Autism and epilepsy: Historical perspective

Brain and Development

Volumn 32, Issue 9, 2010, Pages 709-718

  Tuchman, Roberto ^a,b   Cuccaro, Michael ^b   Alessandri, Michael ^c  

^a MIAMI CHILDREN'S HOSPITAL   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MIAMI MILLER SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^c Department of Biology   (United States)

Author keywords

Autism; EEG phenotype; Epilepsy; Genetics

Indexed keywords

ANTICONVULSIVE AGENT;

ASPERGER SYNDROME; ATTENTION DISTURBANCE; AUTISM; DIAGNOSTIC AND STATISTICAL MANUAL OF MENTAL DISORDERS; EEG ABNORMALITY; ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM; EPILEPSY; EPILEPTIC STATE; FAMILY HISTORY; HEREDITY; HISTORY; HUMAN; HYPERACTIVITY; HYPSARRHYTHMIA; INFANTILE SPASM; INTELLIGENCE; INTELLIGENCE QUOTIENT; LANGUAGE DISABILITY; LENNOX GASTAUT SYNDROME; MOOD DISORDER; MOTOR DYSFUNCTION; MUSCLE HYPOTONIA; NEUROLOGIC DISEASE; ONSET AGE; PERVASIVE DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDER NOT OTHERWISE SPECIFIED; PREVALENCE; REMISSION; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; SEIZURE; SLEEP; SOCIAL ADAPTATION; SPIKE WAVE; TUBEROUS SCLEROSIS;

AUTISTIC DISORDER; ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY; EPILEPSY; HISTORY, 20TH CENTURY; HISTORY, 21ST CENTURY; HUMANS;

EID: 77956232137     PISSN: 03877604     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.braindev.2010.04.008     Document Type: Review

References (137)

