Major trends in the historiography of the Latin American oil industry

Business History Review

Volumn 84, Issue 2, 2010, Pages 339-362

  Bucheli, Marcelo ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA CHAMPAIGN   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 77956438678     PISSN: 00076805     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0007680500002646     Document Type: Review

References (186)

1. George Grayson, "Oil and Latin American Politics", Latin American Research Review 24 (1989):200-10.
2. This evolution is explained in María Inés Barbero, "Business History in Latin America: A Historiographical Perspective", Business History Review 82 (Autumn 2008):555-75;
3. Maria Inés Barbero and Carlos Dávila, "Introduction: A View from Latin America", Entreprises et Histoire 54 (2009):6-15.
4. George Philip, Oil and Politics in Latin America: Nationalist Movements and State Companies (New York, 1982).
5. Energy Intelligence Top 100 (www.energyintel.com). Accessed 30 Apr. 2010.
6. Marcos Kaplan, Estudios sobre político y derecho del petróleo argentino (1907-1955) (Mexico City, 1992). This book collects Kaplan's scholarly pieces originally written in the late 1950s. Using another body of sources, Juan Carlos Vedoya also argues that government policies benefited the foreign multinationals more than YPF.
7. See Carlos Vedoya, "El Pacto Roca-Runciman y el Petró leo", in El Petróleo National: Colectión Todo es Historia, vol. 6, ed. Felix Luna (Buenos Aires, 1976), 93-150.
8. An often-quoted celebratory and patriotic work was written by YPF's most important manager, Enrique Mosconi, Obras del General Enrique Mosconi (Buenos Aires, 1984).
9. Carlos Mayo, Osvaldo Andino, and Fernando García Molina, La diplomatia del petróleo, 1916-1930 (Buenos Aires, 1976).
10. Carl E. Solberg, Oil and Nationalism in Argentina (Stanford, 1979);
11. Carl Solberg, "YPF: The Formative Years of Latin America's Pioneer State Oil Company, 1922-1939", in Latin American Oil Companies and the Politics of Energy, ed. John D. Wirth (Lincoln, Neb., 1985), 51-102.
12. Solberg also analyzed Mosconi as an entrepreneur who led a state-owned company. See Carl Solberg, "Entrepreneurship in Public Enterprise: General Enrique Mosconi and the Argentine Petroleum Industry", Business History Review 56 (Autumn 1982):380-99.
13. Mario Rapoport also studies how Argentina's quest for independence from the foreign multinationals led the government to approach the Soviet Union. See Mario Rapoport, "Argentina and the Soviet Union: History of Political and Commercial Relations (1917-1955)", Hispanic American Historical Review 66 (May 1986):239-85.
14. Laura Ruiz Jiménez, "Prensa, partidos y Standard Oil: Cuestionamientos sobre los debates del petróleo y su papel en las elecciones de 1928", Cuadernos de Historia Regional 17/18 (1995):185-209;
15. Orietta Favaro, Martha Morinelli, and Maria Ragno, La intervención del estado en la industria petrolera: El conflicto Salta-Estado National, 1918-1935 (Buenos Aires, 1989);
16. Nicholas Biddle, "Oil and Democracy in Argentina, 1916-1930", PhD diss., Duke University, 1991;
17. Philip, Oil and Politics, 162-81.
18. Nicolas Gadano, Historia del petróleo en la Argentina, 1907-1955: Desde los inicios hasta la caida de Perón (Buenos Aires, 2006).
19. For an analysis of the long-term changing relations between the Argentine state and YPF, see, Orietta Favaro, "Estado y empresas públicas: El caso de YPF, 1922-1955", Estudios Sociales 9 (1999):57-75.
