Drug-eluting stents

International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine

Volumn 3, Issue 3, 2010, Pages 192-201

  Ma, Xiaodong ^a,b   Wu, Tim ^a,b   Robich, Michael P ^c   Wang, Xingwei ^a   Wu, Hao ^b   Buchholz, Bryan ^a   McCarthy, Stephen ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS LOWELL   (United States)

^b VasoTech Inc   (United States)

^c HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

Author keywords

Drug eluting stents; Restenosis; Thrombosis

Indexed keywords

ALBUMIN; BEVACIZUMAB; BIOLIMUS A9; BIOMATRIX; DOCETAXEL; EVEROLIMUS; MAGNETIC NANOPARTICLE; MAMMALIAN TARGET OF RAPAMYCIN INHIBITOR; NABORI; NANOPARTICLE; NITINOL; PACLITAXEL; PHOSPHORYLCHOLINE; PIMECROLIMUS; POLYLACTIDE; POLYMER; RAPAMYCIN; RAPAMYCIN DERIVATIVE; STAINLESS STEEL; TACROLIMUS; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; ZOTAROLIMUS;

BARE METAL STENT; CAUSE OF DEATH; CLINICAL EFFECTIVENESS; CLINICAL TRIAL; CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE; DISEASE SEVERITY; DRUG ABSORPTION; DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG ELUTING STENT; DRUG MECHANISM; DRUG RELEASE; DRUG SAFETY; DRUG SOLUBILITY; HUMAN; IN-STENT RESTENOSIS; INTERMETHOD COMPARISON; INTERVENTIONAL CARDIOVASCULAR PROCEDURE; REVIEW; STENT THROMBOSIS;

EID: 77956644077     PISSN: None     EISSN: 19405901     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (103)

1. Brener SJ. Insights into the pathophysiology of ST-elevation myocardial infarction. American Heart Journal 2006; 151: S4-S10.
2. Pendyala L, Jabara R, Shinke T, Chronos N, Robinson K, Li J and Hou D. Drug-Eluting Stents: Present and Future. Cardiovascular & Hematological Agents in Medicinal Chemistry 2008; 6: 105-115.
3. Petersen S, Peto V, Rayner M, Leal J, Luengo-Fernandez R and Gray A. European cardiovascular disease statistics: 2005 edition. Brussels: European Union p100.
4. Grüntzig A. Transluminal dilatation of coronaryartery stenosis. Lancet 1978; 1: 263.
5. Serruys PW, De Jaegere P, Kiemeneij F, Macaya C, Rutsch W, Heyndrickx G, Emanuelsson H, Marco J, Legrand V and Materne P. A comparison of balloon-expandable-stent implantation with balloon angioplasty in patients with coronary artery disease. Benestent Study Group. New England Journal of Medicine 1994; 331: 489-495.
6. Fischman DL, Leon MB, Baim DS, Schatz RA, Savage MP, Penn I, Detre K, Veltri L, Ricci D and Nobuyoshi M. A randomized comparison of coronary-stent placement and balloon angioplasty in the treatment of coronary artery disease. New England Journal of Medicine 1994; 331: 496-501.
7. Holmes Jr DR, Vlietstra RE, Smith HC, Vetrovec GW, Kent KM, Cowley MJ, Faxon DP, Gruentzig AR, Kelsey SF and Detre KM. Restenosis after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA): a report from the PTCA Registry of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. The American Journal of Cardiology 1984; 53: 77C-81C.
8. Sigwart U, Puel J, Mirkovitch V, Joffre F and Kappenberger L. Intravascular stents to prevent occlusion and restenosis after transluminal angioplasty. New England Journal of Medicine 1987; 316: 701-706.
9. Kimmel SE, Localio AR, Krone RJ and Laskey WK. The effects of contemporary use of coronary stents on in-hospital mortality. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 2001; 37: 499-504.
