Evidence-based patient safety advisory: Patient selection and procedures in ambulatory surgery

Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery

Volumn 124, Issue 4, 2009, Pages 6S-27S

  Haeck, Phillip C ^a   Swanson, Jennifer A ^a   Iverson, Ronald E ^a,k   Schechter, Loren S ^a,r   Singer, Robert ^a,t   Basu, C Bob ^a,c   Damitz, Lynn A ^a,d   Glasberg, Scot Bradley ^a,g   Glassman, Lawrence S ^a,h   McGuire, Michael F ^a,n   Baker, Stephen B ^b   Bailey, Charles W ^a   Eaves, Felmont F ^e   Faringer, Paul D ^f   Gutowski, Karol A ⁱ   Hall Findlay, Elizabeth J ^j   Leffel, Linda J ^a   Lynch, Dennis J ^l   McDevitt, Noel B ^m   O'Neill, Patrick J ^o   Reisman, Neal R ^p   Rogers, Gary F ^q   Siemionow, Maria ^s   Smotrich, Gary A ^u   Twersky, Rebecca S ^v   Wandel, Amy G ^w   Wender, Ronald H ^x   Yates, James A ^y   more..

^a Georgetown University Hospital ^*  (United States)

^b GEORGETOWN UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (United States)

^c Basu Center for Aesthetics and Plastic Surgery   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA   (United States)

^e Charlotte Plastic Surgery   (United States)

^f KAISER PERMANENTE   (United States)

^g EAR AND THROAT HOSPITAL   (United States)

^h Nyack Hospital   (United States)

ⁱ NORTHSHORE UNIVERSITY HEALTHSYSTEM   (United States)

^j Banff Yoho and Kootenay National Parks Parks Canada   (Canada)

^k STANFORD UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^l TEXAS A AND M UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^m Pinehurst Surgical Clinic   (United States)

ⁿ UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^o MEDICAL UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH CAROLINA   (United States)

^p ST LUKE S EPISCOPAL HOSPITAL   (United States)

^q BOSTON CHILDREN S HOSPITAL   (United States)

^r Lawrenceville Plastic Surgery ^*  (United States)

^s LERNER RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (United States)

^t UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^u Lawrenceville Plastic Surgery   (United States)

^v SUNY DOWNSTATE MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^w Mercy Medical Group   (United States)

^x CEDARS SINAI MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^y Holy Spirit Hospital   (United States)

more..

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AMBULATORY SURGERY; EVIDENCE BASED MEDICINE; METHODOLOGY; PATIENT SELECTION; REVIEW; SAFETY;

AMBULATORY SURGICAL PROCEDURES; EVIDENCE-BASED MEDICINE; PATIENT SELECTION; SAFETY;

EID: 77956482877     PISSN: 00321052     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/PRS.0b013e3181b8e880     Document Type: Article

References (101)