20. The hundredth anniversary of oil discovery in Argentina in 2007 brought the publication of several celebratory works on Mosconi, including Gisela Aguirre et al., Grandes protagonistas de la historia argentina: Enrique Mosconi (Buenos Aires, 2001);
21. Sandra Pien, Un argentino llamado Mosconi: Un siglo de petróleo en la Argentina y la historia del hombre que lo convirtió en un instrumento para el desarrollo de la Nación (Buenos Aires, 1999);
22. Jorge Alonso and José Luis Speróni, Mosconi: Petróleo para los argentinos (Buenos Aires, 2007).
23. Horacio Salas, Centenario del petróleo argentino, 1907-2007 (Buenos Aires, 2007).
24. José San Martín, El petróleo y la petroquímica en la Argentina (1914-1983) (Buenos Aires, 2006);
25. Mariano Ram Arez, Petróleo: Político, legislación, doctrina (Mendoza, 2003).
26. Daniel A. Cabral Marques and Edda Lía Crespo, "Entre petró1eo y el carbón: Empresas estatales, trabajadores e identidades sociolaborales en la Patagonia austral, 1907-1976", in Hecho en Patagonia: La historia en perspectiva regional, ed. Susana Bandied, Graciela Blanco, and Gladys Varela (Neuquén, Argentina, 2006), 301-47.
27. Elana Shever, "Powerful Motors: Kinship, Citizenship and the Transformation of the Argentine Oil Industry", PhD diss., University of California, Berkeley, 2008.
28. Susana Torres, "Two Oil Company Towns in Patagonia: European Immigrants, Class, and Ethnicity, 1907-1933", PhD diss., Rutgers University, 1996.
29. Gabriel Carrizo, "Trabajo, petróleo y ruptura populista: Los trabajadores del petróleo en la gobernación militar de Comodoro Rivadavia", Estudios Digital 2 (2009). http://www.revistaestudios.unc.edu. ar/articuloso2/articulos/carri20.php, accessed 28 May 2010.
30. Herbert Klein, "American Oil Companies in Latin America: The Bolivian Experience", Inter-American Economic Affairs 18 (Autumn 1964):47-72;
31. Herbert Klein, "The Crisis of Legitimacy and the Origins of Social Revolution: The Bolivian Experience", Journal of Inter-American Studies 10 (1968):102-16;
32. Herbert Klein, Parties and Political Change in Bolivia, 1880-1952 (Cambridge, U. K., 1969);
33. Philip, Oil and Politics, 193-98, 452-68. Some official histories have also been published by Bolivia's state-owned company Yacimientos Petrolíferos Fiscales Bolivianos (YPFB), including Jaime Augusto Rivera, Historia del movimiento sindical petrolero boliviano (La Paz, 1988);
34. Hugo Castrillo, Reseña histórica del petróleo en Bolivia (La Paz, 1986). Other than presenting a general picture of the industry, these works do not contribute much to the historiography.
35. l8 Jayne Spencer, "Oil, Politics, and Economic Nationalism in Bolivia, 1899-1942: The Case of the Standard Oil Company of Bolivia", PhD diss., Los Angeles, 1996.
36. Other studies with general overviews of the history of Bolivian oil, supported by valuable statistical information, are: Augusto Vargas, YPFB: Entre nacionalistas y liberates (La Paz, 1996);
37. Carlos Royuela, Cien años de hidocarburos en Bolivia, 1896-1996 (La Paz, 1996). For a study on indigenous community mobilization in Bolivia against the destruction of the environment by the oil companies in the 1990s
38. see Derrick Hindery, "Multinational Oil Corporations in a Neoliberal Era: Enron, Shell, and the Political Ecology of Conflict over the Cuiaba Pipeline in Bolivia's Chiquitania", PhD diss., University of California, Los Angeles, 2003.
39. John Wirth, The Politics of Brazilian Development (Stanford, 1970), 133-216;
40. John Wirth, "Setting the Brazilian Agenda, 1936-1953", in Wirth, Latin American Oil Companies, 103-44;
41. Peter S. Smith, Oil and Politics in Modern Brazil (Toronto, 1976);
42. Peter Smith, "Petrobras: The Politicizing of a State Company, 1953-1964", Business History Review 46 (Summer 1972):182-201. For an analysis of the military's role in the nationalist oil program written during the 1990s
43. see Lincoln de Abreu Penna, "Petróleo e soberania nacional", in Petróleo no Brasil: Três ensaios sobre a Petrobras, ed. Celeste Aparecida Dias e Souza (Rio de Janeiro, 2004).