1. Kanner L. Early infantile autism revisited. Psychiatry Dig (in Eng) 1968, 29:17-28.
2. Kanner L. Autistic disturbances of affective contact. Nerv Child 1943, 2:217-250.
3. Kanner L. Follow-up study of eleven autistic children originally reported in 1943. J Autism Child Schizophr 1971, 1:119-145.
4. Creak M., Pampiglione G. Clinical and EEG studies on a group of 35 psychotic children. Dev Med Child Neurol 1969, 11:218-227.
5. Hutt S.J., Hutt C., Lee D., Ounsted C. A behavioural and electroencephalographic study of autistic children. J Psychiatr Res 1965, 3:181-197.
6. White P.T., Demyer W., Demyer M. EEG abnormalities in early childhood schizophrenia: a double-blind study of psychiatrically disturbed and normal children during promazine sedation. Am J Psychiatry 1964, 120:950-958.
7. Schain R.J., Yannet H. Infantile autism. An analysis of 50 cases and a consideration of certain relevant neurophysiologic concepts. J Pediatr 1960, 57:560-567.
8. Reynolds E.H., Trimble M.R. Epilepsy, psychiatry, and neurology. Epilepsia 2009, 50(Suppl. 3):50-55.
9. Wing L., Gould J. Severe impairments of social interaction and associated abnormalities in children: epidemiology and classification. J Autism Dev Disord 1979, 9:11-29.
10. Commission on Classification and Terminology of the International League against Epilepsy Proposal for revised classification of epilepsies and epileptic syndromes. Epilepsia 1989, 30:389-399.
11. Commission on Classification and Terminology of the International League against Epilepsy Proposal for revised clinical and electroencephalographic classification of epilepstic seizures. Epilepsia 1981, 22:489-501.
12. Lord C., Rutter M., Goode S., Heemsbergen J., Jordan H., Mawhood L., et al. Autism diagnostic observation schedule: a standardized observation of communicative and social behavior. J Autism Dev Disord 1989, 19:185-212.
13. Volkmar F.R., Bregman J., Cohen D.J., Cicchetti D.V. DSM-III and DSM-III-R diagnoses of autism. Am J Psychiatry 1988, 145:1404-1408.
14. Reynolds E.H., Rodin E. The clinical concept of epilepsy. Epilepsia 2009, 50(Suppl. 3):2-7.
15. Volkmar F.R., State M., Klin A. Autism and autism spectrum disorders: diagnostic issues for the coming decade. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2009, 50:108-115.
16. Guerrini R. Epilepsy in children. Lancet 2006, 367:499-524.
17. Happe F., Ronald A., Plomin R. Time to give up on a single explanation for autism. Nat Neurosci 2006, 9:1218-1220.
18. American Psychiatric Association Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-IV-TR) 2000, 1-9. American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC. 4th, text rev. DSM-IV-TR (Ed.).
19. WHO International classification of mental and behavioural disorders. Disorders of psychological development (F80-F89) 2007, World Health Organization, [chapter V].
20. Wing L. Asperger's syndrome: a clinical account. Psychol Med 1981, 11:115-129.
21. Woodbury-Smith M.R., Volkmar F.R. Asperger syndrome. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2009, 18:2-11.
22. Baskin J.H., Sperber M., Price B.H. Asperger syndrome revisited. Rev Neurol Dis 2006, 3:1-7.
23. Fombonne E., Tidmarsh L. Epidemiologic data on Asperger disorder. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am 2003, 12. 15-21, v-vi.
24. Mesibov G.B. What is PDD-NOS and how is it diagnosed?. J Autism Dev Disord 1997, 27:497-498.
25. Scheirs J.G., Timmers E.A. Differentiating among children with PDD-NOS, ADHD, and those with a combined diagnosis on the basis of WISC-III profiles. J Autism Dev Disord 2009, 39:549-556.
26. Walker D.R., Thompson A., Zwaigenbaum L., Goldberg J., Bryson S.E., Mahoney W.J., et al. Specifying PDD-NOS: a comparison of PDD-NOS, Asperger syndrome, and autism. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2004, 43:172-180.
27. Mayes L., Volkmar F., Hooks M., Cicchetti D. Differentiating pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified from autism and language disorders. J Autism Dev Disord 1993, 23:79-90.
28. Rogers S.J. Developmental regression in autism spectrum disorders. Ment Retard Dev Disabil Res Rev 2004, 10:139-143.
29. Mouridsen S.E., Rich B., Isager T. Epilepsy in disintegrative psychosis and infantile autism: a long-term validation study. Dev Med Child Neurol 1999, 41:110-114.
30. Rapin I. Autistic regression and disintegrative disorder: how important the role of epilepsy?. Semin Pediatr Neurol 1995, 2:278-285.