10. Kimmel SE, Localio AR, Brensinger C, Miles C, Hirshfeld J, Haber HL and Strom BL. Effects of coronary stents on cardiovascular outcomes in broad-based clinical practice. Archives of Internal Medicine 2000; 160: 2593-2599.
11. Sousa JE, Costa MA, Abizaid A, Abizaid AS, Feres F, Pinto IMF, Seixas AC, Staico R, Mattos LA, Sousa AGMR, Falotico R, Jaeger J, Popma JJ and Serruys PW. Lack of Neointimal Proliferation After Implantation of Sirolimus-Coated Stents in Human Coronary Arteries: A Quantitative Coronary Angiography and Three- Dimensional Intravascular Ultrasound Study. Circulation 2001; 103: 192-195.
12. Morice MC, Serruys PW, Sousa JE, Fajadet J, Ban Hayashi E, Perin M, Colombo A, Schuler G, Barragan P and Guagliumi G. A randomized comparison of a sirolimus-eluting stent with a standard stent for coronary revascularization. N Engl J Med. 2002; 346: 1773-1780.
13. Moses JW, Leon MB, Popma JJ, Fitzgerald PJ, Holmes DR, O'Shaughnessy C, Caputo RP, Kereiakes DJ, Williams DO and Teirstein PS. Sirolimus-eluting stents versus standard stents in patients with stenosis in a native coronary artery. N Engl J Med. 2003; 349: 1315-1323.
14. Stone GW, Ellis SG, Cox DA, Hermiller J, O'Shaughnessy C, Mann JT, Turco M, Caputo R, Bergin P and Greenberg J. A polymer-based, paclitaxel-eluting stent in patients with coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med. 2004; 350: 221-231.
15. Stone GW, Ellis SG, Cannon L, Mann JT, Greenberg JD, Spriggs D, O'Shaughnessy CD, DeMaio S, Hall P, Popma JJ, Koglin J, Russell ME and for the TVI. Comparison of a polymer-based paclitaxel-eluting stent with a bare metal stent in patients with complex coronary artery disease: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2005; 294: 1215-1223.
16. Aziz S, Morris J and Perry R. Late stent thrombosis associated with coronary aneurysm formation after sirolimus-eluting stent implantation. J. Invasive. Cardiol. 2007; 19: E96-98.
17. Camenzind E. Treatment of in-stent restenosis-- back to the future? N Engl J Med. 2006; 355: 2149-2151.
18. Pfisterer ME. The BASKET-LATE-Study. Basel stent cost-effectiveness trial--late thrombotic events trial. Herz 2006; 31: 259.
19. Camenzind E, Steg PG and Wijns W. Stent thrombosis late after implantation of firstgeneration drug-eluting stents: a cause for concern. Circulation 2007; 115: 1440-1455.
20. Kim H-L, Park K-W, Kwak J-J, Kim Y-S, Sir J-J, Lee S-J, Lee H-Y, Chang H-J, Kang H-J, Cho Y-S, Chung W-Y, Chae I-H, Choi D-J, Kim H-S, Oh B-H, Park Y-B and Koo B-K. Stent-related cardiac events after non-cardiac surgery: Drug-eluting stent vs. bare metal stent. International Journal of Cardiology 2008; 123: 353-354.
21. Lagerqvist B, James SK, Stenestrand U, Lindback J, Nilsson T and Wallentin L. Long-term outcomes with drug-eluting stents versus baremetal stents in Sweden. New England Journal of Medicine 2007; 356: 1009-1119.
22. Steinberg DH and Waksman R. Drug-Eluting Stent Thrombosis vs Bare Metal Stent Restenosis: Finding the Lesser of Two Evils. The American Heart Hospital Journal 2007; 5: 151-154.
23. Morton AC, Crossman D and Gunn J. The influence of physical stent parameters upon restenosis. Pathologie Biologie 2004; 52: 196-205.