44. Another nationalist history is by Pery Cotta, O petróleo é nosso? (Rio de Janeiro, 1975).
45. Michael Weis, "Roots of Estrangement: The United States and Brazil, 1950-1961", PhD diss., Ohio State University, 1987.
46. A history written by a defender of the monopoly and thus more valuable as a primary source than as a work of historical research is by Maria Augusta Tibiriçá Miranda, O petróleo é nosso: A Iuta contra o "entreguismo, "pelo monoódlio estatal: 1947-1953, 1953-1981 (Rio de Janeiro, 1983).
47. Pedro de Moura and Felisberto Carneiro, Em busca do petróleo brasileiro (Rio de Janeiro, 1976).
48. Laura Randall, The Political Economy of Brazilian Oil (New York, 1993);
49. José Luciano de Mattos Dias and Maria Ana Quaglino, A questão do petróleo no Brasil: Uma história da Petrobras (Rio de Janeiro, 1993).
50. Eduardo Carnos Scaletsky, O patrão e o petroleiro: Um passeio pela história do trabalho na Petrobras (Rio de Janeiro, 2003).
51. Eva Dantas and Martin Bell, "Latecomer Firms and the Emergence and Development of Knowledge Networks: The Case of Petrobras in Brazil", Research Policy 38 (2009):829-44.
52. Previous short histories of the politics behind the creation of ANCAP were published by Raúl Jacob, Inversiones extranjeras y petróleo: La crisis de 1929 en el Uruguay (Montevideo, 1979)
53. and Vivián Trias, Imperialismo y petróleo en Uruguay (Montevideo, 1963).
54. Alfonso Labraga, Mario Núñez, Ana María Rodríguez, and Esther Ruiz, Energía y politico en el Uruguay del siglo XX: Del carbón al petróleo en manos de los trusts, 1900-1930 (Montevideo, 1991). This monograph was intended to be the first of a two-volume project on the oil history of Uruguay. Unfortunately, the second volume was never published. One of the coauthors wrote an unpublished paper on the relation between ANCAP and the foreign multinationals.
55. See Ana María Rodríguez Ayçaguer, "Las compañías petroleras frente a ANCAP: De la incredulidad al hostigamiento, 1931-1932", Montevideo, n. d.
56. Benjamín Nahum et al., Lo que nos mueve es todo un país, 1931-2006:75 años de ANCAP (Montevideo, 2006).
57. Mar. Rubio and Reto Bertoni, eds., Energía y desarrollo en el largo siglo XX: Uruguay en el marco Latinoamericano (Montevideo, 2008).
58. A similar methodology for comparing the long-term economic decline of Uruguay with the economic rise of Spain is used by Reto Bertoni, Carolina Román, and Mar. Rubio, "El desarrollo energéico de España y Uruguay en perspectiva comparada: 1860-2000", Historia Industrial 41 (2009):161-93.
59. Sergio Villalobos, Historia de la energía en Chile (Santiago, 1983);
60. Maurice Zeitlin, Linda Ewen, and Richard Radcliff, "'New Princes' for Old? The Large Corporation and the Capitalist Class in Chile", American Journal of Sociology 80 (1974):87-123;
61. Michael Monteón, Chile and the Great Depression: The Politics of Underdevelopment, 1927-1948 (Tempe, Az., 1988);
62. Philip, Oil and Politics.
63. Marcelo Bucheli, "Multinational Corporations, Business Groups, and Economic Nationalism: Standard Oil (New Jersey), Royal Dutch-Shell, and Energy Politics in Chile, 1913-2005", Enterprise and Society 11 (2010):350-99.
64. César Yáñez and José Jofré, "Chile durante la primera globalizatión: Modernización económica y consumo energetic", unpublished ms., Barcelona, 2009.