31. Volkmar F.R. Childhood disintegrative disorder: issues for DSM-IV. J Autism Dev Disord 1992, 22:625-642.
32. Burd L., Fisher W., Kerbeshian J. Pervasive disintegrative disorder: are Rett syndrome and Heller dementia infantilis subtypes?. Dev Med Child Neurol 1989, 31:609-616.
33. Zoghbi H.Y. MeCP2 dysfunction in humans and mice. J Child Neurol 2005, 20:736-740.
34. Fombonne E. Epidemiology of autistic disorder and other pervasive developmental disorders. J Clin Psychiatry 2005, 66(Suppl. 10):3-8.
35. Tuchman R. Autism and epilepsy: what has regression got to do with it?. Epilepsy Curr 2006, 6:107-111.
36. Kelley R.K., Moshe S.L. Electrophysiology and epilepsy in autism. Autism: a neurological disorder of early brain development 2006, 160-173. Mac Keith Press, London. R. Tuchman, I. Rapin (Eds.).
37. Tuchman R., Rapin I. Epilepsy in autism. Lancet Neurol 2002, 1:352-358.
38. Taft L.T., Cohen H.J. Hypsarrhythmia and infantile autism: a clinical report. J Autism Child Schizophr 1971, 1:327-336.
39. Riikonen R., Amnell G. Psychiatric disorders in children with earlier infantile spasms. Dev Med Child Neurol 1981, 23:747-760.
40. Deykin E.Y., MacMahon B. The incidence of seizures among children with autistic symptoms. Am J Psychiatry 1979, 136:1310-1312.
41. Rutter M., Greenfeld D., Lockyer L. A five to fifteen year follow-up study of infantile psychosis. II. Social and behavioural outcome. Br J Psychiatry 1967, 113:1183-1199.
42. Pampiglione G., Moynahan E.J. The tuberous sclerosis syndrome: clinical and EEG studies in 100 children. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1976, 39:666-673.
43. Hunt A., Dennis J. Psychiatric disorder among children with tuberous sclerosis. Dev Med Child Neurol 1987, 29:190-198.
44. Curatolo P., Cusmai R. Autism and infantile spasms in children with tuberous sclerosis. Dev Med Child Neurol 1987, 29:551.
45. Patry G., Lyagoubi S., Tassinari C.A. Subclinical "electrical status epilepticus" induced by sleep in children. A clinical and electroencephalographic study of six cases. Arch Neurol 1971, 24:242-252.
46. Landau W.M., Kleffner F.R. Syndrome of acquired aphasia with convulsive disorder in children. Neurology 1957, 7:523-530.
47. Cooper J.A., Ferry P.C. Acquired auditory verbal agnosia and seizures in childhood. J Speech Hear Disord 1978, 43:176-184.
48. Deonna T., Beaumanoir A., Gaillard F., Assal G. Acquired aphasia in childhood with seizure disorder: a heterogeneous syndrome. Neuropaediatrie 1977, 8:263-273.
49. Rapin I., Mattis S., Rowan A.J., Golden G.G. Verbal auditory agnosia in children. Dev Med Child Neurol 1977, 19:197-207.
50. Lou H.C., Brandt S., Bruhn P. Aphasia and epilepsy in childhood. Acta Neurol Scand 1977, 56:46-54.
51. Kasteleijn-Nolst Trenite D.G., Riemersma J.B., Binnie C.D., Smit A.M., Meinardi H. The influence of subclinical epileptiform EEG discharges on driving behaviour. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1987, 67:167-170.
52. Binnie C.D., Kasteleijn-Nolst Trenite D.G., Smit A.M., Wilkins A.J. Interactions of epileptiform EEG discharges and cognition. Epilepsy Res 1987, 1:239-245.
53. Aarts J., Binnie C., Smith A., Wilkins A. Selective cognitive impairment during focal and generalized epileptiform EEG activity. Brain 1984, 107:293-308.
54. Cole A.J., Andermann F., Taylor L., Olivier A., Rasmussen T., Robitaille Y., et al. The Landau-Kleffner syndrome of acquired epileptic aphasia: unusual clinical outcome, surgical experience, and absence of encephalitis. Neurology 1988, 38:31-38.
55. Dorenbaum D., Mencel E., Blume W.T., Fisman S. EEG findings and language patterns in autistic children: clinical correlations. Can J Psychiatry 1987, 32:31-34.
56. Maccario M., Hefferen S.J., Keblusek S.J., Lipinski K.A. Development dysphasia and electroencephalographic abnormalities. Dev Med Child Neurol 1982, 24:141-155.
57. Boyer J.P., Deschatrette A. Convulsive autism or Lennox-Gastaut syndrome? Apropos of 9 cases of primary autism associated with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. Neuropsychiatr Enfance Adolesc 1980, 28:93-100.
58. Holmes G.L., McKeever M., Saunders Z. Epileptiform activity in aphasia of childhood: an epiphenomenon?. Epilepsia 1981, 22:631-639.
59. Hagberg B., Aicardi J., Dias K., Ramos O. A progressive syndrome of autism, dementia, ataxia, and loss of purposeful hand use in girls: Rett's syndrome: report of 35 cases. Ann Neurol 1983, 14:471-479.