24. Kastrati A, Mehilli J, Dirschinger J, Dotzer F, Schühlen H, Neumann F-J, Fleckenstein M, Pfafferott C, Seyfarth M and Schömig A. Intracoronary Stenting and Angiographic Results: Strut Thickness Effect on Restenosis Outcome (ISAR-STEREO) Trial. Circulation 2001; 103: 2816-2821.
25. Pache J, Kastrati A, Mehilli J, Schühlen H, Dotzer F, Hausleiter J, Fleckenstein M, Neumann F-J, Sattelberger U, Schmitt C, Müller M, Dirschinger J and Schömig A. Intracoronary stenting and angiographic results: strut thickness effect on restenosis outcome (ISARSTEREO- 2) trial. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 2003; 41: 1283-1288.
26. Joner M, Nakazawa G, Finn AV, Quee SC, Coleman L, Acampado E, Wilson PS, Skorija K, Cheng Q, Xu X, Gold HK, Kolodgie FD and Virmani R. Endothelial cell recovery between comparator polymer-based drug-eluting stents. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 2008; 52: 333-342.
27. Evans LW, Doran P and Marco P. XTENT® Custom NX™ drug eluting stent systems. EuroIntervention 2007; 3: 158-161.
28. Aoki JO, Andrew T. L., Abizaid A, Tien HP, Bonnier H, Mcclean DR, Verheye S, Belardi J, Condado JA, Pieper M, Sousa JE, Bressers M, Symons J, Litvack F, Sianos G and Serruys PW. One-year clinical outcome of various doses and pharmacokinetic release formulations of paclitaxel eluted from an erodable polymer-insight in the paclitaxel in-stent controlled elution study (PISCES). EuroIntervention 2005; 1: 165-172.
29. Serruys PW, Sianos G, Abizaid A, Aoki J, den Heijer P, Bonnier H, Smits P, McClean D, Verheye S, Belardi J, Condado J, Pieper M, Gambone L, Bressers M, Symons J, Sousa E and Litvack F. The effect of variable dose and release kinetics on neointimal hyperplasia using a novel paclitaxel-eluting stent platform: the paclitaxel in-stent controlled elution study (PISCES). J Am Coll Cardiol 2005; 46: 253-260.
30. Wataha JC, Lockwood PE, Marek M and Ghazi M. Ability of Ni-containing biomedical alloys to activate monocytes and endothelial cells in vitro. Mater Res 1999; 45: 251-257.
31. Abizaid AC, José DRC, Whitbourn RJ and Chang JC. The CardioMind coronary stent delivery system: stent delivery on a.014 guidewire platform. EuroIntervention 2007; 3: 154-157.
32. Grube E, Buellesfeld L, Neumann FJ, Verheye S, Abizaid A, McClean D, Mueller R, Lansky A, Mehran R, Costa R, Gerckens U, Trauthen B and Fitzgerald PJ. Six-Month Clinical and Angiographic Results of a Dedicated Drug-Eluting Stent for the Treatment of Coronary Bifurcation Narrowings. The American Journal of Cardiology 2007; 99: 1691-1697.
33. Stack RS, Califf RM, Phillips HR, Pryor DB, Quigley PJ, Bauman RP, Tcheng JE and Greenfield Jr JC. Interventional cardiac catheterization at Duke Medical Center. American Journal of Cardiology 1988; 62: 3F-24F.
34. Hideo T, MD, Igaki K, Eisho K, MD, Kunihiko K, MD, Akiyoshi K, MD, Shigeo M, MD, Hidenori K, MD, Takafumi T, MD, Seiichiro M, MD and Hiromu U, MD. Initial and 6-Month Results of Biodegradable Poly-l-Lactic Acid Coronary Stents in Humans. Circulation 2000; 102: 399-404.
35. Douek PC, Correa R, Neville R, Unger EF, Shou M, Banai S, Ferrans VJ, Epstein SE, Leon MB and Bonner RF. Dose-dependent smooth muscle cell proliferation induced by thermal injury with pulsed infrared lasers. Circulation 1992; 86: 1249-1256.