65. For the long period between colonial times and 1930, see René de la Pedraja, Historia de la energía en Colombia (Bogotá, 1985). For oil politics between 1930 and the 1970s
66. see René de la Pedraja, Energy Politics in Colombia (Boulder, 1989). Jorge Villegas's main works are Petróleo, oligarquía e imperio (Bogotá, 1969) and Petróleo colombiano, ganancia gringa (Bogotá, 1971).
67. Renán Vega and Mario Aguilera, Obreros, colonos y motilones: Una historia social de la Concesión Barco, 1930-1960 (Bogotá, 1995).
68. Alfonso Avellaneda, Petróleo, colonización y medio ambiente en Colombia: De la Tora a Cusiana (Bogotá, 1998).
69. José F. Isaza and Luis Salcedo, Sucedió en la Costa Atlántica: Los albores de la industria petrolera en Colombia (Bogotá, 1991);
70. María Tersa Ripoll, La actividad comercial de Diego Martinez Camargo, 1890-1937 (Cartagena, 1999).
71. Manuel Castells, "Urbanización dependiente en América Latina", in Urbanización y Dependencia, ed. Martha Schteingart (Buenos Aires, 1973).
72. María Tersa Ripoll and Javier Báez, Desarrollo industrial y cultura empresarial en Cartagena: La Andian National Corporation y la Refinería de Mamonal, 1920-2000 (Bogota, 2003);
73. Pamela Murray, "Know-How and Nationalism: Colombia's First Geological and Petroleum Experts, c.1940-1970", The Americas 52 (Oct. 1995):211-26.
74. Eduardo Sáenz Rovner, Colombia años 50: Industriales, política y diplomacia (Bogotá, 2002).
75. Renán Vega, Luz Angela Núñez, and Alexander Pereira, Petróleo y protesta obrera: La Unión Sindical Obrera (USO) y los trabajadores petroleros en Colombia (1923-2008) (Bogotá, 2009);
76. Aviva Chomsky, Linked Labor Histories: New England, Colombia, and the Making of a Global Working Class (Durham, 2008);
77. Mauricio Archila, Aquí nadie es forastero: Barrancabermeja, 1920-1950 (Bogota, 1986);
78. José Yunis and Carlos Hernández, Barrancabermeja: Nacimiento de la close obrera (Bogotá, 1986).
79. Marcelo Bucheli, "Negotiating under the Monroe Doctrine: Weetman Pearson and the Origins of U. S. Control of Colombian Oil", Business History Review 83 (Autumn 2008):529-53.
80. Marcelo Bucheli, "Canadian Multinational Corporations and Economic Nationalism: The Case of Imperial Oil Limited in Alberta (Canada) and Colombia, 1899-1938", Entreprises et Histoire 54 (2009):67-85.
81. Jonathan Brown also used Standard's internal files for the five pages he wrote on Colombia in "Jersey Standard and Latin American Oil Production", in Wirth, Latin American Oil Companies, 28-32.
82. John D. Martz, Politics and Petroleum in Ecuador (New Brunswick, 1987).
83. Allen Gerlach, Indians, Oil, and Politics: A Recent History of Ecuador (Wilmington, 2003):33-50.
84. C hristopher Murchison, "Boom or Bust? A Study of the Ecuadorian Oil Industry and its Effects on the Nation, 1972-1996", MA thesis, University of New Mexico, 1998.
85. Ramiro Gordillo, ¿El oro del Diablo? Ecuador: Historia del petróleo (Quito, 2003).
86. Official histories published by the Ecuadorian government oil agency include Mercy Guerra, El petroleo en el Ecuador (Quito, 2009)
87. and Petroecuador, El petróleo en el Ecuador: Su historia y potential (Quito, 2002).
