Classification for carotid artery stenting complications: Manifestation, management, and prevention

Journal of Endovascular Therapy

Volumn 17, Issue 3, 2010, Pages 275-294

  Nicosia, Antonino ^a   Nikas, Dimitrios ^b   Castriota, Fausto ^c   Biamino, Giancarlo ^c   Cao, Piergiorgio ^d   Cremonesi, Alberto ^c   Mathias, Klaus ^e   Moussa, Issam ^f   Hopkins, L Nelson ^g   Setacci, Carlo ^h   Sievert, Horst ⁱ   Reimers, Bernhard ^j  

^a CIVILE M P AREZZO HOSPITAL   (Italy)

^b Ioannina General Hospital   (Greece)

^c MARIA CECILIA HOSPITAL   (Italy)

^d UNIVERSITY OF PERUGIA   (Italy)

^e KLINIKUM DORTMUND   (Germany)

^f WEILL CORNELL MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^g UNIVERSITY AT BUFFALO   (United States)

^h UNIVERSITY OF SIENA   (Italy)

ⁱ Sankt Katharinen Krankenhaus GmbH   (Germany)

^j Mirano Public Hospital   (Italy)

more..

Author keywords

Balloon angioplasty; Carotid artery disease; Carotid artery stenting; Cerebral protection device; Complications; Contrast encephalopathy; Dissection; Extracranial carotid artery; Filling defect; Filter entrapment; Hyperperfusion syndrome; Intracranial carotid artery; Kinking; Macroembolization; Microembolization; Plaque prolapse; Spasm; Stent; Stent thrombosis

Indexed keywords

ABCIXIMAB; ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID; ALTEPLASE; CLOPIDOGREL; FIBRINOGEN RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; FIBRINOLYTIC AGENT; HEPARIN; LOW MOLECULAR WEIGHT HEPARIN; SARUPLASE; TENECTEPLASE;

ANTICOAGULANT THERAPY; ARTERY BLOOD FLOW; ARTERY OCCLUSION; ARTIFICIAL EMBOLISM; BALLOON DILATATION; BRADYCARDIA; BRAIN DISEASE; BRAIN EMBOLISM; BRAIN PERFUSION; BRAIN PROTECTION; CAROTID ARTERY STENTING; CAROTID ARTERY STENTING CERVICAL COMPLICATION; CAROTID ARTERY STENTING INTRACRANIAL COMPLICATION; CAROTID ATHEROSCLEROSIS; CEREBROVASCULAR DISEASE; CLINICAL EVALUATION; CONTRAST ENECEPHALOPATHY; CORONARY ARTERY RECANALIZATION; DISEASE CLASSIFICATION; EMBOLISM; FILTER; HUMAN; HYPERPERFUSION SYNDROME; HYPOTENSION; IN-STENT RESTENOSIS; INCIDENCE; INCORRECT STENT DEPLOYMENT; INTRAVASCULAR ULTRASOUND; LOADING DRUG DOSE; MICROEMBOLIZATION; PLAQUE PROLAPSE; POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REMISSION; REVIEW; STENT THROMBOSIS; STROKE; TISSUE INJURY; TRANSIENT ISCHEMIC ATTACK; ANGIOPLASTY; CAROTID ARTERY DISEASE; CAROTID STENOSIS; CLASSIFICATION; DEVICES; EVIDENCE BASED MEDICINE; FILTRATION; NOMENCLATURE; POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATIONS; PROSTHESIS FAILURE; RADIOGRAPHY; RISK FACTOR; STENT; THROMBOSIS; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

ANGIOPLASTY; CAROTID ARTERY DISEASES; CAROTID STENOSIS; CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERS; EVIDENCE-BASED MEDICINE; FILTRATION; HUMANS; INTRACRANIAL EMBOLISM; POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATIONS; PROSTHESIS FAILURE; RISK FACTORS; STENTS; TERMINOLOGY AS TOPIC; THROMBOSIS; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 77956322169     PISSN: 15266028     EISSN: 15451550     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1583/09-2943.1     Document Type: Review

References (83)