1. National Center for Health Statistics. Health, United States, 2007, with Chartbook on Trends in the Health of Americans. Hyattsville, Md: US Government Printing Office; 2007.
2. Keyes GR, Singer R, Iverson RE, et al. Analysis of outpatient surgery center safety using an internet-based quality improvement and peer review program. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2004;113:1760-1770.
3. Iverson RE; ASPS Task Force on Patient Safety in Office- Based Surgery Facilities . Patient safety in office-based surgery facilities: I. Procedures in the office-based surgery setting. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2002;110:1337-1342; discussion 1343-1346.
4. Iverson RE, Lynch DJ. Patient safety in office-based surgery facilities: II. Patient selection. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2002;110: 1785-1790; discussion 1791-1792.
5. Greenhalgh T. How to Read a Paper: The Basics of Evidence- Based Medicine. 3rd ed. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing; 2006.
6. Lang TA, Secic M. How to Report Statistics in Medicine. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: American College of Physicians; 2006.
7. Straus SE, Richardson WS, Glasziou P, Haynes RB. Evidence- Based Medicine: How to Practice and Teach EBM. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Churchill Livingstone; 2005.
8. Evidence-Based Medicine Working Group. Users' Guides to the Medical Literature: Essentials of Evidence-Based Clinical Practice. Chicago: American Medical Association; 2002.
9. Center for Evidence Based Medicine. Levels of evidence and grades of recommendations. Available at: http://www. cebm.net/levels-of-evidence.asp#levels. Accessed April 30, 2007.
10. American Society of Plastic Surgeons. Scales for rating levels of evidence. Available at: http://www.plasticsurgery.org/Medical- Professionals/Health-Policy-and-Advocacy/Health-Policy- Resources/Evidence-based-GuidelinesPractice-Parameters/ Description-and-Development-of-Evidence-based-Practice- Guidelines/ASPS-Evidence-Rating-Scales.html. Accessed February 4, 2009.
11. American Society of Plastic Surgeons. Scale for grading practice recommendations. Available at: http://www.plasticsurgery.org/ Medical-Professionals/Health-Policy-and-Advocacy/Health- Policy-Resources/Evidence-based-GuidelinesPractice- Parameters/Description-and-Development-of-Evidencebased- Practice-Guidelines/ASPS-Grade-Recommendation- Scale.html. Accessed February 4, 2009.
12. Chung F, Mezei G, Tong D. Pre-existing medical conditions as predictors of adverse events in day-case surgery. Br J Anaesth. 1999;83:262-270.
13. Custer PL, Trinkaus KM. Hemorrhagic complications of oculoplastic surgery. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg. 2002;18: 409-415.
14. Fleisher LA, Pasternak LR, Lyles A. A novel index of elevated risk of inpatient hospital admission immediately following outpatient surgery. Arch Surg. 2007;142:263-268.
15. Mandal A, Imran D, McKinnell T, Rao GS. Unplanned admissions following ambulatory plastic surgery: A retrospective study. Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 2005;87:466-468.
16. Aldwinckle RJ, Montgomery JE. Unplanned admission rates and postdischarge complications in patients over the age of 70 following day case surgery. Anaesthesia 2004;59:57-59.
17. George EN, Simpson D, Thornton DJ, Brown TL, Griffiths RW. Re-evaluating selection criteria for local anaesthesia in day surgery. Br J Plast Surg. 2004;57:446-449.
18. Kempers KG, Foote JW, DiFlorio-Brennan T. Obesity: Prevalence and considerations in oral and maxillofacial surgery. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2000;58:137-143.
19. Atkins M, White J, Ahmed K. Day surgery and body mass index: Results of a national survey. Anaesthesia 2002;57: 180-182.
20. Nielsen KC, Guller U, Steele SM, Klein SM, Greengrass RA, Pietrobon R. Influence of obesity on surgical regional anesthesia in the ambulatory setting: An analysis of 9, 038 blocks. Anesthesiology 2005;102:181-187.
21. Myles PS, Iacono GA, Hunt JO, et al. Risk of respiratory complications and wound infection in patients undergoing ambulatory surgery: Smokers versus nonsmokers. Anesthesiology 2002;97:842-847.
