Differences in testosterone, androstenone, and skatole levels in plasma and fat between pubertal purebred Duroc and Landrace boars in response to human chorionic gonadotrophin stimulation

Theriogenology

Volumn 74, Issue 6, 2010, Pages 1088-1098

  Oskam, I C ^a   Lervik, S ^a   Tajet, H ^b   Dahl, E ^a   Ropstad, E ^a   Andresen, Ø ^a  

^a NORWEGIAN UNIVERSITY OF LIFE SCIENCES   (Norway)

^b Norsvin   (Norway)

Author keywords

Androstenone; Boar; Boar taint; Sexual maturation; Skatole; Testosterone

Indexed keywords

ANDROSTERONE; CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN; DNA; SKATOLE; TESTOSTERONE;

ADIPOSE TISSUE; AGE; ANIMAL; ARTICLE; BLOOD; BODY WEIGHT; BREEDING; CLINICAL TRIAL; COMPARATIVE STUDY; DRUG EFFECT; MALE; METABOLISM; PHYSIOLOGY; PLASMA; SEXUAL MATURATION; SPECIES DIFFERENCE; SPERMATID; SWINE;

ADIPOSE TISSUE; AGE FACTORS; ANDROSTERONE; ANIMALS; BODY WEIGHT; BREEDING; CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN; DNA; MALE; PLASMA; SEXUAL MATURATION; SKATOLE; SPECIES SPECIFICITY; SPERMATIDS; SWINE; TESTOSTERONE;

SUIDAE;

EID: 77956228784     PISSN: 0093691X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2010.05.006     Document Type: Article

References (69)

