Numerical simulations of LNG vapor dispersion in Brayton Fire Training Field tests with ANSYS CFX

Journal of Hazardous Materials

Volumn 183, Issue 1-3, 2010, Pages 51-61

  Qi, Ruifeng ^a   Ng, Dedy ^a   Cormier, Benjamin R ^a   Mannan, M Sam ^a  

^a Texas AandM University   (United States)

Author keywords

ANSYS CFX; Field test; LNG; Vapor dispersion simulation

Indexed keywords

ANSYS CFX; APPROXIMATE AGREEMENT; ATMOSPHERIC CONDITIONS; BRAYTON; CFD CODES; DENSE GAS; EVAPORATION RATE; FIELD TEST; FIRE TRAINING; GAS CONCENTRATION; GROUND LEVEL; GROUND SURFACE TEMPERATURE; LNG; MESH SIZE; NUMERICAL SIMULATION; ROUGHNESS HEIGHT; SAFETY REGULATIONS; SIMULATION RESULT; SOURCE TERMS; TEST DATA; TURBULENCE INTENSITY; VAPOR CLOUD; VAPOR CLOUD DISPERSION EXCLUSION ZONES; VAPOR DISPERSION; VAPOR DISPERSION SIMULATION;

ATMOSPHERIC TURBULENCE; COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS; FLOW FIELDS; LAWS AND LEGISLATION; LIQUEFIED NATURAL GAS; SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS; TESTING; UNCERTAINTY ANALYSIS; VAPORS;

DISPERSIONS;

LIQUEFIED NATURAL GAS;

COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS; DISPERSION; EVAPORATION; FLUID FLOW; LIQUEFIED NATURAL GAS; MESH SIZE; NUMERICAL MODEL; SURFACE ROUGHNESS; SURFACE TEMPERATURE; TURBULENCE;

ARTICLE; ATMOSPHERE; COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS; CONTROLLED STUDY; DISPERSION; EVAPORATION; FIRE; HEIGHT; PREDICTION; SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS; SIMULATION; SURFACE PROPERTY; TEMPERATURE; TRAINING; VALIDATION STUDY; VAPOR;

ACCIDENTS; AIR POLLUTION; FIRES; GAME THEORY; GASES;

EID: 77956428572     PISSN: 03043894     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.06.090     Document Type: Article

References (39)