1. Villalobos HJ, Harrigan MR, Lau T, et al. Advancements in carotid stenting leading to reductions in perioperative morbidity among patients 80 years and older. Neurosurgery. 2006;58:233-240.
2. Roffi M, Yadav JS. Carotid stenting. Circulation. 2006;114:e1-4.
3. Cremonesi A, Setacci C, Bignamini A, et al. Carotid artery stenting: first consensus document of the ICCS-SPREAD Joint Committee. Stroke. 2006;37:2400-2409.
4. Verzini F, Cao P, De Rango P, et al. Appropriateness of learning curve for carotid artery stenting: an analysis of periprocedural complications. J Vasc Surg. 2006;44:1205-1211. (Pubitemid 44828415)
5. Mas JL, Chatellier G, Beyssen B, et al. Endarterectomy versus stenting in patients with symptomatic severe carotid stenosis. N Engl J Med. 2006;355:1660-1671.
6. Ringleb PA, Allenberg J, Bruckmann H, et al. 30 day results from the SPACE trial of stent-protected angioplasty versus carotid endarterectomy in symptomatic patients: a randomised non-inferiority trial. Lancet. 2006;368:1239-1247.
7. Hofmann R, Niessner A, Kypta A, et al. Risk score for peri-interventional complications of carotid artery stenting. Stroke. 2006;37:2557-2561. (Pubitemid 44454679)
8. Tan KT, Cleveland TJ, Berczi V, et al. Timing and frequency of complications after carotid artery stenting: what is the optimal period of observation? J Vasc Surg. 2003;38:236-243.
9. Boltuch J, Sabeti S, Amighi J, et al. Procedure-related complications and early neurological adverse events of unprotected and protected carotid stenting: temporal trends in a consecutive patient series. J Endovasc Ther. 2005;12:538-547.
10. Cremonesi A, Setacci C, Manetti R, et al. Carotid angioplasty and stenting: lesion related treatment strategies. Eurointervention. 2005;1:289-295.
11. Clark DJ, Lessio S, O'Donoghue M, et al. Safety and utility of intravascular ultrasound-guided carotid artery stenting. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 2004;63:355-362.
12. Bosiers M, Deloose K, Verbist J, et al. Review of stents for the carotid artery. J Cardiovasc Surg (Torino). 2006;47:107-113.
13. Setacci C, de Donato G, Setacci F, et al. Surgical management of acute carotid thrombosis after carotid stenting: a report of three cases. J Vasc Surg. 2005;42:993-996.
14. Clark DJ, Lessio S, O'Donoghue M, et al. Mechanisms and predictors of carotid artery stent restenosis: a serial intravascular ultrasound study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;47:2390-2396. (Pubitemid 43866374)
15. Roubin GS, New G, Iyer SS, et al. Immediate and late clinical outcomes of carotid artery stenting in patients with symptomatic and asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis: a 5-year prospective analysis. Circulation. 2001;103:532-537.
16. Terada T, Tsuura M, Matsumoto H, et al. Results of endovascular treatment of internal carotid artery stenoses with a newly developed balloon protection catheter. Neurosurgery. 2003;53:617-623.
17. Chaturvedi S, Sohrab S, Tselis A. Carotid stent thrombosis: report of 2 fatal cases. Stroke. 2001;32:2700-2702. (Pubitemid 33055328)
18. Tong FC, Cloft HJ, Joseph GJ, et al. Abciximab rescue in acute carotid stent thrombosis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2000;21:1750-1752.
19. Bush RL, Bhama JK, Lin PH, et al. Transient ischemic attack due to early carotid stent thrombosis: successful rescue with rheolytic thrombectomy and systemic abciximab. J Endovasc Ther. 2003;10:870-874.
20. Masuo O, Terada T, Matsuda Y, et al. Successful recanalization by in-stent percutaneous transluminal angioplasty with distal protection for acute carotid stent thrombosis. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 2006;46:495-499.
21. Meadows TA, Bhatt DL. Clinical aspects of platelet inhibitors and thrombus formation. Circ Res. 2007;100:1261-1275.
22. Eshaghian S, Kaul S, Amin S, et al. Role of clopidogrel in managing atherothrombotic cardiovascular disease. Ann Intern Med. 2007;146:434-441. (Pubitemid 351650580)
