PET in cerebrovascular disease

PET Clinics

Volumn 5, Issue 1, 2010, Pages 83-106

  Powers, William J ^a   Zazulia, Allyson R ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Cerebral blood flow; Cerebral hemodynamics; Cerebral metabolism; Cerebrovascular disease; Positron emission tomography; Vascular dementia

Indexed keywords

1 FLUORO 3 (2 NITRO 1 IMIDAZOLYL) 2 PROPANOL F 18; FLUMAZENIL C 11; FLUORODEOXYGLUCOSE F 18;

BRAIN BLOOD FLOW; BRAIN CIRCULATION; BRAIN HEMORRHAGE; BRAIN INFARCTION; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; BRAIN METABOLISM; CAROTID ARTERY DISEASE; CAROTID ATHEROSCLEROSIS; CEREBROVASCULAR DISEASE; COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY; ENERGY METABOLISM; HEMODYNAMICS; HUMAN; MULTIINFARCT DEMENTIA; NEUROIMAGING; NONHUMAN; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PERIPHERAL OCCLUSIVE ARTERY DISEASE; POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SINGLE PHOTON EMISSION COMPUTER TOMOGRAPHY; STROKE; SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE;

EID: 77956622449     PISSN: 15568598     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.cpet.2009.12.007     Document Type: Review

References (240)

1. C.P. Derdeyn, T.O. Videen, and N.R. Simmons Count-based PET method for predicting ischemic stroke in patients with symptomatic carotid arterial occlusion Radiology 212 2 1999 499 506
2. W.D. Heiss, L. Kracht, and M. Grond Early [(11)C]Flumazenil/H(2)O positron emission tomography predicts irreversible ischemic cortical damage in stroke patients receiving acute thrombolytic therapy Stroke 31 2 2000 366 369
3. B.K. Siesjo Brain energy metabolism 1978 John Wiley and Sons New York
4. R. Rossen, H. Kabat, and J.P. Anderson Acute arrest of cerebral circulation in man Arch Neurol Psychiatry 50 1943 510 528
5. P.J. Cohen, S.C. Alexander, and T.C. Smith Effects of hypoxia and normocarbia on cerebral blood flow and metabolism in conscious man J Appl Phys 23 2 1967 183 189
6. P.L. Madsen, S. Holm, and M. Herning Average blood flow and oxygen uptake in the human brain during resting wakefulness: a critical appraisal of the Kety-Schmidt technique J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 13 1993 646 655
7. U. Gottstein, A. Bernsmeier, and I. Sedlmeyer Der Kohlenhydratstoffweehsel des menschlichen Gehirns bei Schlafmittelvergiftung Klin Wschr 41 1963 943 948
8. P. Scheinberg, and E.A. Stead The cerebral blood flow in male subjects as measured by the nitrous oxide technique: normal values for blood flow, oxygen utilization, glucose utilization and peripheral resistance, with observations on the effect of tilting and anxiety J Clin Invest 28 1949 1163 1171
9. T.C. Glenn, D.F. Kelly, and W.J. Boscardin Energy dysfunction as a predictor of outcome after moderate or severe head injury: indices of oxygen, glucose, and lactate metabolism J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 23 10 2003 1239 1250
10. L.C. McHenry Jr., J. Merory, and E. Bass Xenon-133 inhalation method for regional cerebral blood flow measurements: normal values and test-retest results Stroke 9 4 1978 396 399
11. G. Sette, J.C. Baron, and B. Mazoyer Local brain haemodynamics and oxygen metabolism in cerebrovascular disease. Positron emission tomography Brain 112 Pt 4 1989 931 951
12. J.C. Baron, D. Rougemont, and F. Soussaline Local interrelationships of cerebral oxygen consumption and glucose utilization in normal subjects and in ischemic stroke patients: a positron tomography study J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 4 2 1984 140 149
13. P. Lebrun-Grandie, J.C. Baron, and F. Soussaline Coupling between regional blood flow and oxygen utilization in the normal human brain. A study with positron tomography and oxygen 15 Arch Neurol 40 4 1983 230 236
14. K.L. Leenders, D. Perani, and A.A. Lammertsma Cerebral blood flow, blood volume and oxygen utilization. Normal values and effect of age Brain 113 Pt 1 1990 27 47
15. S.S. Kety Human cerebral blood flow and oxygen consumption as related to aging J Chronic Dis 3 1956 478 486
16. P. Pantano, J.C. Baron, and P. Lebrun-Grandie Regional cerebral blood flow and oxygen consumption in human aging Stroke 15 4 1984 635 641
17. D.K. Dastur Cerebral blood flow and metabolism in normal human aging, pathological aging, and senile dementia J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 5 1 1985 1 9
18. D.E. Kuhl, E.J. Metter, and W.H. Riege The effect of normal aging on patterns of local cerebral glucose utilization Ann Neurol 15 Suppl 1984 S133 S137
19. G. Marchal, P. Rioux, and M.C. Petit-Taboue Regional cerebral oxygen consumption, blood flow, and blood volume in healthy human aging Arch Neurol 49 10 1992 1013 1020
20. T. Yamaguchi, I. Kanno, and K. Uemura Reduction in regional cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen during human aging Stroke 17 6 1986 1220 1228
21. M.J. de Leon, A.E. George, and S.H. Ferris Positron emission tomography and computed tomography assessments of the aging human brain J Comput Assist Tomogr 8 1 1984 88 94
22. R. Duara, R.A. Margolin, and E.A. Robertson-Tchabo Cerebral glucose utilization, as measured with positron emission tomography in 21 resting healthy men between the ages of 21 and 83 years Brain 106 Pt 3 1983 761 775
23. R. Duara, C. Grady, and J. Haxby Human brain glucose utilization and cognitive function in relation to age Ann Neurol 16 6 1984 703 713