60. Gillberg C. Autistic symptoms in Rett syndrome: the first two years according to mother reports. Brain Dev 1987, 9:499-501.
61. Olsson B. Autistic traits in the Rett syndrome. Brain Dev 1987, 9:491-498.
62. Zappella M. Rett syndrome: a significant proportion of girls affected by autistic behavior. Brain Dev 1985, 7:307-312.
63. Trauner D.A., Haas R.H. Electroencephalographic abnormalities in Rett syndrome. Pediatr Neurol 1987, 3:331-334.
64. Nomura Y., Segawa M., Hasegawa M. Rett syndrome - clinical studies and pathophysiological consideration. Brain Dev 1984, 6:475-486.
65. Volkmar F.R., Cohen D.J. Disintegrative disorder or "late onset" autism. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 1989, 30:717-724.
66. Burd L., Fisher W., Kerbeshian J. Childhood onset pervasive developmental disorder. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 1988, 29:155-163.
67. Kurita H. The concept and nosology of Heller's syndrome: review of articles and report of two cases. Jpn J Psychiatry Neurol 1988, 42:785-793.
68. Kurita H. Infantile autism with speech loss before the age of thirty months. J Am Acad Child Psychiatry 1985, 24:191-196.
69. Hoshino Y., Kaneko M., Yashima Y., Kumashiro H., Volkmar F.R., Cohen D.J. Clinical features of autistic children with setback course in their infancy. Jpn J Psychiatry Neurol 1987, 41:237-245.
70. Olsson I., Steffenburg S., Gillberg C. Epilepsy in autism and autistic-like conditions. A population-based study. Arch Neurol 1988, 45:666-668.
71. Gillberg C., Schaumann H. Epilepsy presenting as infantile autism? Two case studies. Neuropediatrics 1983, 14:206-212.
72. Volkmar F.R., Nelson D.S. Seizure disorders in autism. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1990, 29:127-129.
73. Tuchman R.F., Rapin I., Shinnar S. Autistic and dysphasic children. II: Epilepsy. Pediatrics 1991, 88:1219-1225.
74. Ballaban-Gil K., Rapin I., Tuchman R., Freeman K., Shinnar S. The risk of seizures in autistic individuals: occurence of a secondary peak in adolescence. Epilepsia 1991, 32:S84.
75. Kawasaki Y., Yokota K., Shinomiya M., Shimizu Y., Niwa S. Brief report: electroencephalographic paroxysmal activities in the frontal area emerged in middle childhood and during adolescence in a follow-up study of autism. J Autism Dev Disord 1997, 27:605-620.
76. Elia M., Musumeci S.A., Ferri R., Bergonzi P. Clinical and neurophysiological aspects of epilepsy in subjects with autism and mental retardation. Am J Ment Retard 1995, 100:6-16.
77. Rossi P.G., Parmeggiani A., Bach V., Santucci M., Visconti P. EEG features and epilepsy in patients with autism. Brain Dev 1995, 17:169-174.
78. Wong V. Epilepsy in children with autistic spectrum disorder. J Child Neurol 1993, 8:316-322.
79. Gillberg C. Outcome in autism and autistic-like conditions. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1991, 30:375-382.
80. Kurita H., Kita M., Miyake Y. A comparative study of development and symptoms among disintegrative psychosis and infantile autism with and without speech loss. J Autism Dev Disord 1992, 22:175-188.
81. Kobayashi R., Murata T. Setback phenomenon in autism and long-term prognosis. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1998, 98:296-303.
82. Tuchman R.F., Rapin I. Regression in pervasive developmental disorders: seizures and epileptiform electroencephalogram correlates. Pediatrics 1997, 99:560-566.
83. Gillberg C. The treatment of epilepsy in autism. J Autism Dev Disord 1991, 21:61-77.
84. Nass R., Petrucha D. Acquired aphasia with convulsive disorder: a pervasive developmental disorder variant. J Child Neurol 1990, 5:327-328.
85. Uvebrant P., Bauziene R. Intractable epilepsy in children. The efficacy of lamotrigine treatment, including non-seizure-related benefits. Neuropediatrics 1994, 25:284-289.
86. Plioplys A.V. Autism: electroencephalogram abnormalities and clinical improvement with valproic acid. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 1994, 148:220-222.
87. Childs J.A., Blair J.L. Valproic acid treatment of epilepsy in autistic twins. J Neurosci Nurs 1997, 29:244-248.
88. Taylor D.C., Neville B.G., Cross J.H. Autistic spectrum disorders in childhood epilepsy surgery candidates. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1999, 8:189-192.
89. Lewine J.D., Andrews R., Chez M., Patil A.A., Devinsky O., Smith M., et al. Magnetoencephalographic patterns of epileptiform activity in children with regressive autism spectrum disorders. Pediatrics 1999, 104:405-418.