22. Samama MM. An epidemiologic study of risk factors for deep vein thrombosis in medical outpatients: The Sirius study. Arch Intern Med. 2000;160:3415-3420.
23. Chacon GE, Viehweg TL, Ganzberg SI. Management of the obese patient undergoing office-based oral and maxillofacial surgery procedures. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2004;62: 88-93.
24. Friedman Z, Chung F, Wong DT; . Ambulatory surgery adult patient selection criteria: A survey of Canadian anesthesiologists. Can J Anaesth. 2004;51:437-443.
25. Sabers C, Plevak DJ, Schroeder DR, Warner DO. The diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnea as a risk factor for unanticipated admissions in outpatient surgery. Anesth Analg. 2003;96:1328-1335.
26. Gross JB, Bachenberg KL, Benumof JL, et al. Practice guidelines for the perioperative management of patients with obstructive sleep apnea: A report by the American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Perioperative Management of patients with obstructive sleep apnea. Anesthesiology 2006;104:1081-1093.
27. Fleisher LA, Beckman JA, Brown KA, et al. ACC/AHA 2007 guidelines on perioperative cardiovascular evaluation and care for noncardiac surgery: A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the 2002 Guidelines on Perioperative Cardiovascular Evaluation for Noncardiac Surgery) developed in collaboration with the American Society of Echocardiography, American Society of Nuclear Cardiology, Heart Rhythm Society, Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, Society for Vascular Medicine and Biology, and Society for Vascular Surgery. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007;50:e159-e241.
28. American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Perioperative Management of Patients with Cardiac Rhythm Management Devices. Practice Advisory for the Perioperative Management of Patients with Cardiac Rhythm Management Devices: Pacemakers and Implantable Cardioverter- Defibrillators. A Report by the American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Perioperative Management of Patients with Cardiac Rhythm Management Devices. Anesthesiology 2005;103:186-198.
29. Kirkorian AY, Moore BL, Siskind J, Marmur ES. Perioperative management of anticoagulant therapy during cutaneous surgery: 2005 survey of Mohs surgeons. Dermatol Surg. 2007;33:1189-1197.
30. Broad L, Lee T, Conroy M, et al. Successful management of patients with a drug-eluting coronary stent presenting for elective, non-cardiac surgery. Br J Anaesth. 2007;98: 19-22.
31. Ardekian L, Gaspar R, Peled M, Brener B, Laufer D. Does low-dose aspirin therapy complicate oral surgical procedures? J Am Dent Assoc. 2000;131:331-335.
32. Dhiwakar M, Khan NA, McClymont LG. Surgical resection of cutaneous head and neck lesions: Does aspirin use increase hemorrhagic risk? Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2006;132:1237-1241.
33. Bartlett GR. Does aspirin affect the outcome of minor cutaneous surgery? Br J Plast Surg. 1999;52:214-216.
34. Partridge CG, Campbell JH, Alvarado F. The effect of platelet-altering medications on bleeding from minor oral surgery procedures. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2008;66: 93-97.
35. Chassot PG, Delabays A, Spahn DR. Perioperative use of anti-platelet drugs. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol. 2007;21: 241-256.
36. Burger W, Chemnitius JM, Kneissl GD, Rücker G. Low-dose aspirin for secondary cardiovascular prevention: Cardiovascular risks after its perioperative withdrawal versus bleeding risks with its continuation. Review and meta-analysis. J Intern Med. 2005;257:399-414.
37. Szalat A, Erez G, Leitersdorf E. Aspirin withdrawal prior to invasive medical procedures: A strategy based on thromboembolic and bleeding risk stratification. Isr Med Assoc J. 2007;9:435-438.
38. Inman DS, Michla Y, Partington PF. Perioperative management of trauma patients admitted on clopidogrel (Plavix): A survey of orthopaedic departments across the United Kingdom. Injury 2007;38:625-630.