36. Ormiston JA, Serruys PW, Regar E, Dudek D, Thuesen L, Webster MWI, Onuma Y, Garcia-Garcia HM, McGreevy R and Veldhof S. A bioabsorbable everolimus-eluting coronary stent system for patients with single de-novo coronary artery lesions (ABSORB): a prospective open-label trial. The Lancet 2008; 371: 899-907.
37. Serruys PW, Ormiston JA, Onuma Y, Regar E, Gonzalo N, Garcia-Garcia HM, Nieman K, Bruining N, Dorange C, Miquel-Hébert K, Veldhof S, Webster M, Thuesen L and Dudek D. A bioabsorbable everolimus-eluting coronary stent system (ABSORB): 2-year outcomes and results from multiple imaging methods. The Lancet 2009; 373: 897-910.
38. Ron W. Update on Bioabsorbable Stents: From Bench to Clinical. Journal of Interventional Cardiology 2006; 19: 414-421.
39. Schultz R. REVA Medical, Inc. Bioresorbable Technology. Cardiovascular Research Technologies Annual Meeting 2006;
40. Brown DA, Lee EW, Loh CT and Kee ST. A New Wave in Treatment of Vascular Occlusive Disease: Biodegradable Stents--Clinical Experience and Scientific Principles. Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology 2009; 20: 315-324.
41. Sharkawi T, Cornhill F, Lafont A, Sabaria P and Vert M. Intravascular bioresorbable polymeric stents: A potential alternative to current drug eluting metal stents. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 2007; 96: 2829-2837.
42. Bosiers M, Deloose K, Verbist J and Peeters P. Will absorbable metal stent technology change our practice? Journal of cardiovascular surgery 2006; 47: 393-397.
43. Di Mario C, Griffiths H, Goktekin O, Peeters N, Verbist JAN, Bosiers M, Deloose K, Heublein B, Rohde R and Kasese V. Drug-eluting bioabsorbable magnesium stent. Journal of Interventional Cardiology 2004; 17: 391-395.
44. Erbel R, Di Mario C, Bartunek J, Bonnier J, de Bruyne B, Eberli FR, Erne P, Haude M, Heublein B and Horrigan M. Temporary scaffolding of coronary arteries with bioabsorbable magnesium stents: a prospective, non-randomised multicentre trial. Lancet 2007; 369: 1869-1875.
45. Virmani R, Guagliumi G, Farb A, Musumeci G, Grieco N, Motta T, Mihalcsik L, Tespili M, Valsecchi O and Kolodgie FD. Localized hypersensitivity and late coronary thrombosis secondary to a sirolimus-eluting stent should we be cautious? Circulation 2004; 109: 701-705.
46. Finn AV, Nakazawa G, Joner M, Kolodgie FD, Mont EK, Gold HK and Virmani R. Vascular Responses to Drug Eluting Stents: Importance of Delayed Healing. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 2007; 27: 1500-1510.
47. Tsuchida K, Piek JJ, Neumann FJ, Van Der Giessen WJ, Wienler M, Zeiher AM, Grube E, Haase J, Thuesen L and Hamm CW. One-year results of a durable polymer everolimus-eluting stent in fife novo coronary narrowings(the SPIRIT FIRST Trial). EuroIntervention 2005; 1: 266-272.
48. Fajadet J, Wijns W, Laarman GJ, Kuck KH, Ormiston J, Munzel T, Popma JJ, Fitzgerald PJ, Bonan R and Kuntz RE. Randomized, Double- Blind, Multicenter Study of the Endeavor Zotarol imus-Elut ing Phosphorylcho l ine- Encapsulated Stent for Treatment of Native Coronary Artery Lesions: Clinical and Angiographic Results of the ENDEAVOR II Trial. Circulation 2006; 114: 798-806.