88. Lorenzo Meyer, Los grupos de presión extranjeros en el México revolucionario, 1910-1940 (Mexico City, 1973);
89. Jorge Basurto, El conflicto international en torno al petróleo de México (Mexico City, 1976);
90. Lorenzo Meyer, Mexico and the United States in the Oil Controversy, 1917-1942 (Austin, 1977);
91. Friedrich Katz, The Secret War in Mexico: Europe, the United States, and the Mexican Revolution (Chicago, 1981);
92. Lorenzo Meyer, "The Mexican Revolution and the Anglo-American Powers: The End of Confrontation and the Beginning of Negotiation", working paper, San Diego, 1985;
93. Lorenzo Meyer, Su Majestad Británica contra la Revolución Méxicana, 1900-1950: El fin de un imperio informal (Mexico City, 1991);
94. Lorenzo Meyer, "The Expropriation and Great Britain", in The Mexican Petroleum Industry in the Twentieth Century, ed. Jonathan Brown and Alan Knight (Austin, 1992).
95. For a general history of the oil industry covering political (both international and domestic), economic, and labor issues, see Lorenzo Meyer and Isidro Morales, Petróleo y nación: La politico petrolera en México (1900-1987) (Mexico City, 1990).
96. Jonathan Brown, Oil and Revolution in Mexico (Berkeley, 1993);
97. Jonathan Brown, "Acting for Themselves: Workers and the Mexican Oil Nationalization", in Workers' Control in Latin America, 1930-1970, ed. Jonathan Brown (Chapel Hill, 1997), 45-71;
98. Jonathan Brown, "Domestic Politics and Foreign Investment: British Development of Mexican Petroleum, 1889-1911", Business History Review 61 (Autumn 1987):387-416.
99. Brown also analyzed how the Mexican oil industry operated before the expropriation, in Jonathan Brown, "The Structure of the Foreign-Owned Petroleum Industry in Mexico, 1880-1938", in Brown and Knight, The Mexican Petroleum Industry, 1-35.
100. Alberto Olvera studied the internal conflicts among oil workers before the expropriation, while Ruth Adler analyzed these conflicts for the post-expropriation period. See Alberto Olvera, The Rise and Fall of Union Democracy at Poza Rica, 1932-1940", in Brown and Knight, The Mexican Petroleum Industry, 63-89;
101. Ruth Adler, "Worker Participation in the Administration of the Petroleum Industry, 1938-1940", in Brown and Knight, The Mexican Petroleum Industry, 129-53.
102. Judith Herrera explains the rise of labor unionism in the oil sector as part of a larger global trend. See Judith Herrera, Colaboración y conflicto: El sindicato petrolero y el cardenismo (Mexico City, 1998).
103. Alan Knight, "The Politics of the Expropriation", in Brown and Knight, The Mexican Petroleum, 90-128.
104. Fabio Barbosa, "Technical and Economic Problems in the Newly Nationalized Industry", in Brown and Knight, The Mexican Petroleum Industry, 189-207;
105. Isidro Morales, "The Consolidation and Expansion of Pemex, 1947-1958", in Brown and Knight, The Mexican Petroleum Industry, 208-255;
106. Isidro Morales, "Pemex during the 1960s and the Crisis in Self-Sufficiency", in Brown and Knight, The Mexican Petroleum Industry, 233-55.
107. Laura Randall, The Political Economy of Mexican Oil (New York, 1989);
108. Esperanza Durán, "Pemex: The Trajectory of a National Oil Policy", in Wirth, Latin American Oil Companies, 145-88.
109. A more recent work defending Pemex's economic performance can be found in Narciso Bassols Batalla, Las etapas de la nacionalización petrolera (Mexico City, 2006).
110. Noël Maurer, "The Empire Struck Back: The Mexican Oil Expropriation of 1938 Reconsidered", Harvard Business School Working Paper 10-108, 2010.
111. Catherine Jayne, Oil, War, and Anglo-American Relations (Westport, Conn., 2001).
112. Linda Hall, Oil, Banks, and Politics: The United States and Post-Revolutionary Mexico, 1917-1924 (Austin, 1995).
113. For a legal history of the expropriation, see Javier Patiño, La hazañajurídica petrolera, 1914-1938 (Mexico City, 1990).
114. Enrique Velasco-Ibarra, "The Political Economy of Institutional Change in the Mexican Industry", PhD diss., Johns Hopkins University, 2002.