39. Reinisch JF, Bresnick SD, Walker JW, Rosso RF. Deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolus after face lift: A study of incidence and prophylaxis. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2001; 107:1570-1575; discussion 1576-1577.
40. Spring MA, Gutowski KA. Venous thromboembolism in plastic surgery patients: Survey results of plastic surgeons. Aesthetic Surg J. 2006;26:522-529.
41. Keyes GR, Singer R, Iverson RE, et al. Mortality in outpatient surgery. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2008;122:245-250; discussion 251-253.
42. Wu O, Robertson L, Twaddle S, et al. Screening for thrombophilia in high-risk situations: Systematic review and costeffectiveness analysis. The Thrombosis: Risk and Economic Assessment of Thrombophilia Screening (TREATS) study. Health Technol Assess. 2006;10:1-110.
43. Wu O, Robertson L, Langhorne P, et al. Oral contraceptives, hormone replacement therapy, thrombophilias and risk of venous thromboembolism: A systematic review. The Thrombosis: Risk and Economic Assessment of Thrombophilia Screening (TREATS) Study. Thromb Haemost. 2005; 94:17-25.
44. Kocher O, Cirovic C, Malynn E, et al. Obstetric complications in patients with hereditary thrombophilia identified using the LCx microparticle enzyme immunoassay: A controlled study of 5, 000 patients. Am J Clin Pathol. 2007;127: 68-75.
45. Sottilotta G, Oriana V, Latella C, et al. Genetic prothrombotic risk factors in women with unexplained pregnancy loss. Thromb Res. 2006;117:681-684.
46. Jauniaux E, Farquharson RG, Christiansen OB, Exalto N. Evidence-based guidelines for the investigation and medical treatment of recurrent miscarriage. Hum Reprod. 2006; 21:2216-2222.
47. Young VL, Watson ME. The need for venous thromboembolism (VTE) prophylaxis in plastic surgery. Aesthetic Surg J. 2006;26:157-175.
48. Michot M, Conen D, Holtz D, et al. Prevention of deep-vein thrombosis in ambulatory arthroscopic knee surgery: A randomized trial of prophylaxis with low-molecular weight heparin. Arthroscopy 2002;18:257-263.
49. American Society of Anesthesiologists. ASA physical status classification system. Available at: http://www.asahq. org/clinical/physicalstatus.htm. Accessed February 27, 2009.
50. Fortier J, Chung F, Su J. Unanticipated admission after ambulatory surgery: A prospective study. Can J Anaesth. 1998;45:612-619.
51. Ansell GL, Montgomery JE. Outcome of ASA III patients undergoing day case surgery. Br J Anaesth. 2004;92:71-74.
52. Buggy DJ, Crossley AW. Thermoregulation, mild perioperative hypothermia and postanaesthetic shivering. Br J Anaesth. 2000;84:615-628.
53. Flores-Maldonado A, Medina-Escobedo CE, Rios-Rodríguez HM, Fernańdez-Domińguez R. Mild perioperative hypothermia and the risk of wound infection. Arch Med Res. 2001;32:227-231.
54. Melling AC, Ali B, Scott EM, Leaper DJ. Effects of preoperative warming on the incidence of wound infection after clean surgery: A randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2001; 358:876-880.
55. Rajagopalan S, Mascha E, Na J, Sessler DI. The effects of mild perioperative hypothermia on blood loss and transfusion requirement. Anesthesiology 2008;108:71-77.
56. Frank SM, Fleisher LA, Breslow MJ, et al. Perioperative maintenance of normothermia reduces the incidence of morbid cardiac events: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 1997;277:1127-1134.
57. Nesher N, Zisman E, Wolf T, et al. Strict thermoregulation attenuates myocardial injury during coronary artery bypass graft surgery as reflected by reduced levels of cardiac-specific troponin I. Anesth Analg. 2003;96:328-335.
58. Fossum S, Hays J, Henson MM. A comparison study on the effects of prewarming patients in the outpatient surgery setting. J Perianesth Nurs. 2001;16:187-194.
59. Smith CE, Gerdes E, Sweda S, et al. Warming intravenous fluids reduces perioperative hypothermia in women undergoing ambulatory gynecological surgery. Anesth Analg. 1998; 87:37-41.
60. Agrawal N, Sewell DA, Griswold ME, Frank SM, Hessel TW, Eisele DW. Hypothermia during head and neck surgery. Laryngoscope 2003;113:1278-1282.
