Behavioral Biometrics: A Remote Access Approach

Behavioral Biometrics: A Remote Access Approach

Volumn , Issue , 2008, Pages 1-244

  Revett, Kenneth ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WESTMINSTER   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 77956306050     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1002/9780470997949     Document Type: Book

References (290)

1. Accot, J. & Zhai, S. Refining Fitts' law models for bivariate pointing. Proceedings of ACM CHI 2003 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 5-10 April, 2003, pp. 193-200, 2003. Ft Lauderdale, Fla, USA.
2. Adler, M.H. The Writing Machine: a History of the Typewriter? George Allan & Unwin, London, England, 1973. ISBN 0-04-652004-X.
3. Ahmed, A.A.E. & Traore, I. A new biometrics technology based on mouse dynamics. Technical Report ECE-03-5, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Victoria, British Columbia, Canada, 2003.
4. ANSIX9.84. American National Standards Institute, Biometrics Information Management and Security for the Financial Services Industry, ANSI X9.84-2003. American National Standards Institute, New York, NY, USA, 2003.
5. Asfaw, Y., Orozco, M., Shirmohammadi, S., El Saddik, A., & Adler, A. Participant identification in haptic systems using hidden Markov models, IEEE International Workshop on Haptic Audio Visual Environments and their Applications, 1-2 October 2005.
6. Asonov, D. & Agrawal, R. Keyboard Acoustic Emanations. Proceedings of the 2004 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (S&P '04), Oakland, CA, 1081-6011/04, 2004.
7. Atal, B.S. & Hanauer, S.L. Speech analysis and synthesis by linear prediction of the speech wave. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 50 (2), 637-655, 1971.
8. Bar, M. & Biederman, I. Subliminal visual priming. American Psychological Society, 9 (6), 464-469, 1998.
9. Bauer, A. Gallery of random art. http://andrej.com/art, accessed 12/1/2007, 1998.
10. Bell, C.J., Shenoy, P., Chalodhorn, R., & Rao, R.P.N. An image-based brain-computer interface using the P3 response. UWCSE Technical Report # 2007-02-03, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA, 2007.
11. Benzeghiba, M.F. & Bourlard, H. Hybrid HMM/ANN and GMM combination for user-customized password speaker verification, IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing (ICASSP'03), 6-10 April, 2003, Hong Kong, Vol. 2, pp. 225-228, 2003.
12. Bergadano, F., Gunetti, D., & Picardi, C. User authentication through keystroke dynamics. ACM Transactions on Information and System Security 5 (4), 367-397, 2002.
13. Berger, Y., Wool, A., & Yeredor, A. Dictionary attacks using keyboard acoustic emanations, CCS'06, October 20-November 3, 2006, Alexandria, Virginia, USA.
14. Biel, L., Petterson, O., & Stork, D. ECG analysis: a new approach in human identification. IEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement 50 (3), 808-812, 2001.
15. Bierbaumer, N., Ghanayim, N., Hinterberger, T., Iversen, I., Kotchoubey, B., Kubler, A., Perelmouter, J., Taub, E., & Flor, H. A spelling device for the paralysed. Nature 398, 297-298, 1999.
16. Bimbot, F., Bonastre, J.-F., Fredouille, C., Grabier, G., Magrin-Chagnolleau, I., Meignier, S., Merlin, T., Ortega-Garcia, J., Petrovska-Delacretaz, D., & Reynolds, D.A. A tutorial on text-independent speaker verification. EURASIP Journal on Applied Signal Processing 4, 430-451, 2004.
17. Biometric Technology Today. Part 1: biometrics and ePassports. Biometric Technology Today 13 (6), 10-11, 2006.
18. Birch, G.E., Watzke, J.R., & Bolduc, C. Research and development of adaptive equipment for eprsons with significant disabilities and the elderly: activities conducted by the Neil Squire Foundation. Technology and Disability 4, 169-173, 1995.
19. Bliven, B., Jr. The Wonderful Writing Machine. Random House, New York, NY, USA, 1954.
20. Blonder, G.E. Graphical password, U.S. Patent Number 5.559.961, 1996.
21. Bobick, A. & Johnson, A. Gait recognition using static, activity-specific parameters, Proceedings of the International Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, Kauai, Hawaii, December 2001, pp. 423-430, IEEE Computer Society, CVPR'01, 2001.
22. Bower, G.H., Karlin, M.B., & Dueck, A. Comprehension and memory for pictures. Memory and Cognition 3, 216-220, 1975.
23. Brostoff, S. & Sasse, M.A. Are passfaces more usable than passwords: a field trial investigation, in McDonald S., et al. (editors), People and Computers XIV-Usability or Else, Proceedings of HCI 2000, 5-8 September, pp. 405-424, Springer, Edinburgh, Scottland, 2000.
24. Brown, M. & Rogers, S.J. User identification via keystroke characteristics of typed names using neural networks. International Journal of Man-Machine Studies 39, 999-1014, 1993.
25. Brown, A.S., Bracken, E., Zoccoli, S., & Douglas, K. Generating and remembering passwords. Applied Cognitive Psychology 18, 641-651, 2004.
26. Card, S.K., English, W.K., & Burr, B.J. Evaluation of mouse, rate-controlled isometric joystick, step keys, and text keys for text selection on a CRT. Ergonomics 21 (8), 601-613, 1978.
27. Card, S.K., Moran, T.P., & Newell, S. The keystroke-level; model for user performance time with interactive systems. Communications of the ACM 23 (7), 396-410, 1980.
28. Card, S.K., Moran, T.P., & Newell, A. The Psychology of Human-Computer Interaction, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc., Mahwah, NJ, USA, 1983.
29. Chalkias, K., Alexiadis, A., & Stephanides, G. A Multi-grid graphical password scheme. 7th ArtificialIntelligence and Digital Communications conference (AIDC), Thessaloniki, Greece, August 18-20, 2006.
30. Chen, W. & Chang, W. Applying Hidden Markov Models to Keystroke Pattern Analysis for Password Verification. In: proceedings of the 2004 IEEE International Conference on Information Reuse and Integration, IRI-2004, November 8-10, 2004, las Vegas Hilton, Las Vegas, NV, USA, pp. 467-474, 2004.
31. Chang, C.K. Human identification using one lead ECG. MS Thesis, Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, Chaoyang University of Technology, Taiwan, 2005.
32. Chang, W. Improving hidden Markov models with a similarity histogram for typing pattern biometrics, in proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Information Reuse and Integration, IRI-2005, 15-17 Aug. 2005, pp. 487-493.
33. Chen, K., Wang, L., & Chi, H. Methods of combining multiple classifiers with different features and their applications to text-independent speaker identification. International Journal of Pattern Recognition 11 (3), 417-435, 1997.
34. Chiasson, S., Biddle, R., & Van Oorschot, P.C. A second look at the usability of click-based graphical passwords. Symposium on Usable Privacy and Security (SOUPS), Pittsburg, PA, USA, July 18-20, 2007.
35. Chollet, G., Cochard, J.-L., Constantinescu, A., Jaboulet, C., & Langlais, P. Swiss French polyphone and PolyVar: telephone speech databases to model inter-and intra-speaker variability. IDIAP Research Report, IDIAP-RR-96-01, 1996.