24. F. Yoshii, W.W. Barker, and J.Y. Chang Sensitivity of cerebral glucose metabolism to age, gender, brain volume, brain atrophy, and cerebrovascular risk factors J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 8 5 1988 654 661
25. C.C. Meltzer, M.N. Cantwell, and P.J. Greer Does cerebral blood flow decline in healthy aging? A PET study with partial-volume correction J Nucl Med 41 11 2000 1842 1848
26. V. Ibanez, P. Pietrini, and M.L. Furey Resting state brain glucose metabolism is not reduced in normotensive healthy men during aging, after correction for brain atrophy Brain Res Bull 63 2 2004 147 154
27. + transport in canine brain Stroke 12 6 1981 726 730
28. E.A.J. Bering, J.A. Taren, and J.D. McMurrrey Studies on hypothermia in monkeys. II. The effect of hypothermia on the general physiology and cerebral metabolism of monkeys in the hypothermic state Surg Gynecol Obstet 102 1956 134 138
29. L. Nilsson, and B.K. Siesjo The effect of phenobarbitone anaesthesia on blood flow and oxygen consumption in the rat brain Acta Anaesthesiol Scand suppl 57 1975 18 24
30. L. Sokoloff Relationships among local functional activity, energy metabolism, and blood flow in the central nervous system Fed Proc 40 8 1981 2311 2316 (Pubitemid 11036104)
31. P.T. Fox, and M.E. Raichle Focal physiological uncoupling of cerebral blood flow and oxidative metabolism during somatosensory stimulation in human subjects Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 83 4 1986 1140 1144
32. P.T. Fox, M.E. Raichle, and M.A. Mintun Nonoxidative glucose consumption during focal physiologic neural activity Science 241 4864 1988 462 464
33. S.S. Kety, and C.F. Schmidt The effects of active and passive hyperventilation on cerebral blood flow, cerebral oxygen consumption, cardiac output, and blood pressure of normal young men J Clin Invest 25 1946 107 119
34. S.S. Kety, and C.F. Schmidt The effects of altered arterial tensions of carbon dioxide and oxygen on cerebral blood flow and cerebral oxygen consumption of normal young men J Clin Invest 27 1948 484 492
35. H. Wollman, T.C. Smith, and G.W. Stephen Effects of extremes of respiratory and metabolic alkalosis on cerebral blood flow in man J Appl Phys 24 1 1968 60 65
36. V. Fencl, J.R. Vale, and J.A. Broch Respiration and cerebral blood flow in metabolic acidosis and alkalosis in humans J Appl Phys 27 1 1969 67 76
37. M.E. Raichle, J.B. Posner, and F. Plum Cerebral blood flow during and after hyperventilation Arch Neurol 23 5 1970 394 403
38. S.C. Alexander, T.C. Smith, and G. Strobel Cerebral carbohydrate metabolism of man during respiratory and metabolic alkalosis J Appl Phys 24 1 1968 66 72
39. 31P NMR measurement of cerebral lactate, high-energy phosphate levels, and pH in humans during voluntary hyperventilation: associated EEG, capnographic, and Doppler findings Magn Reson Med 10 2 1989 182 193
40. S. Shimojyo, P. Scheinberg, and K. Kogure The effects of graded hypoxia upon transient cerebral blood flow and oxygen consumption Neurology 18 2 1968 127 133
41. A. Buck, C. Schirlo, and V. Jasinksy Changes of cerebral blood flow during short-term exposure to normobaric hypoxia J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 18 8 1998 906 910
42. N.A. Lassen Cerebral blood flow and oxygen consumption in man Physiol Rev 39 1959 183 238
43. M.M. Brown, J.P. Wade, and J. Marshall Fundamental importance of arterial oxygen content in the regulation of cerebral blood flow in man Brain 108 Pt 1 1985 81 93
44. C.J. Lambertsen, R.H. Kough, and D.Y. Cooper Oxygen toxicity. Effects in man of oxygen inhalation at 1 and 3.5 atmospheres upon blood gas transport, cerebral circulation and cerebral metabolism J Appl Phys 5 1953 471 486
45. M.M. Todd, B. Wu, and M. Maktabi Cerebral blood flow and oxygen delivery during hypoxemia and hemodilution: role of arterial oxygen content Am J Phys 267 5 Pt 2 1994 H2025 H2031
46. M.A. Mintun, B.N. Lundstrom, and A.Z. Snyder Blood flow and oxygen delivery to human brain during functional activity: theoretical modeling and experimental data Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 98 12 2001 6859 6864
47. D.J. Thomas, J. Marshall, and R.W. Russell Effect of haematocrit on cerebral blood-flow in man Lancet 2 8045 1977 941 943
48. M.M. Brown, and J. Marshall Regulation of cerebral blood flow in response to changes in blood viscosity Lancet 1 8429 1985 604 609
49. M.M. Brown, and J. Marshall Effect of plasma exchange on blood viscosity and cerebral blood flow Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 284 6331 1982 1733 1736
50. O.B. Paulson, H.H. Parving, and J. Olesen Influence of carbon monoxide and of hemodilution on cerebral blood flow and blood gases in man J Appl Phys 35 1 1973 111 116
51. A. Hino, S. Ueda, and N. Mizukawa Effect of hemodilution on cerebral hemodynamics and oxygen metabolism Stroke 23 3 1992 423 426
52. A. Rebel, C. Lenz, and H. Krieter Oxygen delivery at high blood viscosity and decreased arterial oxygen content to brains of conscious rats Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 280 6 2001 H2591 H2597
53. E.T. MacKenzie, J.K. Farrar, and W. Fitch Effects of hemorrhagic hypotension on the cerebral circulation. I. Cerebral blood flow and pial arteriolar caliber Stroke 10 6 1979 711 718
54. L. Symon, E. Pasztor, and N.W. Dorsch Physiological responses of local areas of the cerebral circulation in experimental primates determined by the method of hydrogen clearance Stroke 4 4 1973 632 642