1. Patterson R.L.S. 5α-Androst-16-ene-3-one: compound responsible for taint in boar fat. J Sci Food Agric 1968, 19:31-38.
2. Vold E. Meat production properties in entire male pigs and castrates IV. Organoleptic and gas chromatographic investigations of steam volatile compounds of backfat of entire male pigs. Scientific Reports of The Agricultural College of Norway 1970, 49(16):1-25.
3. Walstra P., Maarse H. Investigation into sex odour of entire male pigs. IVO-Report C 1970, 147(Sept):1-30.
4. Bonneau M. Compounds responsible for boar taint, with special emphasis on androstenone: A review. Livest Prod Sci 1982, 9(6):687-705.
5. Bonneau M. Use of entire males for pig meat in the European Union. Meat Sci 1998, 49(Supplement 1):257-272.
6. Claus R., Weiler U., Herzog A. Physiological aspects of androstenone and skatole formation in the boar-A review with experimental data. Meat Sci 1994, 38(2):289-305.
7. Jensen M.T., Cox R.P., Jensen B.B. Microbial production of skatole in the hind gut of pigs given different diets and its relation to skatole deposition in backfat. Anim Sci 1995, 61:293-304.
8. Fredriksen B., Font i Furnols M., Lundstrom K., Migdal W., Prunier A., Tuyttens F.A.M., Bonneau M. Practice on castration of piglets in Europe. Animal 2009, 3(11):1480-1487.
9. Tajet H., Andresen O., Meuwissen T.H.E. Estimation of genetic parameters of boar taint; skatole and androstenone and their correlations with sexual maturation. Acta Vet Scand 2006, 48(Suppl 1):S9.
10. Xue J., Dial G.D., Holton E.E., Vickers Z., Squires E.J., Lou Y., Godbout D., Morel N. Breed differences in boar taint: relationship between tissue levels of boar taint compounds and sensory analysis of taint. J Anim Sci 1996, 74(9):2170-2177.
11. Zamaratskaia G., Babol J., Andersson H., Lundström K. Plasma skatole and androstenone levels in entire male pigs and relationship between boar taint compounds, sex steroids and thyroxine at various ages. Livest Prod Sci 2004, 87(2):91-98.
12. Squires EJ, Lou Y. Levels of boar taint in purebred entire male pigs in Canada. Proceedings of the EAAP working group on the Production and Utilisation of Meat from Entire Male Pigs, Milton Keynes, UK 1995(III).
13. Willeke H. Possibilities of breeding for low 5α-androstenone content in pigs. Pig News Info 1993, 14:31-33.
14. Sellier P., Le Roy P., Fouilloux M.N., Gruand J., Bonneau M. Responses to restricted index selection and genetic parameters for fat androstenone level and sexual maturity status of young boars. Livest Prod Sci 2000, 63(3):265-274.
15. Willeke H., Claus R., Pirchner F., Alsing W. A selection experiment against 5α-androst-16-en-3-one, the boar taint steroid, in adipose tissue of boars. J Anim Breed Genet 1980, 97:86-94.
16. Moe M., Meuwissen T., Lien S., Bendixen C., Wang X., Conley L.N., Berget I., Tajet H., Grindflek E. Gene expression profiles in testis of pigs with extreme high and low levels of androstenone. BMC Genomics 2007, 8:405.
17. Moe M., Lien S., Bendixen C., Hedegaard J., Hornshoj H., Berget I., Meuwissen T.H.E., Grindflek E. Gene expression profiles in liver of pigs with extreme high and low levels of androstenone. BMC Vet Res 2008, 4:29.
18. Robic A., Larzul C., Bonneau M. Genetic and metabolic aspects of androstenone and skatole deposition in pig adipose tissue: a review. Genet Sel Evol 2008, 40(1):129-143.
19. Andresen O. Concentrations of fat and plasma 5α-androstenone and plasma testosterone in boars selected for rate of body weight gain and thickness of back fat during growth, sexual maturation and after mating. J Reprod Fertil 1976, 48:51-59.
20. Bonneau M. Effects of age and live weight on fat 5α-androstenone levels in young boars fed two planes of nutrition. Reprod Nutr Dev 1987, 27(2A):413-422.
21. Lunstra D.D., Ford J.J., Christenson R.K., Allrich R.D. Changes in Leydig cell ultrastructure and function during pubertal development in the boar. Biol Reprod 1986, 34(1):145-158.
22. Peyrat J.P., Meusy-Dessolle N., Garnier J. Changes in Leydig cells and luteinizing hormone receptors in porcine testis during postnatal development. Endocrionology 1981, 108(2):625-631.
23. Moe M., Grindflek E., Doran O. Expression of 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, cytochrome P450-c17, and sulfotransferase 2B1 proteins in liver and testis of pigs of two breeds: Relationship with adipose tissue androstenone concentration. J Anim Sci 2007, 85(11):2924-2931.
24. Sinclair P.A., Hancock S., Gilmore W.J., Squires E.J. Metabolism of the 16-androstene steroids in primary cultured porcine hepatocytes. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2005, 96(1):79-87.
