 18289-18295
41. Jáuregui E. The climate of the Mexico City air basin: its effects on the formation and transport of pollutants. In: Fenn M.E., de Bauer L.I., and Hernández-Tejeda T. (Eds). Urban Air Pollution: Resources at Risk in the Mexico City Air Basin (2002), Springer-Verlag, New York 86-117
42. Jenkin M.E., and Clemitshaw K.C. Ozone and other secondary photochemical pollutants: chemical processes governing their formation in the planetary boundary layer. Atmos. Environ. 34 (2000) 2499-2527
43. Kärenlampi, L., Skärby, L., 1996. Critical Levels for Ozone in Europe: Testing and Finalizing the Concepts, UN-ECE Workshop Report. UN-ECE Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution. Kuopio, Finland, April 15-17,1996. Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, University of Kuopio, Kuopio, Finland
44. Karlsson, P.E., Selldén, G., Pleijel, H., (Eds.) 2003. Establishing Ozone Critical Levels II. UNECE Workshop Report. IVL Report B 1523. IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute, Gothenburg, Sweden
45. 3 on trembling aspen: results from the aspen FACE experiment. Funct. Ecol. 17 (2003) 289-304
46. Khuri A.I., and Cornell J.A. Response Surfaces: Designs and Analyses. 2nd Edition (1996), Marcel Dekker, New York
47. Kickert R.N., and Krupa S.V. Modeling plant response to tropospheric ozone: A critical review. Environ. Pollut. 70 (1991) 271-383
48. Kley D., Kleinmann M., Sandermann H., and Krupa S. Photochemical oxidants: state of the science. Environ. Pollut. 100 (1999) 19-42
49. Koch J.R., Creelman R.A., Eshita S.M., Seskar M., Mullet J.E., and Davis K.R. Ozone sensitivity in hybrid poplar correlates with insensitivity to both salicylic acid and jasmonic acid. The role of programmed cell death in lesion formation. Plant Physiol. 123 (2000) 487-496
50. Kolb T.E., and Matyssek R. Limitations and perspectives about scaling ozone impacts in trees. Environ. Pollut. 115 (2001) 373-393
51. Krupa S.V. Air Pollution, People and Plants (1997), APS Press, St. Paul, MN
52. Krupa S.V. Commentary: Ultraviolet (UV)-B radiation, ozone and plant biology. Environ. Pollut. 110 (2000) 193-194
53. Krupa S.V., and de Bauer L.I. La Ciudad dana los Pinos del Ajusco. Panagfa 4 (1976) 5-7
54. 3) and adverse crop response. Environ. Rev. 5 (1997) 55-77
55. Krupa S.V., and Legge A.H. Passive sampling of ambient, gaseous air pollutants: an assessment from an ecological perspective. Environ. Pollut. 107 (2000) 31
56. 3) measurement data in ecological effects research. The Scientific World 1 (2001) 593-601
57. 3) samplers in vegetation effects assessment. Environ. Pollut. 112 (2001) 303-309
58. Krupa S.V., Tonneijck A.E.G., and Manning W.J. Ozone. In: Flagler R.B. (Ed). Recognition of Air Pollution Injury to Vegetation: A Pictorial Atlas. 2nd Edition (1998), Air and Waste Management Association, Pittsburg, PA 1-28
59. 3) concentrations. Environ. Pollut. 124 (2003) 173-178
60. LADCO, 1995. Lake Michigan Ozone Study: Lake Michigan Ozone Control Program, Vol. II-Technical Data Base. Lake Michigan Air Directors Consortium, Des Plaines, II
61. In: Legge A.H., and Krupa S.V. (Eds). Acidic Deposition: Sulphur and Nitrogen Oxides (1990), Lewis Publishers, Chelsea, MI
62. Legge A.H., Grunhäge L., Nosal M., Jäger H.-J., and Krupa S.V. Ambient ozone and adverse crop response: An evaluation of North American and European data as they relate to exposure indices and critical levels. Angew. Bot. 69 (1995) 192-205