49. Stone GW, Midei M, Newman W, Sanz M, Hermiller JB, Williams J, Farhat N, Mahaffey KW, Cutlip DE, Fitzgerald PJ, Sood P, Su X, Lansky AJ and for the SIIII. Comparison of an Everolimus-Eluting Stent and a Paclitaxel-Eluting Stent in Patients With Coronary Artery Disease: A Randomized Trial. JAMA 2008; 299: 1903-1913.
50. Kandzari DE, Leon MB, Popma JJ, Fitzgerald PJ, O'Shaughnessy C, Ball MW, Turco M, Applegate RJ, Gurbel PA and Midei MG. Comparison of Zotarolimus-Eluting and Sirolimus-Eluting Stents in Patients With Native Coronary Artery Disease A Randomized Controlled Trial. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 2006; 48: 2440-2447.
51. Slottow TLP, Steinberg DH and Waksman R. Overview of the 2007 Food and Drug Administration Circulatory System Devices Panel Meeting on Patent Foramen Ovale Closure Devices. Circulation 2007; 116: 677-682.
52. Meredith IT, Ormiston J, Whitbourn R, Kay IP, Muller D, Popma JJ, Cutlip DE and Fitzgerald PJ. Four-Year Clinical Follow-Up After Implantation of the Endeavor Zotarolimus-Eluting Stent: ENDEAVOR I, the First-in-Human Study. The American Journal of Cardiology 2007; 100: 56-61.
53. Virmani R, Liistro F, Stankovic G, Di Mario C, Montorfano M, Farb A, Kolodgie FD and Colombo A. Mechanism of Late In-Stent Restenosis After Implantation of a Paclitaxel Derivate- Eluting Polymer Stent System in Humans. Circulation 2002; 106: 2649-2651.
54. Rastogi A and Stavchansky S. Drug Eluting Stents and Beyond. Current Pharmaceutical Design 2008; 14: 2111-2120.
55. Hollinger JO. Preliminary report on the osteogenic potential of a biodegradable copolymer of polyactide (PLA) and polyglycolide (PGA). J Biomed Mater Res 1983; 17: 71-82.
56. Gunatillake PA and Adhikari R. Biodegradable synthetic polymers for tissue engineering. Eur. Cells. Mat. 2003; 5: 1-16.
57. Vranckx P, Serruys PW, Gambhir S, Sousa E, Abizaid A, Lemos P, Ribeiro E, Dani SI, Dalal JJ, Mehan V, Dhar A, Dutta AL, Reddy KN, Chand R, Ray A and Symons J. Biodegradable-polymerbased, paclitaxel-eluting Infinnium™ stent: 9- Month clinical and angiographic follow-up results from the SIMPLE II prospective multicentre registry study. EuroIntervention 2006; 2: 310-317.
58. Ge J, Qian J, Wang X, Wang Q, Yan W, Yan Y, Fan B, Ge L and Liu X. Effectiveness and safety of the sirolimus-eluting stents coated with bioabsorbable polymer coating in human coronary arteries. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2007; 69: 198-202.
59. Lee CH, Lim J, Low A, Zhang XL, Kyaing TT, Chan MY, Wong HB, Lim YT and Tan HC. Sirolimus-eluting, bioabsorbable polymer-coated constant stent (CuraTM) in acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction: a clinical and angiographic study (CURAMI Registry). J Invasive Cardiol 2007; 19: 182-185.
60. Middleton JC and Tipton AJ. Synthetic biodegradable polymers as orthopedic devices. Biomaterials 2000; 21: 2335-2346.
61. Amjad Z. Calcium Phosphates in Biological and Industrial Systems 1998; Boston.
62. Skrtic D, Antonucci JM and Eanes ED. Amorphous Calcium Phosphate-Based Bioactive Polymeric Composites for Mineralized Tissue Regeneration. J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. 2003; 108: 167-182.
63. Park M, Eanes E, Antonucci J and Skrtic D. Mechanical properties of bioactive amorphous calcium phosphate/methacrylate composites. Dent. Mater. 1998; 14: 137-141.