23. Nikas D, Reimers B, Menegazzo E, et al. Percutaneous interventions in patients with acute ischemic stroke related to obstructive atherosclerotic disease or dissection of the extracranial carotid artery. J Endovasc Ther. 2007;14:279-288.
24. Steiner-Boker S, Cejna M, Nasel C, et al. Successful revascularization of acute carotid stent thrombosis by facilitated thrombolysis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2004;25:1411-1413.
25. Kittusamy PK, Koenigsberg RA, McCormick DJ. Abciximab for the treatment of acute distal embolization associated with internal carotid artery angioplasty. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 2001;54:221-233.
26. Ho DS, Wang Y, Chui M, et al. Intracarotid abciximab injection to abort impending ischemic stroke during carotid angioplasty. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2001;11:300-304. (Pubitemid 32511081)
27. Qureshi AI, Suri MF, Ali Z, et al. Carotid angioplasty and stent placement: a prospective analysis of perioperative complications and impact of intravenously administered abciximab. Neurosurgery. 2002;50:466-473.
28. Kremer C, Mosso M, Georgiadis D, et al. Carotid dissection with permanent and transient occlusion or severe stenosis: long-term outcome. Neurology. 2003;60:271-275.
29. Schievink WI. Spontaneous dissection of the carotid and vertebral arteries. N Engl J Med. 2001;344:898-906. (Pubitemid 32224399)
30. Owens EL, Kumins NH, Bergan JJ, et al. Surgical management of acute complications and critical restenosis following carotid artery stenting. Ann Vasc Surg. 2002;16:168-175.
31. Kastrup A, Groschel K, Krapf H, et al. Early outcome of carotid angioplasty and stenting with and without cerebral protection devices: a systematic review of the literature. Stroke. 2003;34:813-819.
32. Schluter M, Tubler T, Mathey DG, et al. Feasibility and efficacy of balloon-based neuroprotection during carotid artery stenting in a single-center setting. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002;40:890-895.
33. Kwon BJ, Han MH, Kang HS, et al. Protection filter-related events in extracranial carotid artery stenting: a single-center experience. J Endovasc Ther. 2006;13:711-722.
34. Cremonesi A, Manetti R, Setacci F, et al. Protected carotid stenting: clinical advantages and complications of embolic protection devices in 442 consecutive patients. Stroke. 2003;34:1936-1941. (Pubitemid 36944784)
35. Reimers B, Schluter M, Castriota F, et al. Routine use of cerebral protection during carotid artery stenting: results of a multicenter registry of 753 patients. Am J Med. 2004;116:217-222.
36. Reimers B, Corvaja N, Moshiri S, et al. Cerebral protection with filter devices during carotid artery stenting. Circulation. 2001;104:12-15. (Pubitemid 32623282)
37. Angelini A, Reimers B, Della Barbera M, et al. Cerebral protection during carotid artery stenting: collection and histopathologic analysis of embolized debris. Stroke. 2002;33:456-461.
38. Castellan L, Causin F, Danieli D, et al. Carotid stenting with filter protection. Correlation of ACT values with angiographic and histopathologic findings. J Neuroradiol. 2003;30:103-108. (Pubitemid 36383487)
39. Ganim RP, Muench A, Giesler GM, et al. Difficult retrieval of the EPI Filterwire with a 5 French FR4 coronary catheter following carotid stenting. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 2006;67:309-311.
40. Shilling K, Uretsky BF, Hunter GC. Entrapment of a cerebral embolic protection device-a case report. Vasc Endovascular Surg. 2006;40:229-233.
41. Macdonald S. Brain injury secondary to carotid intervention. J Endovasc Ther. 2007;14:219-231. (Pubitemid 46776121)
42. Crawley F, Clifton A, Buckenham T, et al. Comparison of hemodynamic cerebral ischemia and microembolic signals detected during carotid endarterectomy and carotid angioplasty. Stroke. 1997;28:2460-2464.