61. Cavallini M, Baruffaldi Preis FW, Casati A. Effects of mild hypothermia on blood coagulation in patients undergoing elective plastic surgery. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2005;116:316-321; discussion 322-323.
62. Negishi C, Hasegawa K, Mukai S, Nakagawa F, Ozaki M, Sessler DI. Resistive-heating and forced-air warming are comparably effective. Anesth Analg. 2003;96:1683-1687.
63. Ng PC, Barzilai DA, Ismail SA, Averitte RL Jr, Gilliam AC. Evaluating invasive cutaneous melanoma: Is the initial biopsy representative of the final depth? J Am Acad Dermatol. 2003;48:420-424.
64. Robles-Cervantes JA, Martińez-Molina R, Cárdenas-Camarena L. Heating infiltration solutions used in tumescent liposuction: Minimizing surgical risk. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2005;116:1077-1081.
65. Vanni SM, Braz JR, Modolo NS, Amorim RB, Rodrigues GR Jr. Preoperative combined with intraoperative skin-surface warming avoids hypothermia caused by general anesthesia and surgery. J Clin Anesth. 2003;15:119-125.
66. Perrott DH, Yuen JP, Andresen RV, Dodson TB. Officebased ambulatory anesthesia: Outcomes of clinical practice of oral and maxillofacial surgeons. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2003;61:983-995; discussion 995-996.
67. Hoefflin SM, Bornstein JB, Gordon M. General anesthesia in an office-based plastic surgical facility: A report on more than 23, 000 consecutive office-based procedures under general anesthesia with no significant anesthetic complications. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2001;107:243-251; discussion 253-257.
68. Bitar G, Mullis W, Jacobs W, et al. Safety and efficacy of office-based surgery with monitored anesthesia care/sedation in 4778 consecutive plastic surgery procedures. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2003;111:150-156; discussion 157-158.
69. Ersek RA. Dissociative anesthesia for safety's sake: Ketamine and diazepam. A 35-year personal experience. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2004;113:1955-1999.
70. Shirakami G, Teratani Y, Fukuda K. Nocturnal episodic hypoxemia after ambulatory breast cancer surgery: Comparison of sevoflurane and propofol-fentanyl anesthesia. J Anesth. 2006;20:78-85.
71. Shirakami G, Teratani Y, Namba T, Hirakata H, Tazuke- Nishimura M, Fukuda K. Delayed discharge and acceptability of ambulatory surgery in adult outpatients receiving general anesthesia. J Anesth. 2005;19:93-101.
72. Liu SS. Effects of Bispectral Index monitoring on ambulatory anesthesia: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials and a cost analysis. Anesthesiology 2004;101:311-315.
73. Marcus JR, Tyrone JW, Few JW, Fine NA, Mustoe TA. Optimization of conscious sedation in plastic surgery. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1999;104:1338-1345.
74. Sungurtekin H, Sungurtekin U, Erdem E. Local anesthesia and midazolam versus spinal anesthesia in ambulatory pilonidal surgery. J Clin Anesth. 2003;15:201-205.
75. Cinnella G, Meola S, Portincasa A, et al. Sedation analgesia during office-based plastic surgery procedures: Comparison of two opioid regimens. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2007;119:2263-2270.
76. Malignant Hyperthermia Association of the United States. Medical professionals' FAQs. Available at: http://medical. mhaus.org/index.cfm/fuseaction/Content.Display/PagePK/ MedicalFAQs.cfm. Accessed February 5, 2009.
77. Stevens WG, Vath SD, Stoker DA. "Extreme" cosmetic surgery: A retrospective study of morbidity in patients undergoing combined procedures. Aesthetic Surg J. 2004;24:314-318.
78. Stevens WG, Cohen R, Vath SD, Stoker DA, Hirsch EM. Is it safe to combine abdominoplasty with elective breast surgery? A review of 151 consecutive cases. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2006;118:207-212; discussion 213-214.
79. Kim J, Stevenson TR. Abdominoplasty, liposuction of the flanks, and obesity: Analyzing risk factors for seroma formation. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2006;117:773-779; discussion 780-781.
80. Simon S, Thaller SR, Nathan N. Abdominoplasty combined with additional surgery: A safety issue. Aesthetic Surg J. 2006; 26:413-416.