115. Stephen Haber, Armando Razo, and Noël Maurer, The Politics of Property Rights: Political Instability, Credible Commitments, and Economic Growth in Mexico, 1876-1929 (New York, 2003), 190-235;
116. Stephen Haber, Armando Razo, and Noël Maurer, "When the Law Does Not Matter: The Rise and Decline of the Mexican Oil Industry", Journal of Economic History 63 (2003):1-32.
117. A reconstruction of Mexico's trade statistics for the revolutionary period shows that the export boom was not limited to oil, but also included other goods. See Sandra Kuntz, "The Export Boom of the Mexican Revolution: Characteristics and Contributing Factors", Journal of Latin American Studies 36 (2004):267-96.
118. Mar. Rubio, "The Role of Mexico in the First World Oil Shortage: 1918-1922-An International Perspective", Revista de Historia Económica 24 (2006):69-96.
119. This same author also published an analysis of the oil industry's impact on the Mexican economy and how its contemporaries perceived it. See, Mar. Rubio, "Petróleo y economía en México, 1900-1930", Caeteris Paribus 1 (Mar. 2005):13-18.
120. Ivonne Carrillo Dewar, Industria petrolera y desarrollo capitalista en el norte de Veracruz, 1900-1990 (Mexico City, 1993).
121. Roberto Hernández Elizondo, Empresarios extranjeros, comercio y petróleo en Tampico y la Huasteca, 1890-1930 (Mexico City, 2006).
122. Myrna Santiago, The Ecology of Oil: Environment, Labor, and the Mexican Revolution, 1900-1938 (New York, 2006).
123. Joel Álvarez de la Borda, Los orígenes de la industria petrolera en México, 1900-1925 (Mexico City, 2005);
124. Andrew Godley, Lisa Bud Frierman, and Judith Wale, "Weetman Pearson in Mexico and the Emergence of a British Oil Major, 1901-1919", in this issue of Business History Review; Guillermo Guajardo, "Aprendizajes de innovación y negocios en el petróleo y los ferrocarriles de México, 1952-1992", in Innovación y empresa: estudios históricos de México, Españo y América Latina, ed. Guillermo Guajardo (Mexico City, 2008).
125. Aurora Gómez, "The Beginnings of Oil Extraction in Mexico: When Mexican Small Private Companies Ruled", paper presented at the World Economic History Congress, Utrecht, 2009.
126. Margaret Leslie Davis, Dark Side of Fortune: Triumph and Scandal in the Life of Oil Tycoon Edward L. Doheny (Berkeley, 1998);
127. Martin R. Ansell, Oil Baron of the Southwest: Edward L. Doheny and the Development of the Petroleum Industry in California and Mexico (Columbus, 1998);
128. Priscilla Connolly, El contratista de don Porfirio: Obras públicas, deuda, y desarrollo desigual (Mexico City, 1997).
129. Jonathan Brown, "Los archivos del petróleo y la revolución mexicana", América Latina en la Historia Económica 24 (2005):49-60;
130. Mauricio Tenorio and Aurora Gómez, El Porfiriato: Herramientas para la historia (Mexico City, 2006).
131. See http://www.colmex.mx/ceh/petroleo/present.php, last accessed 28 May 2010.
132. Adalberto Pinelo, The Multinational Corporation as a Force in Latin American Politics: A Case Study of the International Petroleum Company in Peru (New York, 1973);
133. Rosemary Thorp and Geoffrey Bertram, Peru, 1890-1977: Growth and Policy in an Open Economy (New York, 1978).
134. George Ingram, Expropriation of US. Property in South America: Nationalization of Oil and Copper Companies in Peru, Bolivia, and Chile (New York, 1974):19-104. Another detailed study of IPC and other multinationals' political activities can be found in Charles Goodsell, American Corporations and Peruvian Politics (Cambridge, Mass., 1974).
135. Rory Miller, "Small Business in the Peruvian Oil Industry: Lobitos Oilfields Limited before 1934", Business History Review 56 (Autumn 1982):400-23.
136. David F. C. Myers, "The Evolution of the Peruvian Oil Business and Its Place in the International Petroleum Industry, 1880-1950", PhD diss., Oxford, 1994. A very critical study of the oil policies of President Alan Garcia, published in 1986, reproduces several primary sources that are useful for historians.