55. S. Strandgaard Autoregulation of cerebral blood flow in hypertensive patients. The modifying influence of prolonged antihypertensive treatment on the tolerance to acute, drug-induced hypotension Circulation 53 4 1976 720 727
56. J.F. Schmidt, G. Waldemar, and S. Vorstrup Computerized analysis of cerebral blood flow autoregulation in humans: validation of a method for pharmacologic studies J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 15 6 1990 983 988
57. S. Strandgaard, J. Olesen, and E. Skinhoj Autoregulation of brain circulation in severe arterial hypertension Br Med J 1 852 1973 507 510
58. W.J. Powers Cerebral hemodynamics in ischemic cerebrovascular disease Ann Neurol 29 3 1991 231 240
59. P. Schumann, O. Touzani, and A.R. Young Evaluation of the ratio of cerebral blood flow to cerebral blood volume as an index of local cerebral perfusion pressure Brain 121 Pt 7 1998 1369 1379
60. M. Maruyama, K. Shimoji, and T. Ichikawa The effects of extreme hemodilutions on the autoregulation of cerebral blood flow, electroencephalogram and cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen in the dog Stroke 16 4 1985 675 679
61. E. Haggendal, and B. Johansson Effect of arterial carbon dioxide tension and oxygen saturation on cerebral blood flow autoregulation in dogs Acta Physiol Scand 66 1965 27 53
62. M.P. Wiedeman Dimensions of blood vessels from distributing artery to collecting vein Cicrulation Res 12 1963 375 378
63. S.K. Hilal Cerebral hemodynamics assessed by angiography T.H. Newton, D.G. Potts, Radiology of the skull and brain angiography, vol. 2, book 1 1974 C.V. Mosby Company St. Louis (MO) 1049 1085
64. L.M. Auer, N. Ishiyama, and R. Pucher Cerebrovascular response to intracranial hypertension Acta Neurochir (Wien) 84 3-4 1987 124 128
65. Y. Kato, and L.M. Auer Cerebrovascular response to elevation of ventricular pressure Acta Neurochir (Wien) 98 3-4 1989 184 188
66. M. Fog Cerebral circulation. The reaction of pial arteries to a fall in blood pressure Arch Neurol Psychiatry 37 1937 351 364
67. H.G. Wolfe, and H.S. Forbes The cerebral circulation V. Observations of the pial circulation during changes in intracranial pressure Arch Neurol Psychiatry 20 1928 1035 1047
68. Y. Kato, M. Mokry, and R. Pucher Cerebrovascular response to changes of cerebral venous pressure and cerebrospinal fluid pressure Acta Neurochir (Wien) 109 1-2 1991 52 56
69. R.L. Grubb Jr., M.E. Phelps, and M.E. Raichle The effects of arterial blood pressure on the regional cerebral blood volume by X-ray fluorescence Stroke 4 3 1973 390 399
70. R.L. Grubb Jr., M.E. Raichle, and M.E. Phelps Effects of increased intracranial pressure on cerebral blood volume, blood flow, and oxygen utilization in monkeys J Neurosurg 43 4 1975 385 398
71. M. Ferrari, D.A. Wilson, and D.F. Hanley Effects of graded hypotension on cerebral blood flow, blood volume, and mean transit time in dogs Am J Phys 262 6 Pt 2 1992 H1908 H1914
72. C.P. Derdeyn, T.O. Videen, and K.D. Yundt Variability of cerebral blood volume and oxygen extraction: stages of cerebral hemodynamic impairment revisited Brain 125 2002 595 607
73. J.M. Gibbs, R.J. Wise, and K.L. Leenders Evaluation of cerebral perfusion reserve in patients with carotid-artery occlusion Lancet 1 8372 1984 310 314
74. W.J. Powers Is the ratio of cerebral blood volume to cerebral blood flow a reliable indicator of cerebral perfusion pressure J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 13 Suppl 1 1993 S325
75. 2 on cerebral blood volume, blood flow, and vascular mean transit time Stroke 5 5 1974 630 639
76. Executive Committee for the Asymptomatic Carotid Atherosclerosis Study Endarterectomy for asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis. Executive committee for the asymptomatic carotid atherosclerosis study JAMA 273 18 1995 1421 1428
77. P.M. Rothwell, M. Eliasziw, and S.A. Gutnikov Analysis of pooled data from the randomised controlled trials of endarterectomy for symptomatic carotid stenosis Lancet 361 9352 2003 107 116
78. G.J. Hankey, and C.P. Warlow Prognosis of symptomatic carotid artery occlusion Cerebrovasc Dis 1 1991 245 256
79. C.J. Klijn, P.A. van Buren, and L.J. Kappelle Outcome in patients with symptomatic occlusion of the internal carotid artery Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 19 6 2000 579 586
80. C.J.M. Klijn, L.J. Kappelle, and C.A.F. Tulleken Symptomatic carotid artery occlusion: a reappraisal of hemodynamic factors Stroke 28 1997 2084 2093
81. C.P. Derdeyn, A. Shaibani, and C.J. Moran Lack of correlation between pattern of collateralization and misery perfusion in patients with carotid occlusion Stroke 30 5 1999 1025 1032
82. S. Kuroda, T. Shiga, and T. Ishikawa Reduced blood flow and preserved vasoreactivity characterize oxygen hypometabolism due to incomplete infarction in occlusive carotid artery diseases J Nucl Med 45 6 2004 943 949
83. S. Kuroda, T. Shiga, and K. Houkin Cerebral oxygen metabolism and neuronal integrity in patients with impaired vasoreactivity attributable to occlusive carotid artery disease Stroke 37 2 2006 393 398
84. D.M. Feeney, and J.C. Baron Diaschisis Stroke 17 5 1986 817 830
85. W.J. Powers, G.A. Press, and R.L. Grubb Jr. The effect of hemodynamically significant carotid artery disease on the hemodynamic status of the cerebral circulation Ann Intern Med 106 1 1987 27 34