1. Hightower M., Gritzo L., Luketa-Hanlin A., Covan J., Tieszen S., Wellman G., Irwin M., Kaneshige M., Melof B., Morrow C., Ragland D. Guidance on Risk Analysis and Safety Implications of a Large Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) Spill Over Water, SAND2004-6258 2004, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM.
2. Thorndike V.L. LNG: A Level-Headed Look at the Liquefied Natural Gas Controversy 2007, Down East Books.
3. Alderman J.A. Introduction to LNG safety. Process Saf. Prog. 2005, 24:144-151.
4. Title 49 Code of Federal Regulations Part 193(49-CFR-193): Liquefied Natural Gas Facilities: Federal Safety Standards 1980, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.
5. National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) NFPA 59A: Standard for the Production, Storage, and Handling of Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) 2009, NFPA, Quincy, MA.
6. Spicer T.O., Havens J.A. Field test validation of the DEGADIS model. J. Hazard. Mater. 1987, 16:231-245.
7. Ermak D.L., Chan S.T., Morgan D.L., Morris L.K. A comparison of dense gas dispersion model simulations with burro series LNG spill test results. J. Hazard. Mater. 1982, 6:129-160.
8. Puttock J.S. Comparison of Thorney Island data with predictions of HEGABOX/HEGADAS. J. Hazard. Mater. 1987, 16:439-455.
9. Luketa-Hanlin A. A review of large-scale LNG spills: experiments and modeling. J. Hazard. Mater. 2006, 132:119-140.
10. Luketa-Hanlin A., Koopman R.P., Ermak D.L. On the application of computational fluid dynamics codes for liquefied natural gas dispersion. J. Hazard. Mater. 2007, 140:504-517.
11. Chan S.T. Numerical simulations of LNG vapor dispersion from a fenced storage area. J. Hazard. Mater. 1992, 30:195-224.
12. Gavelli F., Bullister E., Kytomaa H. Application of CFD (fluent) to LNG spills into geometrically complex environments. J. Hazard. Mater. 2008, 159:158-168.
13. Sklavounos S., Rigas F. Simulation of Coyote series trials-Part I: CFD estimation of non-isothermal LNG releases and comparison with box-model predictions. Chem. Eng. Sci. 2006, 61:1434-1443.
14. Hansen O.R., Melheim J.A., Storvik I.E. CFD modeling of LNG dispersion experiments. AIChE Spring National Meeting 2007.
15. Cormier B.R., Qi R., Yun G., Zhang Y., Mannan M.S. Application of computational fluid dynamics for LNG vapor dispersion modeling: a study of key parameters. J. Loss Prevent. Proc. Ind. 2009, 22:332-352.
16. ANSYS CFX-Solver Theory Guide 2006, ANSYS Ltd.
17. Ashgriz N., Mostaghimi J. An introduction to computational fluid dynamics. Fluid Flow Handbook 2002, 24.1-24.52. McGraw-Hill Professional. J. Saleh (Ed.).
18. Ivings M.J., Jagger S.F., Lea C.J., Webber D.M. Evaluating Vapor Dispersion Models for Safety Analysis of LNG Facilities 2007, Health & Safety Laboratory, UK.
19. ANSYS CFX-Post User's Guide 2006, ANSYS Ltd.
20. Versteeg H.K., Malalasekera W. An Introduction to Computational Fluid Dynamics: The Finite Volume Method 2007, Prentice Hall. second ed.
21. Olvera H.A., Choudhuri A.R. Numerical simulation of hydrogen dispersion in the vicinity of a cubical building in stable stratified atmospheres. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 2006, 31:2356-2369.
22. Release 11.0 Documentation for ANSYS Workbench 2006, ANSYS Ltd.
23. Foss M.M. Introduction to LNG: An Overview on Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG), It Properties, Organization of the LNG Industry and Safety Considerations 2007, Center for Energy Economics, University of Texas at Austin, Houston, TX.
24. Institution of Chemical Engineers (IChemE) BP Process Safety Series-LNG Fire Protection & Emergency Response 2007, IChemE, UK.
25. Sklavounos S., Rigas F. Validation of turbulence models in heavy gas dispersion over obstacles. J. Hazard. Mater. 2004, 108:9-20.
26. Perdikaris G.A., Mayinger F. Numerical simulation of heavy gas cloud dispersion within topographically complex terrain. J. Loss Prevent. Proc. Ind. 1994, 7:391-396.
27. Blocken B., Stathopoulos T., Carmeliet J. CFD simulation of the atmospheric boundary layer: wall function problems. Atmos. Environ. 2007, 41:238-252.
28. Brown T.C., Cederwall R.T., Chan S.T., Ermak D.L., Koopman R.P., Lamson K.C., McClure J.W., Morris L.K. Falcon Series Data Report: 1987 LNG Vapor Barrier Verification Field Trials June 1990, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, UCRL-CR-104316.
29. Arya S.P. Introduction to Micrometeorology 2001, Academic Press. second ed.
30. Panofsky H.A., Dutton J.A. Atmospheric Turbulence: Models and Methods for Engineering Applications 1984, Wiley, New York.
31. Richards P.J., Hoxey R.P. Appropriate boundary conditions for computational wind engineering models using the k-e{open} turbulence model. J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodynam. 1993, 46-47:145-153.
32. Hissong D.W. Keys to modeling LNG spills on water. J. Hazard. Mater. 2007, 140:465-477.
33. Briscoe F., Shaw P. Spread and evaporation of liquid. Prog. Energy Comb. Sci. 1980, 6:127-140.
34. Fay J.A. Model of spills and fires from LNG and oil tankers. J. Hazard. Mater. 2003, 96:171-188.
35. Cormier B.R., Suardin J., Rana M., Zhang Y. Development of design and safety specifications for LNG facilities based on experimental and theoretical research. OPEC, Oil Prices and LNG 2009, Nova Science Publishers. E.R. Pitt, C.N. Leung (Eds.).
36. Wieringa J. Updating the Davenport roughness classification. J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodynam. 1992, 41:357-368.
37. Raj P.K. Where in a LNG vapor cloud is the flammable concentration relative to the visible cloud boundary. NFPA J. 2006, May/June.
38. Coleman H.W., Stern F. Uncertainties and CFD code validation. J. Fluids Eng. 1997, 119:795-803.
39. Tu J., Yeoh G.H., Liu C. Computational Fluid Dynamics-A Practical Approach 2008, Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, UK.