43. Crawley F, Stygall J, Lunn S, et al. Comparison of microembolism detected by transcranial Doppler and neuropsychological sequelae of carotid surgery and percutaneous transluminal angioplasty. Stroke. 2000;31:1329-1334.
44. Antonius Carotid Endarterectomy, Angioplasty and Stenting Study Group. Transcranial Doppler monitoring in angioplasty and stenting of the carotid bifurcation. J Endovasc Ther. 2003;10:702-710.
45. Ackerstaff RG, Suttorp MJ, van den Berg JC, et al. Prediction of early cerebral outcome by transcranial Doppler monitoring in carotid bifurcation angioplasty and stenting. J Vasc Surg. 2005;41:618-624.
46. Rosenkranz M, Fiehler J, Niesen W, et al. The amount of solid cerebral microemboli during carotid stenting does not relate to the frequency of silent ischemic lesions. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2006;27:157-161.
47. Cosottini M, Michelassi MC, Puglioli M, et al. Silent cerebral ischemia detected with diffusion-weighted imaging in patients treated with protected and unprotected carotid artery stenting. Stroke. 2005;36:2389-2393.
48. Orlandi G, Fanucchi S, Fioretti C, et al. Characteristics of cerebral microembolism during carotid stenting and angioplasty alone. Arch Neurol. 2001;58:1410-1413.
49. Ohki T, Roubin GS, Veith FJ, et al. Efficacy of a filter device in the prevention of embolic events during carotid angioplasty and stenting: an ex vivo analysis. J Vasc Surg. 1999;30:1034-1044.
50. Vos JA, van den Berg JC, Ernst SM, et al. Carotid angioplasty and stent placement: comparison of transcranial Doppler US data and clinical outcome with and without filtering cerebral protection devices in 509 patients. Radiology. 2005;234:493-499.
51. Muller-Hulsbeck S, Jahnke T, Liess C, et al. Comparison of various cerebral protection devices used for carotid artery stent placement: an in vitro experiment. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2003;14:613-620. (Pubitemid 36618028)
52. Pinero P, Gonzalez A, Mayol A, et al. Silent ischemia after neuroprotected percutaneous carotid stenting: a diffusion-weighted MRI study. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2006;27:1338-1345.
53. Gossetti B, Gattuso R, Irace L, et al. Embolism to the brain during carotid stenting and surgery. Acta Chir Belg. 2007;107:151-154.
54. Schluter M, Tubler T, Steffens JC, et al. Focal ischemia of the brain after neuroprotected carotid artery stenting. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003;42:1007-1013.
55. Schmidt A, Diederich KW, Scheinert S, et al. Effect of two different neuroprotection systems on microembolization during carotid artery stenting. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;44:1966-1969.
56. Masuda J, Yutani C, Ogata J, et al. Atheromatous embolism in the brain: a clinicopathologic analysis of 15 autopsy cases. Neurology. 1994;44:1231-1237. (Pubitemid 24232220)
57. Jordan WD, Voellinger DC, Doblar DD, et al. Microemboli detected by transcranial Doppler monitoring in patients during carotid angioplasty versus carotid endarterectomy. Cardiovasc Surg. 1999;7:33-38.
58. Yadav JS, Wholey MH, Kuntz RE, et al. Protected carotid-artery stenting versus endarterectomy in high-risk patients. N Engl J Med. 2004;351:1493-1501.
59. Berlis A, Lutsep H, Barnwell S, et al. Mechanical thrombolysis in acute ischemic stroke with endovascular photoacoustic recanalization. Stroke. 2004;35:1112-1116. (Pubitemid 38543527)
60. Smith WS, Sung G, Starkman S, et al. Safety and efficacy of mechanical embolectomy in acute ischemic stroke: results of the MERCI trial. Stroke. 2005;36:1432-1438.
61. Mahon BR, Nesbit GM, Barnwell SL, et al. North American clinical experience with the EKOS MicroLysUS infusion catheter for the treatment of embolic stroke. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2003;24:534-538.