25. Jensen B.B., Jensen M.T. Microbial production of skatole in the digestive tract of entire male pigs. Skatole and boar taint 1998, 41-75. Danish Meat Research Institute, Roskilde, Denmark. W.K. Jensen (Ed.).
26. Zamaratskaia G., Chen G., Lundstrom K. Effects of sex, weight, diet and hCG administration on levels of skatole and indole in the liver and hepatic activities of cytochromes P4502E1 and P4502A6 in pigs. Meat Sci 2006, 72(2):331-338.
27. Doran E., Whittington F.W., Wood J.D., McGivan J.D. Cytochrome P450IIE1 (CYP2E1) is induced by skatole and this induction is blocked by androstenone in isolated pig hepatocytes. Chem Biol Interact 2002, 140(1):81-92.
28. Tambyrajah W.S., Doran E., Wood J.D., McGivan J.D. The pig CYP2E1 promoter is activated by COUP-TF1 and HNF-1 and is inhibited by androstenone. Arch Biochem Biophys 2004, 431(2):252-260.
29. Lundstrom K., Zamaratskaia G. Moving towards taint-free pork - alternatives to surgical castration. Acta Vet Scand 2006, 48(Supplement 1):S1.
30. Lösel D., Lacorn M., Büttner D., Claus R. Flavor improvement in pork from barrows and gilts via inhibition of intestinal skatole formation with resistant potato starch. J Agric Food Chem 2006, 54(16):5990-5995.
31. Zamaratskaia G., Babol J., Andersson H.K., Andersson K., Lundstrom K. Effect of live weight and dietary supplement of raw potato starch on the levels of skatole, androstenone, testosterone and oestrone sulphate in entire male pigs. Livest Prod Sci 2005, 93(3):235-243.
32. Babol J., Zamaratskaia G., Juneja R.K., Lundstrom K. The effect of age on distribution of skatole and indole levels in entire male pigs in four breeds: Yorkshire, Landrace, Hampshire and Duroc. Meat Sci 2004, 67(2):351-358.
33. Lin Z., Lou Y., Peacock J., Squires E.J. A novel polymorphism in the 5' untranslated region of the porcine cytochrome b5 (CYB5) gene is associated with decreased fat androstenone level. Mamm Genome 2005, 16(5):367-373.
34. Moe M., Lien S., Aasmundstad T., Meuwissen T.H.E., Hansen M.H.S., Bendixen C., Grindflek E. Association between SNPs within candidate genes and compounds related to boar taint and reproduction. BMC Genetics 2009, 10:32.
35. Squires E.J. Possibilities for selection against boar taint. Acta Vet Scand 2006, 48(Supplement 1):S8.
36. Andresen O. 5α-androstenone in peripheral plasma of pigs, diurnal variation in boars, effects of intravenous HCG administration and castration. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 1975, 78(2):385-391.
37. Berardinelli J.G., Allrich R.D., Ford J.J., Christenson R.K., Anderson L.L. Characterization of luteinizing hormone-human chorionic gonadotropin receptor and its relationships to testicular development and steroidogenesis during sexual maturation in boars. Biol Reprod 1984, 31(3):541-547.
38. Bonneau M., Meusy-Dessolle N., Leglise P.C., Claus R. Relationships between fat and plasma androstenone and plasma testosterone in fatty and lean young boars during growth and after hCG stimulation. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 1982, 101:119-128.
39. Carlström K., Malmfors B., Lundström K., Edquist L.E., Gahne B. The effect of HCG on blood plasma levels of 5α-androstenone and testosterone in the boar. Swedish J Agric Res 1975, 5:15-21.
40. Chen G., Zamaratskaia G., Madej A., Lundstrom K. Effect of hCG administration on the relationship between testicular steroids and indolic compounds in fat and plasma in entire male pigs. Meat Sci 2006, 72(2):339-347.
41. Claus R., Alsing W. Einfluss von Choriongonadotropin, Haltungsänderung und sexueller Stimulierung auf die Konzentrationen von Testosteron im Plasma, sowie des Ebergeruchsstoffes im Plasma und Fett eines Ebers. Berl Münch Tierärztl Wochenschr 1976, 89:354-358.
42. Malmfors B., Lundstrom K., Hannson I., Gahne B. The effect of HCG and LH-RH on 5α-androstenone levels in plasma and adipose tissue of boars. Swedish J Agric Res 1976, 6:73-79.
43. Tuomola M., Harpio R., Knuuttila P., Mikola H., Lovgren T. Time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay for the measurement of androstenone in porcine serum and fat samples. J Agric Food Chem 1997, 45(9):3529-3534.
44. Andresen O. Development of a radioimmunoassay for 5α-androst-16-en-3-one in pig peripheral plasma. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 1974, 76:377-387.
45. Gibis M. Einfluss der Substanzen Indol und Skatol auf die Schweinefleischqualität.: Fakultät I Allgemeine und Angewandte Naturwissenschaften der Universität Hohenheim, Stuttgart. 1994.
46. Tuomola M., Vahva M., Kallio H. High-performance liquid chromatography determination of skatole and indole levels in pig serum, subcutaneous fat, and submaxillary salivary glands. J Agric Food Chem 1996, 44(5):1265-1270.