86. 15O continuous inhalation technique J.M. Caille, G. Salamon, Computerized tomography 1980 Springer-Verlag New York 231 237
87. 15O positron emission tomography Stroke 12 4 1981 454 459
88. H. Yamauchi, H. Fukuyama, and Y. Nagahama Evidence of misery perfusion and risk for recurrent stroke in major cerebral arterial occlusive diseases from PET J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr 61 1 1996 18 25
89. H. Yamauchi, H. Fukuyama, and Y. Nagahama Significance of increased oxygen extraction fraction in five-year prognosis of major cerebral arterial occlusive diseases J Nucl Med 40 12 1999 1992 1998
90. R.L. Grubb Jr., C.P. Derdeyn, and S.M. Fritsch Importance of hemodynamic factors in the prognosis of symptomatic carotid occlusion JAMA 280 12 1998 1055 1060
91. W.J. Powers, W.R. Martin, and P. Herscovitch Extracranial-intracranial bypass surgery: hemodynamic and metabolic effects Neurology 34 9 1984 1168 1174
92. J.M. Gibbs, R.J. Wise, and D.J. Thomas Cerebral haemodynamic changes after extracranial-intracranial bypass surgery J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr 50 2 1987 140 150
93. Y. Samson, J.C. Baron, and M.G. Bousser Effects of extra-intracranial arterial bypass on cerebral blood flow and oxygen metabolism in humans Stroke 16 4 1985 609 616
94. H.P. Adams Jr., W.J. Powers, and R.L. Grubb Jr. Preview of a new trial of extracranial-to-intracranial arterial anastomosis: the carotid occlusion surgery study Neurosurg Clin N Am 12 3 2001 613 624
95. W.J. Powers, C.P. Derdeyn, and S.M. Fritsch Benign prognosis of never-symptomatic carotid occlusion Neurology 54 4 2000 878 882
96. K. Kazumata, N. Tanaka, and T. Ishikawa Dissociation of vasoreactivity to acetazolamide and hypercapnia. Comparative study in patients with chronic occlusive major cerebral artery disease Stroke 27 11 1996 2052 2058
97. S. Inao, M. Tadokoro, and M. Nishino Neural activation of the brain with hemodynamic insufficiency J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 18 9 1998 960 967
98. R.R. Pindzola, J.R. Balzer, and E.M. Nemoto Cerebrovascular reserve in patients with carotid occlusive disease assessed by stable xenon-enhanced ct cerebral blood flow and transcranial Doppler Stroke 32 8 2001 1811 1817
99. 123I-IMP single photon emission computed tomography in patients with major cerebral artery occlusive disease: correlation with positron emission tomography parameters J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 14 5 1994 763 770
100. T. Nariai, R. Suzuki, and K. Hirakawa Vascular reserve in chronic cerebral ischemia measured by the acetazolamide challenge test: comparison with positron emission tomography AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 16 3 1995 563 570
101. H. Okazawa, T. Tsuchida, and M. Kobayashi Can the detection of misery perfusion in chronic cerebrovascular disease be based on reductions in baseline CBF and vasoreactivity? Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 34 1 2007 121 129
102. E.M. Nemoto, H. Yonas, and H. Kuwabara Identification of hemodynamic compromise by cerebrovascular reserve and oxygen extraction fraction in occlusive vascular disease J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 24 10 2004 1081 1089
103. H. Yamauchi, T. Kudoh, and Y. Kishibe Selective neuronal damage and chronic hemodynamic cerebral ischemia Ann Neurol 61 5 2007 454 465
104. C.P. Derdeyn, T.O. Videen, and R.L. Grubb Jr. Comparison of PET oxygen extraction fraction methods for the prediction of stroke risk J Nucl Med 42 8 2001 1195 1197
105. C. Giffard, A.R. Young, and N. Kerrouche Outcome of acutely ischemic brain tissue in prolonged middle cerebral artery occlusion: a serial positron emission tomography investigation in the baboon J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 24 5 2004 495 508
106. Y. Kuge, C. Yokota, and M. Tagaya Serial changes in cerebral blood flow and flow-metabolism uncoupling in primates with acute thromboembolic stroke J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 21 3 2001 202 210
107. M. Sakoh, L. Ostergaard, and L. Rohl Relationship between residual cerebral blood flow and oxygen metabolism as predictive of ischemic tissue viability: sequential multitracer positron emission tomography scanning of middle cerebral artery occlusion during the critical first 6 hours after stroke in pigs J Neurosurg 93 4 2000 647 657
108. S. Pappata, M. Fiorelli, and T. Rommel PET study of changes in local brain hemodynamics and oxygen metabolism after unilateral middle cerebral artery occlusion in baboons J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 13 3 1993 416 424
109. W.D. Heiss, R. Graf, and K. Wienhard Dynamic penumbra demonstrated by sequential multitracer PET after middle cerebral artery occlusion in cats J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 14 6 1994 892 902
110. O. Touzani, A.R. Young, and J.M. Derlon Sequential studies of severely hypometabolic tissue volumes after permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion. A positron emission tomographic investigation in anesthetized baboons Stroke 26 11 1995 2112 2119
111. R.H. Ackerman, M.H. Lev, and B.C. Mackay PET studies in acute stroke: Findings and relevance to therapy J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 9 Suppl 1 1989 S359
112. W.D. Heiss, M. Huber, and G.R. Fink Progressive derangement of periinfarct viable tissue in ischemic stroke J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 12 2 1992 193 203