36. Coetzer, J., Herbst, B.M., & Du Preez, J.A. Offline signature verification using the discrete radon transform and a hidden Markov model. EURASIP Journal on Applied Signal Processing 4, 559-571, 2004.
37. Connell, S.D. & Jain, A.K. template-based online character recognition. Pattern Recognition 34 (1), 1-14, 2001.
38. Cooper, W.E., editor. Cognitive Aspects of Skilled Typewriting. Springer-Verlag, New York, NY, USA, 1983. ISBN 0-387-90774-2.
39. Cowan, N. The magical number 4 in short-term memory: a reconsideration of mental storage capacity. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 24, 87-185, 2001.
40. Cristianni, N. & Shawe-Taylor, J. An Introduction to Support Vector Machines and Other Kernel-based Learning Methods, Cambridge Press, Cambridge, UK, 2000.
41. Dahaene, S., Naccache, L., LeClec'H, G., Kroechlin, E., Mueller, M., Gahaene-Lamvertz, G., van de Morrtele, P.F., & Bihan, D. Imaging unconscious semantic priming. Nature 395, 597-600, 1998.
42. Davis, S.B. & Mermelstein, P. Comparison of parametric representations for monosyllabic word recognition in continuously spoken sentences. IEEE Transactions on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing 28 (4), 357-366, 1980.
43. Davis, D., Monrose, F., & Reiter, M.K. On user choice in graphical password schemes, in Proceedings of the 13th USENIX Security Symposium, August 9-13, 2004, San Diego, CA, USA, pp. 151-164, 2004.
44. De Angeli, A., Coventry, L., Johnson, G.I., & Coutts, M. Usability and user authentication: pictorial passwords vs. PIN, in McCabe, P.T. (editor), Contemporary Ergonomics 2003, pp. 253-258, Taylor & Francis, London, UK, 2003.
45. Delorme, A. & Makeig, S. EEGLAB: an open source toolbox for analysis of single-trial EEG dynamics, Journal of Neuroscience Methods 134:9-21, 2004.
46. Deng, P.S., Liao, H-Y., M., Ho, C.H., & Tyan, H-R. Wavelet-based off-line signature verification. Computer Vision and Image Understanding 76 (3), 173-190, 1999.
47. Dessimoz, D. & Richiardi, J. MbioD: multimodal biometrics for identity documents. Research Report PFS 341-08.05, June 2006.
48. Dhamija, R. & Perrig, A. Deja Vu: a user study using images for authentication, in Proceedings of 9th USENIX Security Symposium, August 14-17, 2000, Denver, CO, USA, p. 4, 2000.
49. Dieckmann, U., Plankensteiner, P., & Wagner, T. Sesam: a biometric identification system using sensor fusion. Pattern Recognition Letters 18(9), pp. 827-833, 1997.
50. Doddington, G.R., Przybocki, M.A., Martin, F.A., & Reynolds, R.A. The NIST speaker recognition evaluationoverview, methodology, systems, results, perspective. Pattern Recognition 36 (2), 383-396, 2000.
51. Dolfing, J.G.A. Handwriting recognition and verification, a hidden Markov model approach. PhD Thesis, Eindhoven University of Technology, the Netherlands, 1998.
52. Donchin, E., Spencer, K.M., & Wijesinghe, R. The mental prosthesis: assessing the speed of a P300-based braincomputer interface. IEEE Transactions on Rehabilitation Engineering 8, 174-179, 2000.
53. Dornhege, G., Del Millan, J.R., Hinterberger, T., McFarland, D.J., & Muller, K-R. Toward Brain-Computer Interfacing. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, USA, 2007.
54. Dugad, R. & Desai, U.B. A tutorial on hidden Markov models, University of Illinois, TR SPANN-96.1, 1996.
55. Durbin, R., Eddy, S., Krogh, A., & Mitchison (Eds) Biological Sequence Analysis, Cambride University Press, 1998, ISBN: 0521620414).
56. Eddy, S.R., Multiple Alignment Using Hidden Markov Models, In Proc. Third Int. Conf. Intelligent Systems for Molecular Biology, C. Rawlings et al., eds. AAAI Press, Menlo Park. pp. 114-120, 1995.
57. Elftmann, P., Secure Alternatives to Password-based Authentication Mechanisms, Thesis submitted to the Laboratory for Dependable Distributed Systems RWTH Aachen University Aachen, Germany, October 2006.
58. El-Yacoubi, A., Justino, E.J.R, Sabourin, R., & Bortolozzi, F. Off-line signature verification using HMM and crossvalidation, in IEEE International Workshop on Neural Networks for Signal Processing, 11-13 December, 2000, pp. 859-868, Sydney, Australia, 2000.
59. Farwell, L.A. & Smith, S.S. Using brain MERMER testing to detect knowledge despite efforts to conceal. Journal of Forensic Science 46 (1), 135-143, 2001.
60. Felzer, T. On the possibility of developing a brain-computer interface (BCI). Technical Report, Department of Computer Science, Technical University of Darmstadt, Germany, 2001.
61. Fierrez, J., Ramos-Castro, D., Ortega-Garcia, J., & Gonzalez-Rodriguez, J. HMM-based on-line signature verification: feature extraction and signature modeling. Pattern Recognition Letters 28 (16), 2325-2334, 2007.
62. Fierrez-Aguilar, J., Krawczyk, S., Ortega-Garcia, J., & Jain, A.K. Fusion of local and regional approaches for on-line signature verification, Advances in Biometric Person Authentication, Springer-Verlag LNCS 3781, pp. 188-196, 2005.
63. Fitts, P.M. The information capacity of the human motor system in controlling the amplitude of movement. Journal of Experimental Psychology 47 (6), 381-391, 1954.
64. Forsen, G., Nelson, M., & Staron, R. Persoanl attributes authentication techniques, in Griffin, A.F.B. (editor), Rome Air Development Center Report RADC-TR-77-1033, RADC, Griffins Air Force Base, NY; RADC-TR-77-333 Final Technical Report, October 1977, AD A047645. New York, NY, USA, 1977.
65. Foster, J.P., Nixon, M.S., & Prugell-Bennet, A. Gait recognition by symmetry analysis. AVBPA'01, pp. 272-277, 2002.
66. Franke, K. & Rose, S. Ink-deposition model: the relation of writing and ink deposition processes. Ninth International Workshop on Frontiers in Handwriting Recognition, IWFHR-9, 2004, pp. 173-178, October 26-29, 2004.
67. Franke, K. & Koppen, M. Pen force emulating robotic writing device and its application. IEEE Workshop on Advanced Robotics and Its Social Impacts, 12-15 June, 2005, Nagoya, Japan, pp. 36-46, 2005.
68. Freeman, W. The physiology of perception. Scientific American 264, 78-85, 1991.
69. Frischolz, R.W. & Dieckmann, U. A multimodal bioemtric identification system. IEEE Computer Security 33, 64-68, 2000.
70. Fuentes, M., Garcia-Salicetti, S., & Dorizzi, B. On line signature verification: fusion of a hidden Markov model and a neural network via a support vector machine, in Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Frontiers in Handwriting Recognition (IWFHR'02), pp. 253-258, 2002.