62. Combined intravenous and intra-arterial recanalization for acute ischemic stroke: the Interventional Management of Stroke Study. Stroke. 2004;35:904-911. (Pubitemid 38419800)
63. Lewandowski CA, Frankel M, Tomsick TA, et al. Combined intravenous and intra-arterial r-TPA versus intra-arterial therapy of acute ischemic stroke: Emergency Management of Stroke (EMS) Bridging Trial. Stroke. 1999;30:2598-2605.
64. Furlan A, Higashida R, Wechsler L, et al. Intra-arterial prourokinase for acute ischemic stroke. The PROACT II study: a randomized controlled trial. Prolyse in Acute Cerebral Thromboembolism. JAMA. 1999;282:2003-2011.
65. Broderick JP, Hacke W. Treatment of acute ischemic stroke: Part I: recanalization strategies. Circulation. 2002;106:1563-1569.
66. Khaja AM, Grotta JC. Established treatments for acute ischaemic stroke. Lancet. 2007;369:319-330.
67. Wholey MH, Wholey MH, Tan WA, et al. Management of neurological complications of carotid artery stenting. J Endovasc Ther. 2001;8:341-353.
68. Qureshi AI, Luft AR, Sharma M, et al. Frequency and determinants of postprocedural hemodynamic instability after carotid angioplasty and stenting. Stroke. 1999;30:2086-2093.
69. Williams DO. Carotid filters: new additions to the interventionist's toolbox. Circulation. 2001;104:2-3.
70. Bendszus M, Koltzenburg M, Burger R, et al. Silent embolism in diagnostic cerebral angiography and neurointerventional procedures: a prospective study. Lancet. 1999;354:1594-1597. (Pubitemid 29515951)
71. Jaeger HJ, Mathias KD, Hauth E, et al. Cerebral ischemia detected with diffusion-weighted MR imaging after stent implantation in the carotid artery. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2002;23:200-207.
72. Coutts SB, Hill MD, Hu WY. Hyperperfusion syndrome: toward a stricter definition. Neurosurgery. 2003;53:1053-1058.
73. Abou-Chebl A, Yadav JS, Reginelli JP, et al. Intracranial hemorrhage and hyperperfusion syndrome following carotid artery stenting: risk factors, prevention, and treatment. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;43:1596-1601.
74. Meyers PM, Higashida RT, Phatouros CC, et al. Cerebral hyperperfusion syndrome after percutaneous transluminal stenting of the craniocervical arteries. Neurosurgery. 2000;47:335-343.
75. McCabe DJ, Brown MM, Clifton A. Fatal cerebral reperfusion hemorrhage after carotid stenting. Stroke. 1999;30:2483-2486. (Pubitemid 29517752)
76. Terada T, Tsuura M, Matsumoto H, et al. Hemorrhagic complications after endovascular therapy for atherosclerotic intracranial arterial stenoses. Neurosurgery. 2006;59:310-318.
77. Studdard WE, Davis DO, Young SW. Cortical blindness after cerebral angiography. Case report. J Neurosurg. 1981;54:240-244.
78. Sticherling C, Berkefeld J, Auch-Schwelk W, et al. Transient bilateral cortical blindness after coronary angiography. Lancet. 1998;351:570. (Pubitemid 28077569)
79. Dangas G, Monsein LH, Laureno R, et al. Transient contrast encephalopathy after carotid artery stenting. J Endovasc Ther. 2001;8:111-113. (Pubitemid 32423612)
80. del Zoppo GJ, Higashida RT, Furlan AJ, et al. PROACT: a phase II randomized trial of recombinant pro-urokinase by direct arterial delivery in acute middle cerebral artery stroke. PROACT Investigators. Prolyse in Acute Cerebral Thromboembolism. Stroke. 1998;29:4-11.
81. Hacke W, Kaste M, Fieschi C, et al. Intravenous thrombolysis with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator for acute hemispheric stroke. The European Cooperative Acute Stroke Study (ECASS). JAMA. 1995;274:1017-1025.
82. Haley EC Jr., Lyden PD, Johnston KC, et al. A pilot dose-escalation safety study of tenecteplase in acute ischemic stroke. Stroke. 2005;36:607-612.
83. Zaidat OO, Suarez JI, Sunshine JL, et al. Thrombolytic therapy of acute ischemic stroke: correlation of angiographic recanalization with clinical outcome. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2005;26:880-884.