90. Nass R., Gross A., Wisoff J., Devinsky O. Outcome of multiple subpial transections for autistic epileptiform regression. Pediatr Neurol 1999, 21:464-470.
91. Szabo C.A., Wyllie E., Dolske M., Stanford L.D., Kotagal P., Comair Y.G. Epilepsy surgery in children with pervasive developmental disorder. Pediatr Neurol 1999, 20:349-353.
92. Spence S.J., Schneider M.T. The role of epilepsy and epileptiform EEGs in autism spectrum disorders. Pediatr Res 2009.
93. Clarke D.F., Roberts W., Daraksan M., Dupuis A., McCabe J., Wood H., et al. The prevalence of autistic spectrum disorder in children surveyed in a tertiary care epilepsy clinic. Epilepsia 2005, 46:1970-1977.
94. Saemundsen E., Ludvigsson P., Hilmarsdottir I., Rafnsson V. Autism spectrum disorders in children with seizures in the first year of life - a population-based study. Epilepsia 2007, 48:1724-1730.
95. Hara H. Autism and epilepsy: a retrospective follow-up study. Brain Dev 2007, 29:486-490.
96. Turk J., Bax M., Williams C., Amin P., Eriksson M., Gillberg C. Autism spectrum disorder in children with and without epilepsy: impact on social functioning and communication. Acta Paediatr 2009.
97. Amiet C., Gourfinkel-An I., Bouzamondo A., Tordjman S., Baulac M., Lechat P., et al. Epilepsy in autism is associated with intellectual disability and gender: evidence from a meta-analysis. Biol Psychiatry 2008, 64:577-582.
98. Pavone P., Incorpora G., Fiumara A., Parano E., Trifiletti R.R., Ruggieri M. Epilepsy is not a prominent feature of primary autism. Neuropediatrics 2004, 35:207-210.
99. Danielsson S., Gillberg I.C., Billstedt E., Gillberg C., Olsson I. Epilepsy in young adults with autism: a prospective population-based follow-up study of 120 individuals diagnosed in childhood. Epilepsia 2005, 46:918-923.
100. Saemundsen E., Ludvigsson P., Rafnsson V. Risk of autism spectrum disorders after infantile spasms: a population-based study nested in a cohort with seizures in the first year of life. Epilepsia 2008, 49:1865-1870.
101. Saemundsen E., Ludvigsson P., Rafnsson V. Autism spectrum disorders in children with a history of infantile spasms: a population-based study. J Child Neurol 2007, 22:1102-1107.
102. McDermott S., Moran R., Platt T., Wood H., Isaac T., Dasari S. Prevalence of epilepsy in adults with mental retardation and related disabilities in primary care. Am J Ment Retard 2005, 110:48-56.
103. Werner E., Dawson G. Validation of the phenomenon of autistic regression using home videotapes. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2005, 62:889-895.
104. Werner E., Dawson G., Munson J., Osterling J. Variation in early developmental course in autism and its relation with behavioral outcome at 3-4 years of age. J Autism Dev Disord 2005, 35:337-350.
105. Luyster R., Richler J., Risi S., Hsu W.L., Dawson G., Bernier R., et al. Early regression in social communication in autism spectrum disorders: a CPEA study. Dev Neuropsychol 2005, 27:311-336.
106. Lord C., Shulman C., DiLavore P. Regression and word loss in autistic spectrum disorders. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2004, 45:936-955.
107. Goldberg W.A., Osann K., Filipek P.A., Laulhere T., Jarvis K., Modahl C., et al. Language and other regression: assessment and timing. J Autism Dev Disord 2003, 33:607-616.
108. Meilleur A.A., Fombonne E. Regression of language and non-language skills in pervasive developmental disorders. J Intellect Disabil Res 2009, 53:115-124.
109. Baird G, Charman T, Pickles A, Chandler S, Loucas T, Meldrum D, et al. Regression, developmental trajectory and associated problems in disorders in the autism spectrum: the SNAP study. J Autism Dev Disord [2008/05/02 ed2008].
110. Canitano R., Luchetti A., Zappella M. Epilepsy, electroencephalographic abnormalities, and regression in children with autism. J Child Neurol 2005, 20:27-31.
111. Hrdlicka M., Komarek V., Propper L., Kulisek R., Zumrova A., Faladova L., et al. Not EEG abnormalities but epilepsy is associated with autistic regression and mental functioning in childhood autism. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2004, 13:209-213.
112. Giannotti F., Cortesi F., Cerquiglini A., Miraglia D., Vagnoni C., Sebastiani T., et al. An Investigation of sleep characteristics, EEG abnormalities and epilepsy in developmentally regressed and non-regressed children with autism. J Autism Dev Disord 2008, 38:1888-1897.