71. Furui, S. Cepstral analysis technique for automatic speaker verification. IEEE Transactions on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing 29(2), 254-272, 1981a.
72. Furui, S. Comparison of speaker recognition methods using statistical features and dynamic features. IEEE Transactions on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, 29(3), 342-350, 1981b.
73. Gafurov, D., Helkala, K., & Sondrol, T. Biometric gait authentication using accelerometer sensor. Journal of Computers, 1 (7), 51-59, 2006.
74. Gaines, R., Lisowski, W., Press, S., & Shapiro, N. Authentication by keystroke timing: some preliminary results. Rand Report R-256-NSF. Rand Corporation, 1980.
75. Gamboa, H. & Ferreira, V. WIDAM-Web interaction display and monitoring, in Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Enterprise Information Systems, 23-26, April, 2003, Angers, France, pp. 21-27, 2003.
76. Gamboa, H. & Fred, A. An identity authentication system based on human computer interaction behaviour, in Proceedings of the 3rd International Workshop on Pattern Recognition on Information Systems, Angers, France, 23-26 April, 2003, pp. 46-55, 2003.
77. Gamboa, H. & Fred, A. A behavioural biometric system based on human computer interaction, in SPIE 5404 -Biometric Technology for Human Identification, Jain, A.L. & Ratha, N.K. (editors), Orlando, USA, pp. 381-392, 2004.
78. Gamboa, H., Fred, A., & Vieira, A.V. Prevention or identification of web intrusion via human computer interaction behaviour-a proposal, in Proceedings of the RTO SCI Symposium on Systems, Components, and Integration (SCI) Methods and Technologies for Defense Against Terrorism, RTO-MP-SCI-158, London, UK, 25-27 October 2004, and published in RTO-MP-SCI-158, 2004.
79. Ganchev, T.D. Speaker recognition. PhD Thesis, University of Patras, Greece, 2005.
80. Ganchev, T., Fakotakis, N., & Kokkinakis, G., Comparative evaluation of various MFCC implementations on the speaker verification task, in 10th International Conference on Speech and Computer (SPECOM 2005), vol. 1, pp. 191-194, 2005.
81. Garcia-Molina, G.N., Ebrahimi, T., Hoffmann, U., & Vesin, J.-M. Direct brain-computer communication through EEG signals, 2005 IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology 27th Annual Conference, Shanghai, China, 2005.
82. Gardner, J. Detection of vapors and odors from a multi-sensor array using pattern recognition, part 1: principle component and cluster analysis. Sensors and Actuators B 4, 109-115, 1991.
83. Gasser, M. A random word generator for pronounceable words. Technical Report ESD-TR-75-97 MTR-3006, Mitre Corporation, Bedford, MA, USA, 1974.
84. Gentner, D.R. Keystroke timing in transcription typing, in Cognitive Aspects of Skilled Typewriting, Cooper, W.E. (editor), p. 95-120, Springer Verlag, New York, 1993.
85. Goldberg, D. Genetic Algorithms in Search, Optimization, and Machine Learning. Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, USA, 1989.
86. Goldberg, J., Hagman, J., & Sazawal, V. Doodling our way to better authentication. Conference on Human Factors and Computing Systems, Poster Session: Student Posters, Minneapolis, MN, USA, 20-25 April, 2002, pp. 868-869, 2002.
87. Goldberg, J., Hagman, J., & Sazawal, V., Doodling our way to better authentication, Proceedings of Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI), Minnesota, USA, 2002.
88. Gorunescu, F., Gorunescu, M., Revett, K., & Ene, M., A hybrid incremental/Monte Carlo searching technique for the "Smoothing" parameter of probabilistic Neural Networks, in the Proceedings of the International Conference on Knowledge Engineering, Principles and Techniques, KEPT2007, Cluj-Napoca (Romania), June 6-8, 2007, pp. 107-113, 2007.
89. Gunetti, D. & Picardi, C. Keystroke Analysis of Free Text. University of Torino, Italy, 2002.
90. Guo, J.K. Forgery detection by local correspondence. Technical Report CS-TR-4122, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA, 2000.
91. Gupta, G. & McCabe, A. A review of dynamic handwritten signature verification. Technical Report 97/4, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia, 1997.
92. Gupta, C.N. & Palaniappan, R. Enhanced detection of visual-evoked potentials in brain-computer interface using genetic algorithm and cyclostationary analysis. Computational Intelligence in Neuroscience, 2007 (2), 1-12, 2007.
93. Haider, S., Abbas, A., Zaidi, A.K. A multi-technique approach for user identification through keystroke dynamics. In: IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Vol. 2., Nashville, TN. USA, pp. 1336-1341, 2000.
94. Haigh, J.A. & Mason, J.S. A voice activity detector based on cepstral analysis. Proceedings of the European Conference on Speech Communication and Technology, 2, 1103-1106, 1993.
95. Hampel, F.R., Rousseeuw, P.J., Ronchetti, E.M., & Stahel, W.A. Robust Statistics: The Approach Based on Influence Functions, Wiley, New York, NY, USA, 1986.
96. Hashia, S., Pollett, C., & Stamp, M. On using mouse movements as a biometric. LNCS 2652, pp. 246-254, 2003.
97. Hayashi, E., Christin, N., Dhamija, R., & Perrig, A. Mental trapdoors for user authentication on small mobile devices. Technical Report CMU-CyLab-07-011, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA, 2007.
98. Haykin, S. Neural Networks: A Comprehensive Introduction. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ, USA, 1999.
99. Hecht-Nielsen, R. Neurocomputing, Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1990.
100. Hermansky, H. Preceptual linear predictive (PLP) analysis for speech. Journal of the Acoustic Society of America 1738-1752, 1990.
101. Hertz, J., Krough, A., & Palmer, R.G. Introduction to the Theory of Neural Computation, Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, USA, 1991.
102. Hong, D., Man, S., Hawes, B., & Mathews, M. A password scheme strongly resistant to spyware, in Proceedings of International Conference on Security and Management. SAM'04, 21-24, June 2004, pp. 94-100. Las Vegas, NV, USA, 2004.
103. Horn, B. & Schunk, B. Determining optical flow. Artificial Intelligence 17, 185-203, 1981.
104. Hoshiyama, M., Kakigi, R., Takeshima, Y., Miki, K., & Watanabe, S. Priority of face perception during subliminal stimualtion using a new color-opponent flicker stimulation. Neuroscience Letters 402, 57-61, 2006.
105. ICAO. Document 9303 on Machine Readable Travel Document, International Civil Aviation Organization, 2004.
106. ISO/IEC-19794-1. International Standards Organization (BioAPI v2.0). International Standards Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, 2005.
107. Israel, S., Irvine, J., Cheng, A., Wiederhold, M., & Wiederhold, B. ECG to identify individuals. Pattern Recognition 38 (1), 133-142, 2005.
108. Jagacinsiki, R.J. & Monk, D.L. Fitts' law in two dimensions with hand and head movements. Journal of Motor Behavior 17, 77-95, 1985.
109. Jain, A.K. & Ross, A. Multibiometric systems. Communications of the ACM, Special Issue on Multimodal Interfaces, 47 (1), 34-40, 2004.
110. Jain, A.K., Bolle, R., & Pankanti, S. Introduction to biometrics, in Jain, A., Bolle, R., & Pankanti, S. (editors), Biometrics. Personal Identification in Networked Society, pp. 1-41, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Norwell, MA, USA, 2003.