63. Longauer R., Gomory D., Paule L., Karnosky D.F., Mankovska B., Muller-Starck G., Percy K., and Szaro R. Selection effects of air pollution on gene pools of Norway spruce, European Silver fir and European beech. Environ. Pollut. 115 (2001) 405-411
64. Marenco A., Gouget H., Nédélec P., Pagés J.P., and Karcher F. Evidence of a long-term increase in tropospheric ozone from Pic du Midi data series: Consequences: Positive radiative forcing. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 99 (1994) 16617-16632
65. Manning W.J., and Krupa S.V. Experimental methodology for studying the effects of ozone on crops and trees. In: Lefohn A.S. (Ed). Surface Level Ozone Exposures and their Effects on Vegetation (1992), Lewis Publishers, Chelsea, MI 93-156
66. Matyssek R., and Innes J.L. Ozone: a risk factor for trees and forests in Europe?. Water Air Soil Pollut. 116 (1999) 199-226
67. Mauzerall D.L., and Wang X. Protecting agricultural crops from the effects of tropospheric ozone exposure: reconciling science and standard setting in the United States, Europe and Asia. Annu. Rev. Energy Environ. 26 (2001) 237-268
68. Mazzali C., Angelino E., Gerosa G., and Ballarin-Denti A. Ozone risk assessment and mapping in the Alps based on data from passive samplers. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Passive Sampling of Gaseous Air Pollutants in Ecological Effects Research. The Scientific World 1 (2002) 1023-1035
69. 3 in aggrading aspen stands. Funct. Ecol. 16 (2002) 792-801
70. McKendry I.G., Steyn D.G., Lundgren J., Hoff R.M., Strapp W., Anlauf K.G., Froude F., Martin J.B., Banta R.M., and Oliver L.D. Elevated ozone layers and vertical downmixing over the Lower Fraser Valley, British Columbia. Atmos. Environ. 31 (1997) 2135-2146
71. McLaughlin S.B., and Percy K.E. Forest health in North America: some perspectives on potential roles of climate and air pollution. Water Air Soil Pollut. 116 (1999) 151-197
72. McLaughlin S.B., and Downing D.J. Interactive effects of ambient ozone and climate measured on growth of mature forest trees. Nature 374 (1995) 252-254
73. McLaughlin S.B., and Downing D.J. Interactive effects of ambient ozone and climate measured on growth of mature loblolly pine trees. Can. J. Forest Res. 26 (1996) 670-681
74. Middleton J.T., Kendrick J.B., and Schwalm H.W. Injury to herbaceous plants by smog or air pollution. Plant Disease Rep. 34 (1950) 245-252
75. Miller P.R. Response of forests to ozone in a changing atmospheric environment. J. Appl. Bot. (Angew. Bot.) 67 (1993) 42-46
76. In: Miller P.R., and McBride J.R. (Eds). Oxidant Air Pollution Impacts in the Montane Forests of Southern California. A Case Study of the San Bernardino Mountains (1999), Springer-Verlag, New York
77. Miller P.R., McBride J.R., Schiling S.L., and Gomez A.P. Trend in ozone damage to conifer forests between 1974 and 1988 in the San Bernardino Mountains in southern California. In: Olson R.K., and Lefohn A.S. (Eds). Transactions Air and Waste Management Association symposium, Effects of Air Pollution on Western Forests (1989), Air & Waste Management Association, Pittsburgh, PA 309-323
78. Miller P.R., de Bauer L.I., and Hernández-Tejeda T. Oxidant exposure and effects on pines in forests in the Mexico City and Los Angeles, California air basins. In: Fenn M.E., de Bauer L.I., and Hernández-Tejeda T. (Eds). Urban Air Pollution and Forests: Resources at Risk in the Mexico City Air Basin. Ecol. Study Series (2002), Springer-Verlag, New York 225-242
79. Mullineaux P., and Creissen G. Manipulating oxidative stress responses using transgenic plants: successes and dangers. In: Altman A., Ziv M., Izhar S., and Plant S. (Eds). Biotechnology and In Vitro Biology in the 21st Century (1999), Kluwer Academic Publishers, Amsterdam 525-532