81. Stokes RB, Williams S. Does concomitant breast surgery add morbidity to abdominoplasty? Aesthetic Surg J. 2007;27:612-615.
82. Florida Department of Health. Rule 64B8-9.009: Standard of care for office surgery. Available at: http://www.flrules. org/gateway/ruleno.asp?id-64B8-9.009&Section-0. Accessed February 4, 2009.
83. Cárdenas-Camarena L. Aesthetic surgery of the thoracoabdominal area combining abdominoplasty and circumferential lipoplasty: 7 years' experience. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2005;116:881-890; discussion 891-892.
84. Cárdenas-Camarena L, Paillet JC. Combined gluteoplasty: Liposuction and gluteal implants. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2007; 119:1067-1074.
85. Stevens WG, Cohen R, Vath SD, Stoker DA, Hirsch EM. Does lipoplasty really add morbidity to abdominoplasty? Revisiting the controversy with a series of 406 cases. Aesthetic Surg J. 2005;25:353-358.
86. Mattila K, Toivonen J, Janhunen L, Rosenberg PH, Hynynen M. Postdischarge symptoms after ambulatory surgery: First-week incidence, intensity, and risk factors. Anesth Analg. 2005;101:1643-1650.
87. Tham C, Koh KF. Unanticipated admission after day surgery. Singapore Med J. 2002;43:522-526.
88. Haynes AB, Weiser TG, Berry WR, et al. A surgical safety checklist to reduce morbidity and mortality in a global population. N Engl J Med. 2009;360:491-499.
89. Chung F, Mezei G, Tong D. Adverse events in ambulatory surgery: A comparison between elderly and younger patients. Can J Anaesth. 1999;46:309-321.
90. Wu O, Clark P, Lowe GD, Walker ID, Greer IA; Thrombosis: Risk and Economic Assessment of Thrombophilia Screening (TREATS) Study Group. Thrombophilia and venous thromboembolism after total hip or knee replacement surgery: A systematic review. J Thromb Haemost. 2005;3:811-813.
91. Handoll HH, Farrar MJ, McBirnie J, et al. Heparin, low molecular weight heparin and physical methods for preventing deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism following surgery for hip fractures. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002;2:CD000305.
92. Wille-Jørgensen P, Rasmussen MS, Andersen BR, Borly L. Heparins and mechanical methods for thromboprophylaxis in colorectal surgery. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003; 4:CD001217.
93. Urbankova J, Quiroz R, Kucher N, Goldhaber SZ. Intermittent pneumatic compression and deep vein thrombosis prevention: A meta-analysis in postoperative patients. Thromb Haemost. 2005;94:1181-1185.
94. Amaragiri SV, Lees TA. Elastic compression stockings for prevention of deep vein thrombosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2000;3:CD001484.
95. Turpie AG, Bauer KA, Eriksson BI, Lassen MR. Fondaparinux vs enoxaparin for the prevention of venous thromboembolism in major orthopedic surgery: A meta-analysis of 4 randomized double-blind studies. Arch Intern Med. 2002;162:1833-1840.
96. Turpie AG, Bauer KA, Caprini JA, et al. Fondaparinux combined with intermittent pneumatic compression vs. intermittent pneumatic compression alone for prevention of venous thromboembolism after abdominal surgery: A randomized, double- blind comparison. J Thromb Haemost. 2007;5:1854-1861.
97. Ng SF, Oo CS, Loh KH, Lim PY, Chan YH, Ong BC. A comparative study of three warming interventions to determine the most effective in maintaining perioperative normothermia. Anesth Analg. 2003;96:171-176.
98. Young VL, Watson ME. Prevention of perioperative hypothermia in plastic surgery. Aesthet Surg J. 2006;26:551-571.
99. Junger A, Klasen J, Benson M, et al. Factors determining length of stay of surgical day-case patients. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2001;18:314-321.
100. American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Sedation and Analgesia by Non-Anesthesiologists. Practice guidelines for sedation and analgesia by non-anesthesiologists. Anesthesiology 2002;96:1004-1017.
101. Gordon NA, Koch ME. Duration of anesthesia as an indicator of morbidity and mortality in office-based facial plastic surgery: A review of 1200 consecutive cases. Arch Facial Plast Surg. 2006;8:47-53.