111. Jain, A.K., Nandakumar, K., & Ross, A. Score normalization in multimodal biometric systems. Pattern Recognition 38 (12), 2270-2285, 2005.
112. Jansen, W., Gavrila, S., Korolev, V., Ayers, R., & Swanstrom, R. Picture password: a visual login technique for mobile devices. NIST Report-NISTIR7030, 2003.
113. Joyce, R. & Gupta, G. Identity authorization based on keystroke latencies. Communications of the ACM 33 (2), 168-176, 1990.
114. Justino, E.J.R., El Yacoubi, A., Bortolozzi, F., & Sabourin, R. An off-line signature verification system using hidden Markov models and cross-validation, in Proceedings of the 13th Brazilian Symposium on Computer Graphics and Image Processing, pp. 105-112, 2000.
115. Kaewkongka, T., Chamnongthai, K., & Thipakorn, B. Off-line signature recognition using parametized Hough transform, in Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium on Signal Processing, and its Applications, pp. 451-454, IEEE Brisbane, Australia, 1999.
116. Kale, A., Cuntoor, N.P., Yegnanarayana, B., Rajagopalan, A.N., & Chellappa, R. Gait analysis for human identification. 4th International Conference on Audio and Video-Based Biometric Person Authentication, 9-11 June 2003, Guilford, England, UK, pp. 706-714, Springer-Verlag, 2003.
117. Keller, P. Overview of electronic nose algorithms. International Joint Conference of Neural Networks (IJCNN'99), Washington, DC, USA, 10-16 July, 1999.
118. Kholmatov, A. A biometric identity verification using on-line and off-line signature verification. MSc Thesis, Sabanci University, Turkey, 2003.
119. Kholmatov, A. & Yanikoglu, B. Bioemtric authnetication using online signatures, in Proceedings ISCIS, pp. 373-380, Springer-Verlag, Kemer-Antalya, Turkey, 27-29 October, LNCS-3280, Springer-Verlag, Heidleberg, Germany, 2004.
120. King, M.M. Rebus passwords, in Proceedings of the 7th Annual Computer Security Applications Conference, pp. 239-243, IEEE San Antonio, TX, USA, 1991.
121. Kinjo, H. & Snodgrass, J.G. Does the generation effect occur for pictures. American Journal of Psychology 6, 156-163, 2000.
122. Klein, D. Foiling the cracker: a survey of, and improvements to, password security, in Proceedings of the 2nd USENIX Security Workshop, Portland, OR, USA, 27 August 1990, pp. 5-14, 1990.
123. Kohonen, T. Learning Vector Quantization, Neural Networks, 1 (SUPPL 1), pp. 303, 1998.
124. Korotkaya, Z. Biometric Person Authentication: Odor. Advanced Topics in Information Processing, Lappeenranta University of Technology, Finland, 2003.
125. Kotani, K. & Horii, K. Evaluation on a keystroke authentication system by keying force incorporated with temporal characteristics of keystroke dynamics, Behavior and Information Technology 24, p. 289-302, 2004
126. Kronegg, J., Voloshynovskiy, S., & Pun, T. Analysis of bit-rate definitions for brain-computer interfaces. International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction (HCI'05), Edinburgh, Scottland, June 20-23, 2005, 2005.
127. Kubler, A. Brain-Computer Communication-Development of a Brain-Computer Interface for Locked-in Patients on the Basis of Psychophysiological Self-regulation Training of Slow Cortical Potentials (SCP). Schwabische Verlagsgesellechaft, Tubingen, Germany, 2000.
128. Kyeong-Seop, K., Tae-Ho, Y., Jeong-Whan, L., Dong-Jun, K., & Heung-Seo, K. A robust human identification by normalized time-domain features of electrocardiogram. IEEE EMBS 27th Annual International Conference of Engineering in Medicine and Biology (EMBS2005), 12-15 May, 2005, Istanbul, Turkey, pp. 1114-1117, 2005.
129. Kyoso, M. & Uchiyama, A. Development of an ECG identifcation system, in Proceedings of the 23rd Annual International IEEE Conference on Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, pp. 3721-3723, IEEE, Istanbul, Turkey, 2001.
130. Lam, L. & Suen, C.Y. Application of majority voting to pattern recognition: an analysis of its behavior and performance. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, Cybernetics, Part A: Systems Humans 27 (5), 553-568, 1997.
131. Lee, H-J. & Cho, S. Retraining a novelty detector with imposter patterns for keystroke dynamics-based authentication. International Conference on Biometrics, 5-7 January, 2006, Hong Kong, pp. 633-639, Springer-Verlag LNCS 3832, Hong Kong, 2006.
132. Leggett, J. & Williams, G. Verifying identity via keystroke characteristics. International Journal of Man-Machine Studies 28 (1), 67-76, 1988.
133. Leggett, J., Williams, G., & Umphress, D. Verification of user identity via keystroke characteristics. Human Factors in Management Information Systems. Ablex Publishing Corp., Norwood, NJ, USA, 1989.
134. Leggett, J., Williams, G., & Umphress, D. Verification of user identity via keystroke characteristics. Human Factors in Management Information Systems, Vol. 28, pp. 67-76, ACM International Journal of Man-Machine Studies, 1989.
135. Lei, H. & Givindaraju, V. A comparative study on the consistency of features in on-line signature verification, Pattern Recognition Letters, 26 (15), 2483-2489, 2004.
136. Libet, B., Alberts, W.W., Wright, E.W., & Feinstein, B. Responses of human somato-sensory cortex tto stimuli below the threshold for sonscious sensation. Science 158 (3808), 1597-1600, 1967.
137. Maarse, F. & Thomassen, A. Produced and perceived writing slant: differences between up and down strokes. Acta Psychologica 54(1-3), 131-147, 1983.
138. MacKenzie, I.S. & Buxton, W.A.S. Extending Fitts' law to two-dimensional tasks. Proceedings of ACM CHI 1992 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 3-7 June 1992, Monterey, CA, USA, pp. 219-226, 1992.
139. Magnus, R. An introduction to front-end processing and acoustic features for automatic speech recognition, January 2006.
140. Mak, M., Kim, J., & Thieme, M. Biometric Fusion Demonstration System Scientific Report, Defence R&D Canada -Ottawa, Contractor Report, DRDC Ottawa CR 2004-056, March 2004.
141. Mallat, S.G. Zero-crossings of a wavelet transform. IEEE Transaction on Information Theory 37 (4), 1019-1033, 1991.
142. Man, S., Hong, D., & Mathews, M. A shoulder surfing resistant graphical password scheme, in Proceedings of International Conference on Security and Management. CSREA Press, 23-26 June, 2003, (Hamid R. Arabnia, Youngsong Mun, Eds.) Las Vegas, NV, USA, 2003.
143. Manber, U. A simple scheme to make passwords based on one-way functions much harder to crack. Computers & Security 15 (2), 171-176, 1996.
144. Mandler, J.M. & Ritchey, G.H. Long-term memory for pictures. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory 3, 386-396, 1977. References 235
145. Marcel, S. & Del R. Millan, R. Person authentication using brainwaves (EEG) and maximum a posteriori model adaptation, IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, Special issue on Biometrics, 2006.