80. Myers R.H. Response Surface Methodology (1971), Allyn and Bacon, Boston
81. NARSTO (North American Research Strategy for Tropospheric Ozone). The Narsto Ozone Assessment-Critical Reviews. Atmos. Environ. 34 (2000) 1853-2332
82. Niccum E.M., Lehrman D.E., and Knuth W.R. The influence of meteorology on the air quality in the San Luis Obispo County-Southwestern San Joaquin Valley Region for 3-6 August 1990. Special Issue for the Regional Photochemical Measurement and Modeling Studies Specialty Conference. J. Appl. Meteorol. 34 (1995) 1834-1847
83. Nosal M., Legge A.H., and Krupa S.V. Application of a stochastic, Weibull probability generator for replacing missing data on ambient concentrations of gaseous pollutatants. Environ. Pollut. 108 (2000) 439-446
84. 3 tolerance. For. Genet. 7 (2000) 339-342
85. Percy K.E. Is air pollution an important factor in forest health?. In: Szaro R.C., Bytnerowicz A., and Oszlanyi J. (Eds). Effects of Air Pollution on Forest Health and Biodiversity in Forests of the Carpathian Mountains (2002), IOS Press, Amsterdam 23-42
86. 3-enriched atmospheres. Nature 420 (2002) 403-407
87. Pisano J.T., McKendry I., Steyn D.G., and Hastie D.R. Vertical nitrogen dioxide and ozone concentrations measured from a tethered balloon in the Lower Fraser Valley. Atmos. Environ. 31 (1997) 2071-2078
88. Ramaswamy V., Boucher O., Haigh J., Hauglustaine D., Haywood J., Myhre G., Nakajima T., Shi G.Y., and Solomon S. Radiative forcing of climate change. In: Houghton J.T., Ding Y., Griggs D.J., Noguer M., van der Linden P.J., Dai X., Maskell K., and Johnson C.A. (Eds). Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis (2001), Cambridge Univ. Press, New York 350-416
89. Reid, N.W., 1994. The Southern Ontario Study (SONTOS): Data Report, Summer Field Campaign 1993 (13 July to 27 August 1993). Ministry of the Environment and Energy, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
90. Reid N.W., Niki H., Hastie D., Shepson P., Roussel P., Melo O., Mackay G., Drummond J., Schiff H., Poissant L., and Moroz W. The Southern Ontario Study (SONTOS): Overview and case studies for 1992. Atmos. Environ. 30 (1996) 2125-2132
91. Richards B.L., Middleton J.T., and Hewitt W.B. Air pollution with relation to agronomic crops. V. Oxidant stipple of grape. Agron. J. 50 (1958) 559-561
92. Roberts, P.T., Coe, D.L., Dye, T.S., Ray, S.E., Arthur, M., 1996. Summary of Measurements Obtained during the 1996 Paso Del Norte Ozone Study, Final Report. Report STI-996191-1603-FR, Sonoma Technology, Santa Rosa, CA
93. Roussel P.B., Lin X., Camacho F., Laszlo S., Taylor R., Melo O.T., Shepson P.B., Hastie D.R., and Niki H. Observations of ozone and precursor levels at two sites around Toronto, Ontario, during SONTOS 92. Atmos. Environ. 30 (1996) 2145-2155
94. Samuelson L., and Kelly J.M. Scaling ozone effects from seedlings to forest trees. New Phytol. 149 (2001) 21-41
95. Sandermann H. Ozone and plant health. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 34 (1996) 347-366
96. In: Sandermann H., Wellburn A.R., and Heath R.L. (Eds). Forest Decline and Ozone: A Comparison of Controlled Chamber and Field Experiments (1997), Springer-Verlag, New York
97. Sandroni S., Anfossi D., and Viarengo S. Surface ozone levels at the end of the nineteenth century in South America. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 97 (1992) 2535-2539
98. Schjoldager J. Ambient ozone measurements in Norway, 1975-1979. JAPCA 31 (1981) 1187-1190