64. Stamboulis A, Hench LL and Boccaccini AR. Mechanical properties of biodegradable polymer sutures coated with bioactive glass. J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med. 2002; 13: 843-848.
65. Windecker S, Simon R, Lins M, Klauss V, Eberli FR, Roffi M, Pedrazzini G, Moccetti T, Wenaweser P, Togni M, Tüller D, Zbinden R, Seiler C, Mehilli J, Kastrati A, Meier B and Hess OM. Randomized Comparison of a Titanium-Nitride- Oxide-Coated Stent With a Stainless Steel Stent for Coronary Revascularization: The Ti-NOX Trial Circulation 2005; 111: 2617-2622.
66. Wessely R, Hausleiter J, Michaelis C, Jaschke B, Vogeser M, Milz S, Behnisch B, Schratzenstaller T, Renke-Gluszko M, Stöver M, Wintermantel E, Kastrati A and Schömig A. Inhibition of Neointima Formation by a Novel Drug-Eluting Stent System That Allows for Dose-Adjustable, Multiple, and On-Site Stent Coating Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology 2005; 25: 748-753.
67. Mehilli J, Kastrati A, Wessely R, Dibra A, Hausleiter J, Jaschke B, Dirschinger J and Schömig A. Randomized Trial of a Nonpolymer-Based Rapamycin-Eluting Stent Versus a Polymer-Based Paclitaxel-Eluting Stent for the Reduction of Late Lumen Loss Circulation 2006; 113: 273-279.
68. Rajtar A, Kaluza GL, Yang Q, Hakimi D, Liu D, Tsui M, Lien M, Smith D, Clubb FJ and Troczynski T. Hydroxyapatite-coated cardiovascular stents. EuroIntervention 2006; 2: 113-115.
69. Kollum M, Farb A, Schreiber R, Terfera K, Arab A, Geist A, Haberstroh J, Wnendt S, Virmani R and Hehrlein C. Particle debris from a nanoporous stent coating obscures potential antiproliferative effects of tacrolimus-eluting stents in a porcine model of restenosis. Catheterization and cardiovascular interventions 2005; 64: 85-90.
70. Polyak B, Fishbein I, Chorny M, Alferiev I, Williams D, Yellen B, Friedman G and Levy RJ. High field gradient targeting of magnetic nanoparticle- loaded endothelial cells to the surfaces of steel stents. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2008; 105: 698-703.
71. Kukreja N, Onuma Y, Daemen J and Serruys PW. The future of drug-eluting stents. Pharmacological Research 2008; 57: 171-180.
72. Sun J, Marx SO, Chen HJ, Poon M, Marks AR and Rabbani LRE. Role for p27Kip1 in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Migration. Circulation 2001; 103: 2967-2972.
73. Tanner FC, Boehm M, Akyurek LM, San H, Yang ZY, Tashiro J, Nabel GJ and Nabel EG. Differential Effects of the Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitors p27Kip1, p21Cip1, and p16Ink4 on Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Proliferation. Circulation 2000; 101: 2022-2025.
74. Steffel J, Latini RA, Akhmedov A, Zimmermann D, Zimmerling P, Luscher TF and Tanner FC. Rapamycin, but Not FK-506, Increases Endothelial Tissue Factor Expression Implications for Drug-Eluting Stent Design. Circulation 2005; 112: 2002-2011.
75. Steffel J, Luscher TF and Tanner FC. Tissue Factor in Cardiovascular Diseases Molecular Mechanisms and Clinical Implications. Circulation 2006; 113: 722-731.
76. Guha M and Mackman N. The Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase-Akt Pathway Limits Lipopolysaccharide Activation of Signaling Pathways and Expression of Inflammatory Mediators in Human Monocytic Cells. Journal of Biological Chemistry 2002; 277: 32124-32132.
77. Sollott SJ, Cheng L, Pauly RR, Jenkins GM, Monticone RE, Kuzuya M, Froehlich JP, Crow MT, Lakatta EG and Rowinsky EK. Taxol inhibits neointimal smooth muscle cell accumulation after angioplasty in the rat. Journal of Clinical Investigation 1995; 95: 1869-1876.