146. Markowitz, J.A., Voice biometrics. Communications of the ACM 43 (9), 66-73, 2000.
147. Martin, A., Doddington, G., Kamm, T., Ordowski, M., & Przybocki, M. The det curve in assessment of detection task performance. Proceedings of the 5th European Conference on Speech Communication and Technology, Rhodos, Greecer, September 1997, pp. 1895-1898, 1997.
148. Mason, J.S. & Zhang, X. Velocity and acceleration features in speaker recognition. Proceedings of ICASSP'91, 14-17 April 1991, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, pp. 3673-3677, April 1991.
149. Masuko, T., Tohuda, K., Kobayashi, T., & Imai, S. Speech synthesis using HMMs with dynamic features. Proceedings of ICASSP-96, 7-10 May 1996, Atlanta, GA, USA, pp. 389-392, 1996.
150. Masuko, T., Hitotsumatsu, T., Tojuda, K., & Kobayashi, T. On the security of HMM-based speaker verification systems against imposture using synthetic speech, in EROSPEECH'99, pp. 1223-1226, 1999.
151. Matsui, T. & Furui, S. Speaker adaptation of tied-mixture-based phoneme models for text-prompted speaker recognition. Proceedings of ICASSP-94, 19-22 April, 2004, Adelaide, Australia, pp. 125-128, 1994.
152. McBride, D.M. & Dosher, A.B. A comparison of conscious and automatic memory processes for picture and word stimuli: a process dissociation analysis. Consciousness and Cognition 11, 423-460, 2002.
153. McCabe, A. Implementation and analysis of a handwritten signature verification technique. Honours Thesis, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia, 1997.
154. McCabe, A. Markov modelling of simple directional features for efficient and effective handwriting verification, in Mizoguchi, R. & Saney, J. (editors), PRICAI, LNAI 1886, August 28-September 1, 2000, p. 801, Springer-Verlag, LNCS 1886, 2000.
155. Mehta, S.S. & Lingayat, N.S. Comparative study of QRS detection in single lead and 12-lead ECG based on entropy and combined entropy criteria using support vector machine. Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology, 3 (2), 8-18, 2007.
156. Mermelstein, P. Distance measures for speech recognition, psychological and instrumental, in Chen, C.H. (editor), Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence, pp. 374-388. Academic, New York, NY, USA, 1976.
157. Meyer, D.E., Smith, J.E.K., Kornblum, S., Abrams, R.A., & Wright, C.E. Speed-accuracy tradeoffs in aimed movements: toward a theory of rapid voluntary action. In Jeannerod, M. (ed.), Attention and Performance XIII, pp. 173-226. Lawrence Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ, USA, 1990.
158. Miller, G.A. The magical number seven, plus or minus two: some limits on our capacity for processing information. Psychological Review 63, 81-97, 1956.
159. Miller, N.E. Learning of visceral and glandular responses. Science 163 (688), 434-445, 1969.
160. Minsky, M. & Papert, S. Perceptrons. MIT Press, Cambridge, 1969.
161. Modi, S.K. Keystroke dynamics verification using spontaneous password, MSc dissertation, Purdue University, May 2005.
162. Monrose, F. & Rubin, A.D. Authentication via keystroke dynamics. Proceedings of the Fourth ACM Conference on Computer and Communication Security. Zurich, Switzerland, 1997.
163. Monrose, F. & Reiter, M.K. Graphical passwords, in Cranor, L. & Garfinkel, S. (editors), Security and Usability, Chapter 9, pp. 147-164, O'Reilly, Media, Inc., USA, 2005.
164. Monrose, F., Reiter, M.K., & Wetzel, S. Using voice to generate cryptographic keys, Password Hardening Based on keystroke Dynamics, 1997.
165. Monrose, F. et al. Password hardening based on keystroke dynamics. International Journal of Information Security 1 (2), 69-83, 2002.
166. Nakanishi, I., Nishiguchi, N., Itoh, Y., & Fukui, Y. On-line signature verification based on discrete wavelet domain adaptive signal processing, ICBA 2004: International Conference on Biometric Authentication, Hong Kong (15/07/2004), Vol. 3072, pp. 584-591, 2004.
167. Nali, D. & Thorpe, J. Analyzing user choice in graphical passwords. Technical Report TR-04-01, Carleton University, Canada, 2004.
168. Nalwa, V.S. Automatic on-line signature verification. Proceedings of the IEEE 85(2), 215-239, 1997
169. Napier, R. Keyboard user verification: toward an accurate, efficient, and ecologically valid algorithm. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies 43, 213-222, 1995.
170. Newell, A. & Rosenbloom, P.S. Mechanisms of skill acquisition and the law of practise, in cognitive skills and their acquisition, in Cognitive Skills and Their Acquisition, Anderson, J.R. (editor), pp. 1-56, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale, NJ, USA, 1981.
171. Niels, R. Dynamics time warping. MSc Thesis, Radbound University Nijmegen, the Netherlands, 2004.
172. Niels, R. & Vuurpijl, L. Using dynamic time warping for intuitive handwriting recognition, In A. Marcelli & C. De Stafano (Eds.), Advances in Graphonomics. Proceedings of the 12th Conference of the Internatonal Graphonomics Society (IGS2005), (pp. 217-221), Salerno, Italy, 2005.
173. Niesen, U. & Pfister, B. Speaker verification by means of ANNs. European Symposium on Artificial Neural Networks (ESANN), Bruges, Belgium, pp. 145-150, April 28-30, 2004.
174. Nixon, M.S. & Carter, J.N. On gait as a biometric: progress and prospects. EUSIPCO 2004, 1401-1404, 2004.
175. Nykopp, T. Statistical modelling issues for the adaptive brain interface. MSc Thesis, Helsinki University of Technology, Finland, 2001.
176. Obaidat, M.S. & Macchairolo, D.T. A multilayer neural system for computer access security. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, 24 (5), 803-816, 1994.
177. Orozco, M., Graydon, M., Shiromohammadi, S., & El Saddik, A. Using haptic interfaces for user verification in virtual environments, in Proceedings IEEE International Conference on Virtual Environments, Human-Computer Interfaces, and Measurement Systems, pp. 25-30, IEEE Computer Science Series, La Coruña, Spain, 2006.
178. Orsag, I.F. Biometric recognition systems, speaker recognition technology. Doctoral dissertation, Brno University of Technology, Czech Republic, 2004.
179. Ouzounov, A. An evaluation of DTW, AA, and ARVM for fixed-text speaker identification, pp. 3-10, Sofia, Bulgaria, 2003.
180. Ortega-Mendoza, R.M., Villatoro-Tello, E., Villaseñor-Pineda, L., Montes-y-Gõmez, & Morales, F. On the use of dynamic information for speaker identification, http://ccc.inaoep.mx/~mmontesg/publicaciones/2007/DynamicInformationForSpeakerIdentification-Core07.pdf, 2006.
181. Ozgunduz, E., Senturk, T., & Karsligil, E. Off-line signature verification and recognition using support vector machines, 13th European Conference on Signal Processing (EUSIPCO 2005), 4-8 September, 2005, Antalya, Turkey, 2003.