137. See Carlos Malpica, El Anti Imperialismo del APRA y los contratos petroleros (Lima, 1986).
138. Margarita Guerra Martinière, ed., Historia del petróleo en el Perú (Lima, 2008).
139. Enrique Flores, "Nacimiento de la industria del petróleo en el Peru (1860-1900)", 103-30;
140. Emilio Candela, "Los hidrocarburos en el Perú, (1931-1968), 169-230;
141. Victor Torres, "El gobierno revolucionario de la Fuerza Armada", 231-70;
142. Daniel Parodi Revoredo, "Los hidrocarburos y lo últimos tiempos: Fluctuaciones politicas entre Morales Bermudez y Toledo", 271-325. These chapters are all included in Guerra Martinière, Historia del petróleo. In another book, Alfonso Quiróz shows how the politics surrounding IPC's operations reflect a long-time corrupt structure in Peru's polities.
143. See, Alfonso Quiróz, Corrupt Circles: A History of Unbound Graft in Peru (Baltimore, 2008), 277, 306-7, 317-24.
144. Bucheli, "Canadian Multinational Corporations."
145. Although there are many general sources, one good one is by Miguel Izar, ed., Político y economía en Venezuela, 1810-1991 (Caracas, 1992).
146. Edwin Lieuwen, Petroleum in Venezuela: A History (Berkeley, 1954);
147. Franklin Tugwell, The Politics of Oil in Venezuela (Stanford, 1975);
148. Rómulo Betancourt, Venezuela: Oil and Politics (New York, 1979).
149. Brian McBeth, Juan Vicente Gómez and the Oil Companies in Venezuela (New York, 1983).
150. For a study of how the relations between the United States and Venezuela changed with the discovery of oil and were shaped afterward by the oil industry, see Judith Ewell, Venezuela and the U. S.: From Monroe's Hemisphere to Petroleum Empire (Athens, Ga., 1996).
151. Jonathan Brown explains that the oil multinationals moved from Mexico to Venezuela in the 1920s as a result of technical problems with extracting oil that the companies faced in Mexico. See Jonathan Brown, "Why Foreign Oil Companies Shifted Their Production from Mexico to Venezuela in the 1920s", American Historical Review 90 (1985):362-85.
152. In a later study, McBeth argues that the U. S. tariff on Venezuelan oil in 1932 depressed international prices, making Gómez more vulnerable to the decisions of foreign firms. See Brian McBeth, "Venezuela's Nascent Oil Industry and the 1932 U. S. Tariff on Crude Oil Imports, 1927-1935", Revista de Historia Económica 27 (2009):427-62.
153. Fernando Coronil, The Magical State: Nature, Money, and Modernity in Venezuela (Chicago, 1997).
154. Laura Randall, The Political Economy of Venezuelan Oil (New York, 1987);
155. Jorge Salazar-Carrillo and Bernadette West, Oil and Development in Venezuela during the Twentieth Century (Westport, 2004).
156. For an analysis of PDVSA's operations in the 1980s, see Juan Carlos Boué, Venezuela: The Political Economy of Oil (Oxford, 1993).
157. Charles Bergquist, Labor in Latin America: Comparative Essays on Chile, Argentina, Venezuela, and Colombia (Stanford, 1986), 191-273.
158. Diego Bautista Urbaneja, Pueblo y petróleo en la política venezolana del siglo XX (Caracas, 1995);
159. Terry Lynn Karl, The Paradox of Plenty: Oil Booms and Petro-States (Berkeley, 1997).
160. Jonathan Di John, From Windfall to Curse? Oil and Industrialization in Venezuela, 1920 to the Present (University Park, Md., 2009).
161. Miguel Tinker-Salas, The Enduring Legacy: Oil, Culture, and Society in Venezuela (Durham, 2009).
162. For a study of the impact of philanthropic activities led by the foreign multinationals in Venezuela, see Darlene Rivas, Missionary Capitalism: Nelson Rockefeller in Venezuela (Chapel Hill, 2002).