113. Shinnar S., Rapin I., Arnold S., Tuchman R.F., Shulman L., Ballaban-Gil K., et al. Language regression in childhood. Pediatr Neurol 2001, 24:183-189.
114. McVicar K.A., Ballaban-Gil K., Rapin I., Moshe S.L., Shinnar S. Epileptiform EEG abnormalities in children with language regression. Neurology 2005, 65:129-131.
115. Klein S.K., Tuchman R.F., Rapin I. The influence of premorbid language skills and behavior on language recovery in children with verbal auditory agnosia. J Child Neurol 2000, 15:36-43.
116. Munoz-Yunta J.A., Ortiz T., Palau-Baduell M., Martin-Munoz L., Salvado-Salvado B., Valls-Santasusana A., et al. Magnetoencephalographic pattern of epileptiform activity in children with early-onset autism spectrum disorders. Clin Neurophysiol 2008, 119:626-634.
117. Chez M.G., Chang M., Krasne V., Coughlan C., Kominsky M., Schwartz A. Frequency of epileptiform EEG abnormalities in a sequential screening of autistic patients with no known clinical epilepsy from 1996 to 2005. Epilepsy Behav 2006, 8:267-271.
118. Roulet-Perez E., Deonna T. Autism, epilepsy, and EEG epileptiform activity. Autism: a neurological disorder of early brain development 2006, 174-188. Mac Keith Press, London. R. Tuchman, I. Rapin (Eds.).
119. Deonna T., Roulet-Perez E. Cognitive and behavioral disorders of epileptic origin in children 2005, Mac Keith Press, Cambridge University Press, London, UK.
120. Kim H.L., Donnelly J.H., Tournay A.E., Book T.M., Filipek P. Absence of seizures despite high prevalence of epileptiform EEG abnormalities in children with autism monitored in a tertiary care center. Epilepsia 2006, 47:394-398.
121. Tharp B.R. Epileptic encephalopathies and their relationship to developmental disorders: do spikes cause autism?. Ment Retard Dev Disabil Res Rev 2004, 10:132-134.
122. de Vries P.J. What can we learn from tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) about autism?. J Intellect Disabil Res 2008, 52:818.
123. Smalley S.L. Autism and tuberous sclerosis. J Autism Dev Disord 1998, 28:407-414.
124. Guerrini R., Sicca F., Parmeggiani L. Epilepsy and malformations of the cerebral cortex. Epileptic Disord 2003, 5(Suppl. 2):S9-S26.
125. Napolioni V., Moavero R., Curatolo P. Recent advances in neurobiology of tuberous sclerosis complex. Brain Dev 2009, 31:104-113.
126. Meikle L., Pollizzi K., Egnor A., Kramvis I., Lane H., Sahin M., et al. Response of a neuronal model of tuberous sclerosis to mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors: effects on mTORC1 and Akt signaling lead to improved survival and function. J Neurosci 2008, 28:5422-5432.
127. Zeng L.H., Xu L., Gutmann D.H., Wong M. Rapamycin prevents epilepsy in a mouse model of tuberous sclerosis complex. Ann Neurol 2008, 63:444-453.
128. Ehninger D., Han S., Shilyansky C., Zhou Y., Li W., Kwiatkowski D.J., et al. Reversal of learning deficits in a Tsc2+/- mouse model of tuberous sclerosis. Nat Med 2008, 14:843-848.
129. Jansen F.E., Braams O., Vincken K.L., Algra A., Anbeek P., Jennekens-Schinkel A., et al. Overlapping neurologic and cognitive phenotypes in patients with TSC1 or TSC2 mutations. Neurology 2008, 70:908-915.
130. Bolton P.F. Neuroepileptic correlates of autistic symptomatology in tuberous sclerosis. Ment Retard Dev Disabil Res Rev 2004, 10:126-131.
131. Asano E., Chugani D.C., Muzik O., Behen M., Janisse J., Rothermel R., et al. Autism in tuberous sclerosis complex is related to both cortical and subcortical dysfunction. Neurology 2001, 57:1269-1277.
132. Deonna T., Roulet E. Autistic spectrum disorder: evaluating a possible contributing or causal role of epilepsy. Epilepsia 2006, 47(Suppl. 2):79-82.
133. Georgiades S., Szatmari P., Zwaigenbaum L., Duku E., Bryson S., Roberts W., et al. Structure of the autism symptom phenotype: a proposed multidimensional model. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2007, 46:188-196.
134. Winawer M.R. Phenotype definition in epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav 2006, 8:462-476.
135. Minshew N.J., Williams D.L. The new neurobiology of autism: cortex, connectivity, and neuronal organization. Arch Neurol 2007, 64:945-950.
136. Spencer S.S. Neural networks in human epilepsy: evidence of and implications for treatment. Epilepsia 2002, 43:219-227.
137. Tuchman R., Moshe S.L., Rapin I. Convulsing toward the pathophysiology of autism. Brain Dev 2009, 31:95-103.