182. Ozgunduz, E., Senturk, T., & Karsligil, E. Efficient off-line verification and identification of signatures by multiclass support vector machines. Lecture Notes in Computer Science 3691, pp. 799-805, 2005.
183. Paivio, A. & Csapo, K. Picture superiority in free recall: imagery or dual coding? Cognitive Psychology 5, 176-206, 1973.
184. Paivio, A., Rogers, T.B., & Smythe, P.C. Why are pictures easier to recall then words? Psychonomic Science 11 (4), 137-138, 1968.
185. Paliwal, K.K. & Atal, B.S. Frequency-related representation of speech. Eurospeech'03, pp. 65-68, Geneva, Switzerland, 2003.
186. Paranjape, R.B., Mahovsky, J., Benedicenti, L., & Kolesapos, Z. The electroencephalogram as a biometric. Canadian Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering, 13-16 May, 2001, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, pp. 1363-1366, 2001.
187. Parizeau, M. & Plamondon, R. A comparative analysis of regional correlation, dynamic time warping, and skeletal tree matching for signature verification. IEEE Transaction on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence 12 (7), 710-717, 1990.
188. Passlogix. http://www.passlogix.com, accessed on January 29, 2006, 2006.
189. Picton, T.W. The P300 wave of the human event-related potential. Electroenchephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 9, 456-479, 1992.
190. Pineda, L., Villaseñor-Pineda, L., Cuétara, J., Castellanos, H., & López, I. DIMEx100: a new phonetic and speech corpus for Mexican Spanish, in Proceedings of the 9th Ibero-American Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IBERAMIA 2004), pp. 974-983, Pueblo, Mexico, Springer-Verlag, LNCS 3315, Heidelberg, Germany, 2004.
191. Plamondon, R. & Parizeau, M. Signature verification from position, velocity and acceleration signals: a comparative study, in Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Pattern Recognition, Vol. 1, Rome, Italy, pp. 260-265, 1988.
192. Posner, M.I. Abstraction and the process of recognition, in Bower, G.H. & Spence, J.T. (editors), Psychology of Learning and Motivation, Vol. 3, pp. 43-100, Academic Press, New York, NY, USA, 1969.
193. Poulos, M., Rangoussi, M., & Alexandris, N. Neural network based person identification using EEG features. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, 2, 1117-1120, 1999.
194. Poulos, M., Rangoussi, M., Alexandris, N., & Evangelou, A. On the use of EEG features towards person identification via neural networks. Medical Informatics and the Internet in Medicine 26 (1), 35-48, 2001.
195. Pusara, M. & Brodley, C.E. User re-authentication via mouse movements, Conference on Computer and Communications Security, Proceedings of the 2004 ACM workshop on Visualization and data mining for computer security, 29 October, 2004, Washington, DC, USA, p. 1-8, ACM, New York, NY, USA, 2003.
196. Quek, C. & Zhou, W. Antiforgery: a novel pseudo-outer product based fuzzy neural network driven signature verification system. Pattern Recognition Letters 23 (14), 1795-1816, 2002.
197. Quinlan, R. Data mining tools (see 5 and C5.0), C4.5: Programs for machine learning, Morgan Kaufmann, New York, 1993.
198. Rabiner, L. & Shafer, R. Digital Processing of Speech Signals. Prentice Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, NY, USA, 1978.
199. Rabiner, L.R. A tutorial on hidden Markov models and selected applications in speech recognition. Proceeding of the IEEE 77 (2), 257-286, 1989.
200. Rahman, M.S. & Shimamura, T. Linear prediction using homomorphic deconvolution in the autocorrelation domain, circuits and systems, 2005. ISCAS 2005. IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems, Vol. 3, 23-26 May 2005 pp. 2855-2858, 2005.
201. Rahman, M.S. & Shimamura, T. Speech analysis based on modelling the effective voice source. IEICE Transactions on Information and Systems E89-D(3), 1107-1115, 2006.
202. Rangayyan, R.M. Biomdeical Signal Analysis, A case study Approach. Wiley-IEEE press, Piscataway, NJ, USA, 2002.
203. Real User Corporation. The science behind Passfaces. http://www.realusers.com., accessed December 2, 2002, 2001.
204. Revett, K. On the use of multiple sequence alignment for user authentication via keystroke dynamics. International Conference on Global eSecurity 2007 (ICGeS), April 16-18, 2007, University of East London, pp. 112-120, 2007e.
205. Revett, K. & Khan, A. Enhancing login security using keystroke hardening and keyboard gridding. Proceedings of the IADIS MCCSIS 19-23 April, 2005, pp. 194-199, 2005.
206. Revett, K., Gorunescu, F., Gorunescu, M., El-Darzi, E., & Ene, M. A breast cancer diagnosis system: a combined approach using rough sets and probabilistic neural networks. Proceedings of Eurocon 2005-IEEE International Conference on "Computer as a tool," Belgrade, Serbia, November 21-24, pp. 1124-1127, 2005b.
207. Revett, K., Magalhães, S., & Santos, H.M.D. Critical aspects in graphic authentication keys. International Conference on I-Warfare, University of Maryland Eastern Shore, March 15-16, 2006, pp. 212-217, 2006.
208. Revett, K., Gorunescu, F., Gorunescu, M., Ene, M., Tenreiro De Magalhães, S., & Santos, H.M.D. A novel machine learning approach to keystroke dynamics based user authentication. International Journal of Electronic Security and Digital Forensics 1(1), 55-70, 2007a.
209. Revett, K., Tenreiro De Magalhães, S., & Santos, L. Graphical based user authentication with embedded mouse stroke dynamics. 2nd International Conference on Information Warfare and Security (ICIW 2007), pp. 171-176, Monterey, CA, USA, March 8-9, 2007b.
210. Revett, K. & Jokisz, I. A bioinformatics based approach to behavioural biometrics, Frontiers in the Convergence of Bioscience and Information Technologies (FBIT2007), October 11-13, 2007, Cheju Island, Korea, pp. 665-670, 2007b.
211. Revett, K., Tenreiro de Magalhães, S., & Santos, L. Graphical based user authentication with embedded mouse stroke dynamics. 2nd International Conference on Information Warfare and Security (ICIW2007), March 8-9, 2007, Monterey, CA, USA, pp. 171-176, ISBN: 978-1-905305-41-4, 2007d.
212. Revett, K., Jahankhani, H., Magalhaes, S., & Santos, H.M.D. User dynamics in graphical authentication systems. 4th International Conference on Global eSecurity 2008 (ICGeS'08), June 24-26, 2008, University of East London, 2008a.
213. Revett K., Jahankhani, H., Magalhaes, S., & Santos, H.M.D. A survey of user authentication based on mouse dynamics. 4th International Conference on Global eSecurity 2008 (ICGeS'08), June 24-26, 2008, University of East London, 2008b.
214. Reynolds, D. Experimental evaluation of features for robust speaker identification. IEEE Transaction on Speech and Audi Processing 1 (3), 639-643, 1994.
215. Reynolds, S. Keystroke dynamics format for data interchange. Biopassword, 2005.
216. Reynolds, D., Quatieri, T., & Dunn, R. Speaker verification using adapted Gaussian mixture models. Journal of Digital Signal Processing 3 (1), 19-41, 2000.