113. C.A. Molina, J. Montaner, and S. Abilleira Timing of spontaneous recanalization and risk of hemorrhagic transformation in acute cardioembolic stroke Stroke 32 5 2001 1079 1084
114. H.S. Jorgensen, B. Sperling, and H. Nakayama Spontaneous reperfusion of cerebral infarcts in patients with acute stroke. Incidence, time course, and clinical outcome in the Copenhagen Stroke Study Arch Neurol 51 9 1994 865 873
115. N.A. Lassen The luxury-perfusion syndrome and its possible relation to acute metabolic acidosis localised within the brain Lancet 2 7473 1966 1113 1115
116. G.L. Lenzi, R.S. Frackowiak, and T. Jones Cerebral oxygen metabolism and blood flow in human cerebral ischemic infarction J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2 3 1982 321 335
117. A.M. Hakim, R.P. Pokrupa, and J. Villanueva The effect of spontaneous reperfusion on metabolic function in early human cerebral infarcts Ann Neurol 21 3 1987 279 289
118. G. Marchal, C. Serrati, and P. Rioux PET imaging of cerebral perfusion and oxygen consumption in acute ischaemic stroke: relation to outcome Lancet 341 8850 1993 925 927
119. J.C. Baron, M.G. Bousser, and D. Comar Noninvasive tomographic study of cerebral blood flow and oxygen metabolism in vivo. Potentials, limitations, and clinical applications in cerebral ischemic disorders Eur Neurol 20 3 1981 273 284
120. M. Furlan, G. Marchal, and F. Viader Spontaneous neurological recovery after stroke and the fate of the ischemic penumbra Ann Neurol 40 2 1996 216 226
121. E. Shimosegawa, J. Hatazawa, and M. Ibaraki Metabolic penumbra of acute brain infarction: a correlation with infarct growth Ann Neurol 57 4 2005 495 504
122. 11C]PK11195 by PET and induction of the peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptor after transient focal ischemia in rats J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 27 12 2007 1975 1986
123. 11C]PK1 J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 29 6 2009 1216 1225
124. 3H]PK 11195 binding in rat cerebral cortex following a local ischaemic lesion J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 11 2 1991 314 322
125. 11C](R)-PK11195 PET study Neuroimage 24 2 2005 591 595
126. C.J. Price, D. Wang, and D.K. Menon Intrinsic activated microglia map to the peri-infarct zone in the subacute phase of ischemic stroke Stroke 37 7 2006 1749 1753
127. W.D. Heiss, and G. Rosner Functional recovery of cortical neurons as related to degree and duration of ischemia Ann Neurol 14 3 1983 294 301
128. M.P. Marks, J. O'Donahue, and J.I. Fabricant Cerebral blood flow evaluation of arteriovenous malformations with stable xenon CT AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 9 6 1988 1169 1175
129. K.A. Hossmann Pathophysiology and therapy of experimental stroke Cell Mol Neurobiol 26 7-8 2006 1057 1083
130. 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. II. Changes during ischaemia J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 7 4 1987 394 402
131. + at critical levels of brain ischemia Stroke 8 1 1977 51 57
132. F.W. Marcoux, R.B. Morawetz, and R.M. Crowell Differential regional vulnerability in transient focal cerebral ischemia Stroke 13 3 1982 339 346
133. T.M. Sundt Jr., F.W. Sharbrough, and D.G. Piepgras Correlation of cerebral blood flow and electroencephalographic changes during carotid endarterectomy: with results of surgery and hemodynamics of cerebral ischemia Mayo Clin Proc 56 9 1981 533 543
134. T.H. Jones, R.B. Morawetz, and R.M. Crowell Thresholds of focal cerebral ischemia in awake monkeys J Neurosurg 54 6 1981 773 782
135. R.B. Morawetz, R.H. Crowell, and U. DeGirolami Regional cerebral blood flow thresholds during cerebral ischemia Fed Proc 38 11 1979 2493 2494
136. R.M. Crowell, F.W. Marcoux, and U. DeGirolami Variability and reversibility of focal cerebral ischemia in unanesthetized monkeys Neurology 31 10 1981 1295 1302
137. Tissue plasminogen activator for acute ischemic stroke The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke rt-PA Stroke Study Group N Engl J Med 333 24 1995 1581 1587
138. W. Hacke, M. Kaste, and E. Bluhmki Thrombolysis with alteplase 3 to 4.5 hours after acute ischemic stroke N Engl J Med 359 13 2008 1317 1329
139. W.J. Powers Imaging preventable infarction in patients with acute ischemic stroke AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 29 2008 1823 1825
140. A. Nunn, K. Linder, and H.W. Strauss Nitroimidazoles and imaging hypoxia Eur J Nucl Med 22 3 1995 265 280
141. 18F-fluoromisonidazole positron emission tomography in humans after ischemic stroke Stroke 34 11 2003 2646 2652
142. 18F-fluoromisonidazole Neurology 51 6 1998 1617 1621
143. 18F-fluoromisonidazole positron emission tomography after ischemic stroke Ann Neurol 48 2 2000 228 235
144. 18F-fluoromisonidazole in a rat model of ischemic stroke Stroke 35 4 2004 975 980
145. P. Hantraye, M. Kaijima, and C. Prenant Central type benzodiazepine binding sites: a positron emission tomography study in the baboon's brain Neurosci Lett 48 2 1984 115 120
146. R.D. Schwartz, X. Yu, and J. Wagner Cellular regulation of the benzodiazepine/GABA receptor: arachidonic acid, calcium, and cerebral ischemia Neuropsychopharmacology 6 2 1992 119 125
147. D values with positron emission tomography Eur J Pharmacol 213 1 1992 107 115