78. Abal M, Andreu JM and Barasoain I. Taxanes: Microtubule and Centrosome Targets, and Cell Cycle Dependent Mechanisms of Action. Current Cancer Drug Targets 2003; 3: 193-203.
79. Wang TH, Wang HS, Ichijo H, Giannakakou P, Foster JS, Fojo T and Wimalasena J. Microtubule- interfering Agents Activate c-Jun Nterminal Kinase/Stress-activated Protein Kinase through Both Ras and Apoptosis Signalregulating Kinase Pathways. Journal of Biological Chemistry 1998; 273: 4928-4936.
80. Stahli BE, Camici GG, Steffel J, Akhmedov A, Shojaati K, Graber M, Luscher TF and Tanner FC. Paclitaxel Enhances Thrombin-Induced Endothelial Tissue Factor Expression via c-Jun Terminal NH2 Kinase Activation. Circulation Research 2006; 99: 149-155.
81. Lüscher TF, Steffel J, Eberli FR, Joner M, Nakazawa G, Tanner FC and Virmani R. Drug-Eluting Stent and Coronary Thrombosis Biological Mechanisms and Clinical Implications. Circulation 2007; 115: 1051-1058.
82. Grube E and Buellesfeld L. BioMatrix Biolimus A9-eluting coronary stent: a next-generation drug-eluting stent for coronary artery disease. Expert Review of Medical Devices 2006; 3: 731-741.
83. Costa RA, Lansky AJ, Abizaid A, Müeller R, Tsuchiya Y, Mori K, Cristea E, Leon MB, Eduardo Sousa J and Schmidt T. Angiographic results of the first human experience with the biolimus A 9 drug-eluting stent for de novo coronary lesions. American Journal of Cardiology 2006; 98: 443-446.
84. Chevalier B, Serruys PW, Silber S, Garcia E, Suryapranata H, Hauptmann K, Wijns W, Schuler G, Fath-Ordoubadi F, Worthley SG, Thuesen L, Meredith IT, Bressers M, Nagai H and Paunovic D. Randomised comparison of NoboriTM, biolimus A9-eluting coronary stent with aTaxus®, paclitaxel-eluting coronary stent in patients with stenosis in native coronary arteries: the Nobori 1 trial. EuroIntervention 2007; 2: 426-434.
85. Gottschalk AR and Quintans J. Apoptosis in B lymphocytes: The WEHI-231 perspective. Immunology and Cell Biology 1995; 73: 8-16.
86. Halloran PF. Immunosuppressive Drugs for Kidney Transplantation. New England Journal of Medicine 2004; 351: 2715-2729.
87. Mohacsi PJ, Tuller D, Hulliger B and Wijngaard PL. Different inhibitory effects of immunosuppressive drugs on human and rat aortic smooth muscle and endothelial cell proliferation stimulated by platelet-derived growth factor or endothelial cell growth factor. Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation 1997; 16: 484-492.
88. Matter CM, Rozenberg I, Jaschko A, Greutert H, Kurz DJ, Wnendt S, Kuttler B, Joch H, Grünenfelder J, Zünd G, Tanner FC and Lüscher T. Effects of Tacrolimus or Sirolimus on Proliferation of Vascular Smooth Muscle and Endothelial Cells. Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology 2006; 48: 286-292.
89. Grube E and Buellesfeld L. Rapamycin Analogs for Stent-Based Local Drug Delivery. Everolimus - and Tacrolimus-Eluting Stents. Herz 2004; 29: 162-166.
90. Morice MC, Bestehorn HP, Carrie D, Macaya C, Aengevaeren W, Wijns W, Dubois C, De Winter R, Verheye S and Hoffmann S. Direct stenting of de novo coronary stenoses with tacrolimuseluting versus carbon-coated carbostents. The randomized JUPITER II trial. EuroIntervention 2006; 2: 45-52.