47. Evenson D.P., Jost L.K., Baer R.K. Effects of methyl methanesulfonate on mouse sperm chromatin structure and testicular cell-kinetics. Environ Mol Mutagen 1993, 21(2):144-153.
48. Littel R.C., Milliken G.A., Stroup W.W., Wolfinger R.D. SAS system for mixed models 1996, SAS Institute, Cary, NC.
49. Agergaard N., Laue A. Absorption of skatole to portal vein blood and liver turnover in entire male pigs using an in vivo animal model. Skatole and boar taint 1998, 77-95. Danish Meat Research Institute, Roskilde Denmark. W.K. Jensen (Ed.).
50. Pedersen B. Heritability of skatole in back fat. Skatole and boar taint 1998, 129-135. Danish Meat Research Institute, Roskilde, Denmark. W.K. Jensen (Ed.).
51. Babol J., Squires E.J., Lundstrom K. Relationship between oxidation and conjugation metabolism of skatole in pig liver and concentrations of skatole in fat. J Anim Sci 1998, 76(3):829-838.
52. Diaz G.J., Squires E.J. Metabolism of 3-methylindole by porcine liver microsomes: Responsible cytochrome P450 enzymes. Toxicol Sci 2000, 55(2):284-292.
53. Squires E.J., Lundstrom K. Relationship between cytochrome P450IIE1 in liver and levels of skatole and its metabolites in intact male pigs. J Anim Sci 1997, 75(9):2506-2511.
54. Zamaratskaia G., Gilmore W.J., Lundstrom K., Squires E.J. Effect of testicular steroids on catalytic activities of cytochrome P450 enzymes in porcine liver microsomes. Food Chem Toxicol 2007, 45(4):676-681.
55. Li C.Y., Wu C., Liu J.X., Wang Y.Z., Wang J.K. Spatial variation of intestinal skatole production and microbial community in Jinhua and Landrace pigs. J Sci Food Agric 2009, 89(4):639-644.
56. Doran E., Whittington F.W., Wood J.D., McGivan J.D. The relationship between adipose tissue skatole levels, rates of hepatic microsomal skatole metabolism and hepatic cytochrome P450IIE1 expression in two breeds of pig. Anim Sci 2002, 74:461-468.
57. Zamaratskaia G., Oskam I.C., Ropstad E., Tajet H., Dahl E., Andresen O. Effects of hCG stimulation on hepatic activities of cytochromes P4502E1 and P4502A in pubertal male pigs. Reprod Domest Anim 2008, 43:147-152.
58. Vandalem J.L., McNamara M., Petit R., Hennen G. Developmental changes in gonadotrophins and testicular gonadotrophin receptors in the pig, from neonatal to adult life. J Endocrinol 1986, 111(2):301-308.
59. Ziecik A.J., Derecka K., Gawronska B., Stepien A., Bodek G. Nongonadal LH/hCG receptors in pig: functional importance and parallels to human. Semin Reprod Med 2001, 19(1):19-30.
60. Sinclair P.A., Squires E.J. Testicular sulfoconjugation of the 16-androstene steroids by hydroxysteroid sulfotransferase: Its effect on the concentrations of 5α-androstenone in plasma and fat of the mature domestic boar. J Anim Sci 2005, 83(2):358-365.
61. Franca L.R., Silva V.A., Chiarini-Garcia H., Garcia S.K., Debeljuk L. Cell proliferation and hormonal changes during postnatal development of the testis in the pig. Biol Reprod 2000, 63(6):1629-1636.
62. Bonneau M. Factors affecting the level of androstenone. Acta Vet Scand 2006, 48(Supplement 1):S7.
63. Babol, Squires E.J., Lundstrom K. Relationship between metabolism of androstenone and skatole in intact male pigs. J Anim Sci 1999, 77:84-92.
64. Doran E., Whittington F.M., Wood J.D., McGivan J.D. Characterisation of androstenone metabolism in pig liver microsomes. Chem Biol Interact 2004, 147(2):141-149.
65. Nicolau-Solano S.I., McGivan J.D., Whittington F.M., Nieuwhof G.J., Wood J.D., Doran O. Relationship between the expression of hepatic but not testicular 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase with androstenone deposition in pig adipose tissue. J Anim Sci 2006, 84(10):2809-2817.
66. Nicolau-Solano S.I., Whittington F.M., Wood J.D., Doran O. Relationship between carcass weight, adipose tissue androstenone level and expression of the hepatic 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in entire commercial pigs. Animal 2007, 1(7):1053-1059.
67. Chen G., Bourneuf E., Marklund S., Zamaratskaia G., Madej A., Lundstrom K. Gene expression of 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in relation to androstenone, testosterone, and estrone sulphate in gonadally intact male and castrated pigs. J Anim Sci 2007, 85(10):2457-2463.
68. Cue R.A., Nicolau-Solano S.I., McGivan J.D., Wood J.D., Doran O. Breed-associated variations in the sequence of the pig 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase gene. J Anim Sci 2007, 85(3):571-576.
69. Kershaw E.E., Flier J.S. Adipose tissue as an endocrine organ. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004, 89(6):2548-2556.