148. W.D. Heiss, M. Grond, and A. Thiel Permanent cortical damage detected by flumazenil positron emission tomography in acute stroke Stroke 29 2 1998 454 461
149. W.D. Heiss, R. Graf, and T. Fujita Early detection of irreversibly damaged ischemic tissue by flumazenil positron emission tomography in cats Stroke 28 10 1997 2045 2051
150. W.D. Heiss, L.W. Kracht, and A. Thiel Penumbral probability thresholds of cortical flumazenil binding and blood flow predicting tissue outcome in patients with cerebral ischemia Brain 124 2001 20 29
151. W.J. Powers, R.L. Grubb Jr., and D. Darriet Cerebral blood flow and cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen requirements for cerebral function and viability in humans J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 5 4 1985 600 608
152. P. Frykholm, J.L. Andersson, and J. Valtysson A metabolic threshold of irreversible ischemia demonstrated by PET in a middle cerebral artery occlusion-reperfusion primate model Acta Neurol Scand 102 1 2000 18 26
153. 2: prognostic value in recent supratentorial infarction in humans J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 3 Suppl 1 1983 S1 S2
154. G. Marchal, K. Benali, and S. Iglesias Voxel-based mapping of irreversible ischaemic damage with PET in acute stroke Brain 122 Pt 12 1999 2387 2400
155. A.R. Young, G. Sette, and O. Touzani Relationships between high oxygen extraction fraction in the acute stage and final infarction in reversible middle cerebral artery occlusion: an investigation in anesthetized baboons with positron emission tomography J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 16 6 1996 1176 1188
156. G. Marchal, V. Beaudouin, and P. Rioux Prolonged persistence of substantial volumes of potentially viable brain tissue after stroke: a correlative PET-CT study with voxel-based data analysis Stroke 27 4 1996 599 606
157. M. Yun, D. Yeh, and L.I. Araujo F-18 FDG uptake in the large arteries: a new observation Clin Nucl Med 26 4 2001 314 319
158. 18F]-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography Circulation 105 23 2002 2708 2711
159. 18F- fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography imaging provides a noninvasive measure of carotid plaque inflammation in patients J Am Coll Cardiol 48 9 2006 1818 1824
160. M.A. Font, A. Fernandez, and A. Carvajal Imaging of early inflammation in low-to-moderate carotid stenosis by 18-FDG-PET Front Biosci 14 2009 3352 3360
161. 18]-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 37 6 2009 714 721
162. 18F fluorodeoxyglucose positron-emission tomography and high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging Stroke 36 12 2005 2642 2647
163. J.C. Baron, M.G. Bousser, and D. Comar 'Crossed cerebellar diaschisis' in human supratentorial brain infarction Trans Am Neurol Assoc 105 1980 459 461
164. W.R. Martin, and M.E. Raichle Cerebellar blood flow and metabolism in cerebral hemisphere infarction Ann Neurol 14 2 1983 168 176
165. P. Pantano, J.C. Baron, and Y. Samson Crossed cerebellar diaschisis. Further studies Brain 109 Pt 4 1986 677 694
166. 3 Ann Neurol 8 1 1980 47 60
167. M. Kushner, A. Alavi, and M. Reivich Contralateral cerebellar hypometabolism following cerebral insult: a positron emission tomographic study Ann Neurol 15 5 1984 425 434
168. H. Ito, I. Kanno, and E. Shimosegawa Hemodynamic changes during neural deactivation in human brain: a positron emission tomography study of crossed cerebellar diaschisis Ann Nucl Med 16 4 2002 249 254
169. H. Yamauchi, H. Fukuyama, and J. Kimura Hemodynamic and metabolic changes in crossed cerebellar hypoperfusion Stroke 23 6 1992 855 860
170. C. Serrati, G. Marchal, and P. Rioux Contralateral cerebellar hypometabolism: a predictor for stroke outcome? J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr 57 2 1994 174 179
171. J. Sobesky, A. Thiel, and M. Ghaemi Crossed cerebellar diaschisis in acute human stroke: a PET study of serial changes and response to supratentorial reperfusion J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 25 12 2005 1685 1691
172. S.E. Kim, C.W. Choi, and B.W. Yoon Crossed-cerebellar diaschisis in cerebral infarction: technetium-99m-HMPAO SPECT and MRI J Nucl Med 38 1 1997 14 19
173. H. Yamauchi, H. Fukuyama, and Y. Nagahama Uncoupling of oxygen and glucose metabolism in persistent crossed cerebellar diaschisis Stroke 30 7 1999 1424 1428
174. G.G. Celesia, R.E. Polcyn, and J.E. Holden Determination of regional cerebral blood flow in patients with cerebral infarction. Use of fluoromethane labeled with fluorine 18 and positron emission tomography Arch Neurol 41 3 1984 262 267
175. J.A. Dobkin, R.L. Levine, and H.L. Lagreze Evidence for transhemispheric diaschisis in unilateral stroke Arch Neurol 46 12 1989 1333 1336
176. R. Wise, J. Gibbs, and R. Frackowiak No evidence for transhemispheric diaschisis after human cerebral infarction Stroke 17 5 1986 853 861
177. J.C. Baron, P. Lebrun-Grandie, and P. Collard Noninvasive measurement of blood flow, oxygen consumption, and glucose utilization in the same brain
178. W.D. Heiss, G. Pawlik, and R. Wagner Functional hypometabolism of noninfarcted brain regions in ischemic stroke J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 3 Suppl 1 1983 S582 S583
179. S. Iglesias, G. Marchal, and F. Viader Delayed intrahemispheric remote hypometabolism. Correlations with early recovery after stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 10 5 2000 391 402