91. Tanimoto S, W vdG, H vB, Sorop O, Kukreja N, Fukaya K, Nishide T, Nakano R, Maeda H and Serruys PW. MAHOROBA™: Tacrolimus eluting coronary stent. EuroIntervention 2007; 3: 149-153.
92. Gupta AK and Chow M. Pimecrolimus: A review. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology & Venereology 2003; 17: 493-503.
93. Clarke SJ and Rivory LP. Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Docetaxel. Clinical Pharmacokinetics 1999; 36: 99-114.
94. Yasuda S, Noguchi T, Gohda M, Arai T, Tsutsui N, Nakayama Y, Matsuda T and Nonogi H. Local delivery of low-dose docetaxel, a novel microtubule polymerizing agent, reduces neointimal hyperplasia in a balloon-injured rabbit iliac artery model. Cardiovascular Research 2002; 53: 481-486.
95. Silvestrini R, Zaffaroni N, Orlandi L and Oriana S. In vitro cytotoxic activity of Taxol and Taxotere on primary cultures and established cell lines of human ovarian cancer. Stem Cells 1993; 11: 528-535.
96. Green MR, Manikhas GM, Orlov S, Afanasyev B, Makhson AM, Bhar P and Hawkins MJ. Abraxane ®, a novel Cremophor®-free, albuminbound particle form of paclitaxel for the treatment of advanced non-small-cell lung cancer. Annals of Oncology 2006; 17: 1263-1268.
97. Margolis J, McDonald J, Heuser R, Klinke P, Waksman R, Virmani R, Desai N and Hilton D. Systemic nanoparticle paclitaxel (nabpaclitaxel) for in-stent restenosis I (SNAPIST-I): a first-in-human safety and dose-finding study. Clin. Cardiol. 2007; 30: 165-170.
98. Aoki J, Serruys PW, van Beusekom H, Ong ATL, McFadden EP, Sianos G, van der Giessen WJ, Regar E, de Feyter PJ and Davis HR. Endothelial Progenitor Cell Capture by Stents Coated With Antibody Against CD34 The HEALING-FIM (Healthy Endothelial Accelerated Lining Inhibits Neointimal Growth-First In Man) Registry. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 2005; 45: 1574-1579.
99. Duckers HJ, Silber S, De Winter R, Heijer PD, Rensing B, Rau M, Mudra H, Benit E, Verheye S and Wijns W. Circulating endothelial progenitor cells predict angiographic and intravascular ultrasound outcome following percutaneous coronary interventions in the HEALING-II trial: evaluation of an endothelial progenitor cell capturing stent. EuroIntervention 2007; 3: 67-75.
100. Duckers HJ, Soullie T, Peter DH, Rensing B, Robbert DW, Rau M, Mudra H, Silber S, Benit E, Velheye S, Wiins W and Serruys PW. Accelerated vascular repair following percutaneous coronary intervention by capture of endothelial progenitor cells promotes regression of neointimal growth at long term follow-up: final results of the Healing II trial using an endothelial progenitor cell capturing stent (Genous R stent)™. EuroIntervention 2007; 3: 350-358
101. Co M, Tay E, Lee CH, Poh KK, Low A, Lim J, Lim IH, Lim YT and Tan HC. Use of endothelial progenitor cell capture stent (Genous Bio- Engineered R Stent) during primary percutaneous coronary intervention in acute myocardial infarction: Intermediate-to long-term clinical follow-up. American Heart Journal 2008; 155: 128-132.
102. Stefanadis C, Toutouzas K, Stefanadi E, Kolodgie F, Virmani R and Kipshidze N. First experimental application of bevacizumab-eluting PC coated stent for inhibition of vasa vasorum of atherosclerotic plaque: angiographic results in a rabbit atheromatic model. Hellenic Journal of Cardiology 2006; 47: 7-10.
103. Waksman R. Biodegradable stents: they do their job and disappear. J Invasive Cardiol 2006; 18: 70-74.