217. Riera, A., Soria-Frisch, A., Caparrini, M., Grau, C., & Ruffini, G. Unobtrusive biometric system based on electroencephalogram analysis. EURASIP Journal on Advances in Signal Processing, 2008 (1), Hindawi Publishing Corporation, USA, 2007.
218. Rigoll, G. & Kosmala, A. A systematic comparison between on-line and off-line methods for signature verification with hidden Markov models, in Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Pattern Recognition, Vol. 2, pp. 1755-1757, Brisbane, Australia, August 16-20, 1998.
219. Rigoll, G., Kosmala, A., Rottland, J., & Neukirchen, C. A comparison between continuous and discrete density hidden Markov models for cursive handwriting recognition, in Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Pattern Recognition (ICPR'96), Vienna, Austria, Vol. 2, p. 205, 1996.
220. Rorschach, H. Psychodiagnostik. Bircher, Bern, Switzerland, 1921.
221. Rosetta. http://www.idi.ntnu.no/~aleks/rosetta, accessed January 6, 2006.
222. Ross, A. & Jain, A.K. Information fusion in biometrics. Pattern Recognition Letters, Special Issue on Multimodal Biometrics 24 (13), 2115-2125, 2003.
223. Ross, A., Jain, A.K., & Qian, J. Information fusion in biometrics. Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Audio-and Video-Based Person Authentication (AVBPA), pp. 354-359, Halmstad, Sweden, June 6-8, 2001.
224. Rosell. http://www.nada.kth.se/~rosell/courses/rosell_acoustic_features.pdf, accessed January 10, 2008.
225. De Ru, W.G. & Eloff, J. Enhanced password authentication through Fuzzy Logic. IEEE Expert 12 (6), 38-45, 1997.
226. Ruffini, G., Dunne, S., & Farres, E. A dry electrophysiology electrode using CNT arrays, Sensors and Actuators, A: physical 132(1), pp. 34-41, 2006.
227. Ruffini, G., Dunne, S., & Farres, E. ENOBIO dry electrodephysiology electrode, first human trial plus wireless electrode system, in Proceedings of the 29th IEEE EMBS Annual International Conference, Lyon, France, IEEE EMB, Piscataway, NJ, USA, pp. 6689-6693, 2007.
228. Rumelhart, D.E. & McClelland, J.L., editors. Parallel Distibuted Processing: Explorations in the Microstructure of Cognition, Vol. 1. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, USA, 1986.
229. Sanderson, C. & Paliwal, K.K. Information fusion and person verification using speech and face information. Research Paper IDIAP-RR 02-33, IDIAP, September, 2002.
230. Sanderson, C. & Paliwal, K.K. On the use of speech and face information for identity verification. Research Paper IDIAP-RR 04-10, IDIAP, March, 2004.
231. Schölkopf, B., Platt, J., Shawe-Taylor, J., Smola, A.J., & Williamson, R.C. Estimating the support of a highdimensional distribution. Technical Report MSR-TR-99-87, Microsoft Research, Redmond, WA, USA, 1999.
232. Schölkopf, B., Williamson, R.C, Smola, A.J., Shawe-Taylor, J., & Platt, J. Support vector method for novelty detection, in Solla, S.A., Leen, T.K., & Müller, K.-R. (editors), Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, Vol. 12, pp. 582-588, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, USA 2000.
233. Seitz, A.R. & Watanabe, T. Is subliminal learning really passive. Nature 422, 36, 2003.
234. Seneff, S. & Zue, V. Transcription and alignment of the time TIMIT database, in Proceedings of the Second Symposium on Advanced Man-Machine Interface through Spoken Language, pp. 1-9, IEEE Computer Society, Oahu, Hawaii, 1988.
235. Shakespeare, H. King Henry VI, Part 2, act 3, ca. 1590-1591.
236. Shannon, C. Prediction and entropy of printed English. Bell Systems Technical Journal 30, 50-64, 1951.
237. Shamir, A. How to share a secret. Communications of the ACM 22, 612-613, 1979.
238. Shao, Y., Srinivasan, S., & Wang, D. Incorporating auditory feature uncertainties in robust speaker identification, in Proceedings of ICASSP'07, 15-20 April 2007, Honolulu, Hawaii, IEEE, pp. 227-280, 2007.
239. Shutler, J.D. Velocity moments for holistic shape description of temporal features. PhD Thesis, University of Southampton, UK, 2002.
240. Silva, H., Gamboa, H., & Fred, A. Applicability of lead V2 ECG measurements in biometrics, Proceedings of the International Educational and Networking Forum for eHealth, Telemedicine and Health ICT-Med-e-Tel, Luxembourg, April, 2007, 2001.
241. Sim, T. & Janakiraman, R. Are digraphs good for free-text keystroke dynamics, IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and pattern recognition, 2007 CVPR'07, 17-22 June 2007, Minneapolis, MN, USA, 2005.
242. Sim, T. & Janakiraman, R. Are digraphs good for free-text keystroke dynamics? IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, 2007. CVPR apos;07. June 17-22, 2007, pp. 1-6, 2007.
243. Sobrado, L. & Birget, J.-C. Graphical passwords. The Rutgers Scholar, An Electronic Bulletin for undergraduate Research, Vol. 4, Camden New jersey, USA, 2002.
244. Sommerich, C. M., Marras, W. S., & Parnianpour, M. Observations on the relationship between key strike force and typing speed. American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal 57, 1109-1114, 1996.
245. Song, D., Wagner, D., & Tian, X. Timing analysis of keystrokes and timing attacks on SSH, in 10th USENIX Security Symposium, pp. 337-352, 2001.
246. Specht, D.F. Probabilistic neural networks for classification mapping or associative memory. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Neural Networks 1, 525-532, 1988.
247. Specht, D.F. Probabilistic neural networks. Neural Networks 3, 110-118, 1990.
248. Stanney, K.M., editor. Handbook of Virtual reality Environments: Design, Implementation, and Applications, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc., Mahwah, NJ, USA, 2002.
249. Stevens, S.S., Volkman, J., & Newman, E.B, The Relation of Pitch to Frequency, A Revised Scale, Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 8 (3), 185-190, 1937.
250. Strom, S.H. Beyond the Typewriter: Gender, Class, and the Origins of Modern American Office Work, 1900-1930. University of Illinois Press, Urbana and Chicago, IL, USA, 1992.
251. Stroop, J.R. Studies on interference in serial verbal reaction times. Journal of Experimental Psychology 18, 643-662, 1935.
252. Stubblefield, A. & Simon, D.R. Inkblot authentication. Microsoft Technical Report MSR-TR-2004-85, Microsoft Research, Redmond, WA, USA, 2004.
253. Suo, X., Zhu, Y., & Owen, G.S. Graphical Passwords: A Survey. Department of Computer Science, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA, 2003.
254. Suo, X., Zhu, Y., & Owen, G.S. Graphical passwords: a survey. 21st Annual Computer Security Applications Conference (ACSAC), December 5-9, 2005.
255. Suo, X., Zhu, Y., & Own, S. Analysis and design of graphical password techniques. ISVC 2006, LNCS 4292, pp. 741-749, 2006.
256. Sutton, S., Braren, M., Zubin, J., & John, E.R. Evoked potential correlates of stimulus uncertainty. Science 150, 1187-1188, 1965.