180. R.J. Wise, S. Bernardi, and R.S. Frackowiak Serial observations on the pathophysiology of acute stroke. The transition from ischaemia to infarction as reflected in regional oxygen extraction Brain 106 Pt 1 1983 197 222
181. B. Szelies, K. Herholz, and G. Pawlik Widespread functional effects of discrete thalamic infarction Arch Neurol 48 2 1991 178 182
182. C. Von Monakow Diaschisis K.A. Pribram, Brain and behavior I: mood, states and mind 1969 Penguin Books Baltimore (MD) 27 36
183. 2 and CBF by the oxygen-15 inhalation technique. Results in normal volunteers and cerebrovascular patients Eur Neurol 20 3 1981 285 290
184. S. Iglesias, G. Marchal, and P. Rioux Do changes in oxygen metabolism in the unaffected cerebral hemisphere underlie early neurological recovery after stroke? A positron emission tomography study Stroke 27 7 1996 1192 1199
185. Y. Dong, H. Fukuyama, and H. Nabatame Assessment of benzodiazepine receptors using iodine-123-labeled iomazenil single-photon emission computed tomography in patients with ischemic cerebrovascular disease. A comparison with PET study Stroke 28 9 1997 1776 1782
186. F. Sakai, S. Aoki, and S. Kan Ataxic hemiparesis with reductions of ipsilateral cerebellar blood flow Stroke 17 5 1986 1016 1018
187. M. Giroud, E. Creisson, and H. Fayolle Homolateral ataxia and crural paresis: a crossed cerebral-cerebellar diaschisis J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr 57 2 1994 221 222
188. E.J. Metter, D. Kempler, and C. Jackson Cerebral glucose metabolism in Wernicke's, Broca's, and conduction aphasia Arch Neurol 46 1 1989 27 34
189. H. Karbe, K. Herholz, and B. Szelies Regional metabolic correlates of Token test results in cortical and subcortical left hemispheric infarction Neurology 39 8 1989 1083 1088
190. D. Perani, G. Vallar, and S. Cappa Aphasia and neglect after subcortical stroke. A clinical/cerebral perfusion correlation study Brain 110 Pt 5 1987 1211 1229
191. H. Karbe, B. Szelies, and K. Herholz Impairment of language is related to left parieto-temporal glucose metabolism in aphasic stroke patients J Neurol 237 1 1990 19 23
192. M. Kushner, M. Reivich, and C. Fieschi Metabolic and clinical correlates of acute ischemic infarction Neurology 37 7 1987 1103 1110 (Pubitemid 17123440)
193. W.D. Heiss, J. Kessler, and H. Karbe Cerebral glucose metabolism as a predictor of recovery from aphasia in ischemic stroke Arch Neurol 50 9 1993 958 964
194. H. Karbe, J. Kessler, and K. Herholz Long-term prognosis of poststroke aphasia studied with positron emission tomography Arch Neurol 52 2 1995 186 190
195. H.C. Chui, W. Mack, and J.E. Jackson Clinical criteria for the diagnosis of vascular dementia: a multicenter study of comparability and interrater reliability Arch Neurol 57 2 2000 191 196
196. H. Brunnstrom, and E. Englund Clinicopathological concordance in dementia diagnostics Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 17 8 2009 664 670
197. O.L. Lopez, L.H. Kuller, and J.T. Becker Classification of vascular dementia in the Cardiovascular Health Study Cognition Study Neurology 64 9 2005 1539 1547
198. C.D. Smith, D.A. Snowdon, and H. Wang White matter volumes and periventricular white matter hyperintensities in aging and dementia Neurology 54 4 2000 838 842
199. R.S. Frackowiak, C. Pozzilli, and N.J. Legg Regional cerebral oxygen supply and utilization in dementia. A clinical and physiological study with oxygen-15 and positron tomography Brain 104 Pt 4 1981 753 778
200. J. De Reuck, D. Decoo, and M. Marchau Positron emission tomography in vascular dementia J Neurol Sci 154 1 1998 55 61
201. V.C. Hachinski, P. Potter, and H. Merskey Leuko-araiosis Arch Neurol 44 1 1987 21 23
202. R. Schmidt, K. Petrovic, and S. Ropele Progression of leukoaraiosis and cognition Stroke 38 9 2007 2619 2625
203. L. Pantoni, A. Poggesi, and D. Inzitari The relation between white-matter lesions and cognition Curr Opin Neurol 20 4 2007 390 397
204. H. Tohgi, H. Yonezawa, and S. Takahashi Cerebral blood flow and oxygen metabolism in senile dementia of Alzheimer's type and vascular dementia with deep white matter changes Neuroradiology 40 3 1998 131 137
205. K. Meguro, J. Hatazawa, and T. Yamaguchi Cerebral circulation and oxygen metabolism associated with subclinical periventricular hyperintensity as shown by magnetic resonance imaging Ann Neurol 28 3 1990 378 383
206. J. De Reuck, D. Decoo, and K. Strijckmans Does the severity of leukoaraiosis contribute to senile dementia? A comparative computerized and positron emission tomographic study Eur Neurol 32 4 1992 199 205
207. M. Ihara, H. Tomimoto, and K. Ishizu Decrease in cortical benzodiazepine receptors in symptomatic patients with leukoaraiosis: a positron emission tomography study Stroke 35 4 2004 942 947
208. A.D. Mendelow, R. Bullock, and G.M. Teasdale Intracranial haemorrhage induced at arterial pressure in the rat. Part 2: short term changes in local cerebral blood flow measured by autoradiography Neurol Res 6 4 1984 189 193
209. F.P. Nath, A. Jenkins, and A.D. Mendelow Early hemodynamic changes in experimental intracerebral hemorrhage J Neurosurg 65 5 1986 697 703
210. C. Sills, C. Villar-Cordova, and W. Pasteur Demonstration of hypoperfusion surrounding intracerebral hematoma in humans J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 6 1996 17 24
211. A.I. Qureshi, D.A. Wilson, and D.F. Hanley No evidence for an ischemic penumbra in massive experimental intracerebral hemorrhage Neurology 52 2 1999 266 272