163. 8l Mira Wilkins, "Multinational Oil Companies in South America in the 1920s: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru", Business History Review 48 (Autumn 1974):414-46;
164. Philip, Oil and Politics. Philip also made a comparison between Latin American expropriations in George Philip, "The Expropriation in Comparative Perspective", in Brown and Knight, The Mexican Petroleum Industry, 173-88.
165. Thomas O'Brien, The Revolutionary Mission: American Enterprise in Latin America, 1900-1945 (New York, 1996);
166. Thomas O'Brien, The Century of US. Capitalism in Latin America (Albuquerque, 1999).
167. Jonathan Brown and Peter Linder, "Trabajadores en el petróleo extranjero: México y Venezuela", in Las inversiones extranjeras en América Latina, 1850-1930, ed. Carlos Marichal (Mexico City, 1995), 244-71;
168. Jonathan Brown and Peter Linder, "Oil", in The Second Conquest of Latin America: Coffee, Henequen, and Oil During the Export Boom, 1850-1930, ed. Steven Topik and Allen Wells (Austin, 1998), 125-87.
169. A comparison of the political and technical differences between Mexico and Venezuela can also be found in Brown, "Why Foreign Oil Companies."
170. Marcelo Bucheli and Ruth Aguilera, "Political Survival, Energy Policies, and Multinational Corporations: A Historical Study of Standard Oil of New Jersey in Colombia, Mexico, and Venezuela in the Twentieth Century", Management International Review 50 (2010), 347-78.
171. Rafael Sánchez, "El desarrollo de la industria petrolera en América Latina", Revista Mexicana de Socíología 60 (1998):157-79.
172. Mar. Rubio et al., "Energy as an Indicator of Modernization in Latin America: 1890-1925", Economic History Review (2010): forthcoming.
173. Luisa Palacios, "Explaining Policy Choice in the Oil Industry: A Look at Rentier Institutions in Mexico and Venezuela, 1988-1999", PhD diss., Johns Hopkins University, 2002.
174. Ralph Hidy and Muriel Hidy, History of Standard Oil Company (New Jersey): Pioneering in Big Business, 1882-1911 (New York, 1955);
175. George S. Gibb and Evelyn Knowlton, History of Standard Oil Company (New Jersey): The Resurgent Years, 1911-1927 (New York, 1956);
176. Henrietta Larson, Evelyn Knowlton, and Charles Popple, History of Standard Oil Company (New Jersey), 1927-1950: New Horizons (New York, 1971);
177. Bennett Wall, Growth in a Changing Environment: A History of Standard Oil Company (New Jersey) Exxon Corporation, 1950-1975 (New York, 1988);
178. Mira Wilkins, The Emergence of Multinational Enterprise: American Business Abroad from the Colonial Era to 1914 (Cambridge, Mass., 1970);
179. Mira Wilkins, The Maturing of Multinational Enterprise: American Business Abroad from 1914 to 1970 (Cambridge, Mass., 1974);
180. Louis Turner, Oil Companies in the International System (Winchester, 1978);
181. Joost Jonker and Jan Luiten van Zanden, From Challenger to Joint Industry Leader, 1890-1939: A History of Royal Dutch Shell, vol. 1 (Oxford, 2007);
182. Stephen Howarth and Joost Jonker, Powering the Hydrocarbon Revolution, 1939-1973: A History of Royal Dutch Shell, vol. 2 (Oxford, 2007);
183. Keetie Sluyterman, Keeping Competitive in Turbulent Markets, 1973-2007 (Oxford, 2007).
184. An analysis of Latin American nationalist policies in an international context can be found in George Philip, The Political Economy of International Oil (Edinburgh, 1994), 91-102.
185. A shorter, though extensive, history of the oil industry can be found in Daniel Yergin, The Prize: The Epic Quest for Oil, Money, and Power (New York, 1991).
186. Geoffrey Jones's work on the evolution of multinational corporations also has substantial sections dedicated to the oil industry. See Geoffrey Jones, Multinationals and Global Capitalism (Oxford, 2005).