99. Schraudner M., Moeder W.V., Camp W., Inzé D., Langebartels C., and Sandermann H. Ozone-induced oxidative burst in the ozone biomonitor plant tobacco W3. Plant J. 16 (1998) 235-245
100. Schönbein C.F. Recherches sur la nature de l'odeur qui se manifeste dans certaines actions chimiques. C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris 10 (1840) 706-710
101. Sheffield R.M., and Cost N.D. Behind the decline: why are natural pine stands in the Southeast growing slower?. J. Forests 85 (1987) 29-33
102. x and hydrocarbons in urban and polluted rural environments. Atmos. Environ. 33 (1999) 1821-1846
103. Skarby L., Ro-Poulson H., Wellburn F.A.M., and Sheppard L.J. Impacts of ozone on forests: a European perspective. New Phytol. 139 (1998) 109-122
104. Snedcor G.W., and Cochran W.G. Statistical Methods (1978), Iowa State Univ. Press, Ames, IA, USA
105. Solomon P., Cowling E., Hidy G., and Furiness C. Special Issue: the NARSTO Ozone Assessment-Critical Reviews. Comparison of Scientific Findings from Major Ozone Field Studies in North America and Europe. Environ. Pollut. 34 (2000) 1885-1920
106. Takemoto B.K., Bytnerowicz A., and Fenn M.E. Current and future effects of ozone and atmospheric nitrogen deposition on California's mixed conifer forests. Forest Ecol. Manag. 144 (2001) 159-173
107. Tema Nord, 1994. Critical Levels for Tropospheric Ozone-Concepts and Criteria Tested for Nordic Conditions. L. Skärby (Coordinator). Nordic Council of Ministers, Copenhagen, Denmark
108. Thuillier, R.H., 1997. Summary Description of Meteorological Conditions During SJVAQS/AUSPEX, Final Report. Research and Development, Report 005-97.7, Pacific Gas and Electric Company, San Ramon, CA
109. + channels implicated in stomatal opening. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 96 (1999) 13577-13582
110. Trainer M., Parrish D.D., Goldan P.D., Roberts J., and Fehsenfeld F.C. Review of observation-based analysis of the regional factors influencing ozone concentrations. Atmos. Environ. 34 (2000) 2045-2061
111. Tuovinen J.-P. Assessing vegetation exposure to ozone: is it possible to estimate AOT40 by passive sampling?. Environ. Pollut. 119 (2002) 203-214
112. UN-ECE, 1988. ECE Critical Levels Workshop, Final Draft Report. Bad Harzburg, Federal Republic of Germany, March 14-18, 1988
113. UN-ECE and EC 2002. The Condition of Forests in Europe: 2002 Executive Report, Federal Research Centre for Forestry and Forest Products (BFH), Germany
114. UN-ECE and EC, 2003. 2003 Executive Report: The Condition of Forests in Europe. Federal Research Centre for Forestry and Forest Products (BFH), Germany (in press)
115. US EPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency), 1996. Air Quality Criteria for Ozone and Other Photochemical Oxidants, Vol. II. US EPA, National Center for Environmental Assessment, Research Triangle Park, NC, EPA-600/P-93/00bF. United States Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C
116. US EPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency), 2002. Ground-level ozone: nature and sources of the pollutant. Available at http://www.epa.gov/airtrends/ozone.html. United States Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C
117. Volz A., and Kley D. Evaluation of the Montsouris series of ozone measurements made in the nineteenth century. Nature 332 (1988) 240-242
118. Woodwell G.M. The threshold problem in ecosystems. In: Levin S.A. (Ed). Ecosystem Analysis and Prediction (1975), Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, Philadelphia, PA 9-21