212. S.A. Mayer, A. Lignelli, and M.E. Fink Perilesional blood flow and edema formation in acute intracerebral hemorrhage: a SPECT study Stroke 29 9 1998 1791 1798
213. F.P. Nath, P.T. Kelly, and A. Jenkins Effects of experimental intracerebral hemorrhage on blood flow, capillary permeability, and histochemistry J Neurosurg 66 4 1987 555 562
214. E.J. Hoffman, S.C. Huang, and M.E. Phelps Quantitation in positron emission computed tomography: 1. Effect of object size J Comput Assist Tomogr 3 3 1979 299 308
215. J.C. Mazziotta, M.E. Phelps, and D. Plummer Quantitation in positron emission computed tomography: 5. Physical-anatomical effects J Comput Assist Tomogr 5 5 1981 734 743
216. T.O. Videen, J.E. Dunford-Shore, and M.N. Diringer Correction for partial volume effects in regional blood flow measurements adjacent to hematomas in humans with intracerebral hemorrhage: implementation and validation J Comput Assist Tomogr 23 2 1999 248 256
217. A.R. Zazulia, M.N. Diringer, and T.O. Videen Hypoperfusion without ischemia surrounding acute intracerebral hemorrhage J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 21 2001 804 810
218. J.S. Kim-Han, S.J. Kopp, and L.L. Dugan Perihematomal mitochondrial dysfunction after intracerebral hemorrhage Stroke 37 10 2006 2457 2462
219. W.J. Powers, A.R. Zazulia, and T.O. Videen Autoregulation of cerebral blood flow surrounding acute (6 to 22 hours) intracerebral hemorrhage Neurology 57 1 2001 18 24
220. A.R. Zazulia, T.O. Videen, and W.J. Powers Transient focal increase in perihematomal glucose metabolism after acute human intracerebral hemorrhage Stroke 40 5 2009 1638 1643
221. M. Bergsneider, D.A. Hovda, and E. Shalmon Cerebral hyperglycolysis following severe traumatic brain injury in humans: a positron emission tomography study J Neurosurg 86 2 1997 241 251
222. 18)F-FDG kinetics in patients with traumatic brain injury J Nucl Med 45 5 2004 775 783
223. P.M. Vespa Metabolic penumbra in intracerebral hemorrhage Stroke 40 5 2009 1547 1548
224. W.D. Heiss, C. Beil, and G. Pawlik Non-traumatic intracerebral hematoma versus ischemic stroke: regional pattern of glucose metabolism J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 5 Suppl 1 1985 S5 S6
225. 18F)- fluorodeoxyglucose in cerebral vascular disease: clinicometabolic correlations in patients with nontraumatic spontaneous intracerebral hematoma and ischemic infarction J.S. Meyer, H. Lechner, M. Reivich, E.O. Ott, Cerebral vascular disease 6: proceedings of the world federation of neurology 13th International Salzburg conference 1987 Excerpta Medica Amsterdam 257 262
226. D.A. Carpenter, R.L. Grubb Jr., and L.W. Tempel Cerebral oxygen metabolism after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 11 5 1991 837 844
227. P. Frykholm, J.L. Andersson, and B. Langstrom Haemodynamic and metabolic disturbances in the acute stage of subarachnoid haemorrhage demonstrated by PET Acta Neurol Scand 109 1 2004 25 32
228. N.F. Kassell, T. Sasaki, and A.R. Colohan Cerebral vasospasm following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage Stroke 16 4 1985 562 572
229. R.C. Heros, N.T. Zervas, and V. Varsos Cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage: an update Ann Neurol 14 6 1983 599 608
230. J.I. Suarez, R.W. Tarr, and W.R. Selman Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage N Engl J Med 354 4 2006 387 396
231. M. Jakobsen, E. Enevoldsen, and P. Bjerre Cerebral blood flow and metabolism following subarachnoid haemorrhage: cerebral oxygen uptake and global blood flow during the acute period in patients with SAH Acta Neurol Scand 82 3 1990 174 182
232. T. Hayashi, A. Suzuki, and J. Hatazawa Cerebral circulation and metabolism in the acute stage of subarachnoid hemorrhage J Neurosurg 93 6 2000 1014 1018
233. R.L. Grubb Jr., M.E. Raichle, and J.O. Eichling Effects of subarachnoid hemorrhage on cerebral blood volume, blood flow, and oxygen utilization in humans J Neurosurg 46 4 1977 446 453
234. A. Hino, N. Mizukawa, and H. Tenjin Postoperative hemodynamic and metabolic changes in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage Stroke 20 11 1989 1504 1510
235. B. Voldby, E.M. Enevoldsen, and F.T. Jensen Regional CBF, intraventricular pressure, and cerebral metabolism in patients with ruptured intracranial aneurysms J Neurosurg 62 1 1985 48 58
236. W.J. Powers, R.L. Grubb Jr., and R.P. Baker Regional cerebral blood flow and metabolism in reversible ischemia due to vasospasm. Determination by positron emission tomography J Neurosurg 62 4 1985 539 546
237. S. Kawamura, I. Sayama, and N. Yasui Sequential changes in cerebral blood flow and metabolism in patients with subarachnoid haemorrhage Acta Neurochir (Wien) 114 1-2 1992 12 15
238. K.D. Yundt, R.L. Grubb Jr., and M.N. Diringer Autoregulatory vasodilation of parenchymal vessels is impaired during cerebral vasospasm J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 18 4 1998 419 424
239. K.D. Yundt, R.L. Grubb Jr., and M.N. Diringer Cerebral hemodynamic and metabolic changes caused by brain retraction after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage Neurosurgery 40 3 1997 442 450
240. D.P. Noske, S.M. Peerdeman, and E.F. Comans Cerebral microdialysis and positron emission tomography after surgery for aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage in grade I patients Surg Neurol 64 2 2005 109 115