257. Syukri, A.F., Okamoto, E., & Mambo, M. A User identification system using signature written with mouse, in Proceedings of the 3rd Australasian Conference on Information Security and Privacy, LNCS 1438, pp. 403-414, Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, Germany, 1998.
258. Tanawongsuwan, R. & Bobick, A. Gait recognition from time-normalized joint-angle trajectories in the walking plane. Proceedings of the International Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, 8-14 December 2001, Kauai, Hi, USA, pp. 726-731, 2001.
259. Tao, H. Pass-Go, a New Graphical Password Scheme, Master thesis, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, June 2006.
260. Teo, A., Garg, H., & Puthusserypady, S. Detection of humans buried in rubble: an electronic nose to detect human body odor. Proceedings of the IEEE 2nd Joint EMBS-BMES Conference, 23-26 October, 2002, pp. 1811-1812, Houston, TX, USA, 2002.
261. Thorpe, J., Van Oorschot, P.C., & Somayaji, A. Pass thoughts: authenticating with our mainds, in Proceedings of the ACSA 2005 New Security Paradigms Workshop, Sept. 2005, Lake Arrowhead, California, USA, 2005.
262. Tilton, C.J. White paper: Biometrics Industry Standards. SAFLINK Corporation, Kirkland, WA, USA, 2003.
263. Tolba, A.S. GloveSignature: A virtual-reality-based system for dynamic signature verification. Digital Signal Processing 9 (4), 241-266, 1999.
264. Trevathan, J. & McCabe, A. Remote handwritten signature authentication, in Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on EBusiness and Telecommunication Networks (ICETE'05), pp. 335-339, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Reading, UK, 2005.
265. Turk, M. & Pentland, A. Eigenfaces for recognition. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 3 (1), 71-86, 1991.
266. Tyler, C. Human symmetry perception, in Tyler, C. (editor), Human Symmetry Perception and Its Computational Analysis, pp. 3-22, the Netherlands, 1996.
267. Van Oorschot, P.C. & Thorpe, J. On the security of graphical password schemes. Technical Report TR-05-12, Carleton University, Canada, 2005.
268. Vidal, J. Toward direct brain-computer communication. Annual Review of Biophysics and Bioengineering, 2, 157-180, 1973.
269. Vidjiounaite, E., Makela, S.-M., Lindholm, M., Riihimaki, R., Kyllonen, V., Mantyjarvi, J., & Allisto, H. Unobtrusive multimodal biometrics for ensuring privacy and information security with personal devices, in Pervasive, Computing 2006, 7-10 May, Dublin, Ireland, pp. 233-238, Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, Germany, LNCS, 2006.
270. Wahl, A., Hennebert, J., Humm, A., & Ingold, R. Generation and evaluation of brute-force signature forgeries. LNCS 4105, pp. 2-9, 2006.
271. Waller, A.D. A demonstration on man of electromotive changes accompanying the heart's beat. Journal of Physiology (London), 8, 229-234, 1887.
272. Wang, L., Ning, H., Tan, T., & Hu, W. Fusion of static and dynamic body biometrics for gait recognition. Proceedings of the 9th IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision, 13-16 October, 2003, Nice, France, vol. 2, p. 14491454, 2003.
273. Wang, L., Ning, H., Tan, T., & Hu, W. Fusion of static and dynamic body biometrics for gait recognition. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology 14(2), 149, 158, 2004.
274. Wark, T., Sridharan, V., & Chandran, V. The use of temporal speech and lip information for multi-modal speaker identification via multi-stream HMM, in Proceedings International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, IEEE Standards Office, Istanbul, Turkey, pp. 2389-2392, 2000.
275. Wassner, H. & Chollet, G. New cepstral representation using wavelet analysis and spectral transformation for robust speech recognition, in Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Spoken Language (ICSLP96), October 3-6, 1996, pp. 260-263, 1996.
276. Wickens, C.D. Processing resources in attention, in Parasuramna, R. & Davies, D.R. (editors), Varieties of Attention, pp. 53-102, Academic Press, New York, NY, USA, 1984.
277. Widrow, B. Generalization and information storage in networks of adaline "neurons," in Yovitz, M.C., Jacobi, G. T., & Goldstein, G.D. (eds), Self-Organizing Systems, pp. 435-461, Spartan Books, Washington, DC, USA.
278. Wiedenbeck, S., Waters, J., Sobrado, L., & Birget, J. Design and evaluation of a shoulder-surfing resistant graphical password scheme, Proceedings of the working conference on Advanced Visual Interfaces, Venezia, Italy pp. 177-184, 2006.
279. Wolpaw, J.R. & McFarland, D.J. Control of a two-dimensional movement signal by a noninvasive brain-computer interface in humans. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 101 (51), 17849-17854, 2004.
280. Wu, T. A real-world analysis of Kerebros password security, in Proceedings of the 1999 ISOC Symposium on Network and Distributed System Security, pp. 723-736, 1999.
281. Xafopoulos, A. Speaker verification (an overview). TICSP presentation, 2001.
282. Xu, L., Kryzak, A., & Suen, C.Y. Methods for combining multiple classifiers and their application to handwriting recognition. IEEE Transactions Systems, Man, Cybernetics 22(3), pp. 418-435, 1992.
283. Xuhua, Y., Furuhashi, T., Obata, K., & Uchikawa, Y. Constructing a high performance signature verification system using a GA method. ANNES'05-Second New Zealand International Two-Stream Conference on Artificial Neural Networks and Expert Systems, 1995, 20-23 November, 1995, Dunedin, New Zealand, pp. 170-173, 1995, IEEE Computer Society, 1995.
284. Xuhua, Y., Furuhashi, T., Obata, K., & Uchikawa, Y. Selection of features for signature verfication using a genetic algorithm, Computers & Industrial Engineering, Vol. 30(4), September 1996, pp. 1037-1045.
285. Yamazaki, A., Ludermir, T., & de Suonto, M. Classification vintages of wine by an artificial nose using time delay neural networks. IEE Electronics Letters 37 (24), 1466-1467, 2001.
286. Yang, L., Widjaja, B., & Prasad, R. Application of hidden Markov models for signature verification. Pattern Recognition Letters 28 (2), 161-170, 1995.
287. Yeung, D-Y., Chang, H., Xiong, Y., George, S., Kashi, R., Matsumoto, T., & Rigoll, G. SVC2004: First International Signature Verification Competition. Proceedings of the International Conference on Biometric Authentication (ICBA), Hong Kong, July 15-17, 2004.
288. Yu, E. & Cho, S. Novelty detection approach for keystroke dynamics identity verification. Fourth International Conference on Intelligent Data Engineering and Automated Learning, IDEAL 2003, 5-7 January 2006, Hong Kong, 2003.
289. Zhang, S., Janakiraman, R., Sim, T., & Kumar, S. Continuous verification using multimodal biometrics. International Conference on Biometrics, 7-11 November, 2005, Alexandria, VA, USA, LNCS 3832, pp. 562-570, 2006.
290. Zhuang, L., Zhou, F., & Tygar, J.D. Keyboard acoustic emanations revisited, in CCS '05: Proceedings of the 12th ACM conference on Computer and communications security, pp. 373-382, ACM Press, New York, NY, USA, 2005.