Islam and Liberal Citizenship: The Search for an Overlapping Consensus

Islam and Liberal Citizenship: The Search for an Overlapping Consensus

Volumn , Issue , 2009, Pages 1-384

  March, Andrew F ^a  

^a MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Citizenship; Fiqh al aqalliyyat; Islamic law; Justice; Muslim minorities; Overlapping consensus; Political liberalism; Recognition; Solidarity

Indexed keywords

EID: 77956099267     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195330960.001.0001     Document Type: Book

References (256)

1. 'Abd al-Qādir, Khālid. Fiqh al-aqalliyyāt al-Muslima (Tripoli: Dār al-Īmān, 1998).
2. Abou El Fadl, Khaled. "Islamic Law and Muslim Minorities: The Juristic Discourse on Muslim Minorities from the Second/Eighth to the Eleventh/Seventeenth Centuries," Islamic Law and Society 1:2 (August 1994), 141-187.
3. Abou El Fadl, Khaled. "Muslim Minorities and Self-Restraint in Liberal Democracies," Loyola of Los Angeles Law Review 29:4 (1996), 1525-1542.
4. Abou El Fadl, Khaled. Rebellion and Violence in Islamic Law (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001).
5. Abou El Fadl, Khaled. Speaking in God's Name: Islamic Law, Authority and Women (Oxford: Oneworld, 2001).
6. Abū Dāwūd, Sulaymān ibn al-Ash'ath al-Sijistānī (d. 889). Sunan Abī Dāwūd (Beirut: Dār Ibn Hazm, 1997).
7. Abū Shamāla, Majdī 'Aqīl, ed. Risālat al-Muslimīn fī bilād al-gharb (Irbid, Jordan: Dār al-Amal, 1999).
8. Abū Zahra, Muhammad. al-'Alāqāt al-duwaliyya fī al-Islām (Cairo: al-Qawmiyya, 1964).
9. Ackerman, Bruce. Social Justice in the Liberal State (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1980).
10. al-'Adawī, 'Alī ibn Ahmad al-Sa'īdī (d. 1775). Hāshiya 'alā Kifāyat al-Tālib al-Rabbānī (Cairo: Mustafā al-Bābī al-Halabī, 1952).
11. al-Akiti, Shaykh Muhammad Afifi. Defending the Transgressed by Censuring the Reckless against the Killing of Civilians (Birmingham, UK: Aqsa, 2005).
12. Ali, M. Amir. "A Case for Muslim Political Participation," Muslim Public Affairs Committee UK (February 2005), at.
13. al-Ālūsi, Mahmūd (d. 1854). Rūh al-ma'ānī fī tafsīr al-Qur'ān al-'Azīm (Cairo: Dār al-Turāth, n.d.).
14. "al-Ta'sīl li-mashrū'iyyat mā jarā fī Landan min tafjīrāt wa'l-radd 'alā'l-bayān al-mash'ūm li-Abī Basīr al-Tartūsī" (on file with author).
15. al-'Alwani, Taha Jaber. "Muslims' Participation in the US Political Life" (November 2003), at.
16. Arneson, Richard, and Ian Shapiro. "Democratic Autonomy and Religious Freedom: A Critique of Wisconson v. Yoder," in Democracy's Place, ed. Ian Shapiro (Ithaca, NY:Cornell University Press, 1996), 137-174.
17. Asad, Talal. Genealogies of Religion: Discipline and Reasons of Power in Christianity and Islam (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1993).
18. Asad, Talal. Formations of the Secular: Christianity, Islam, Modernity (Palo Alto, CA:Stanford University Press, 2003).
19. Asad, Talal. "Reflections on Blasphemy and Social Criticism," in Religion: Beyond a Concept, ed. Hent de Vries (New York: Fordham University Press, 2008), 580-610.
20. Audi, Robert. "The Separation of Church and State and the Obligations of Citizenship," Philosophy & Public Affairs 18.3 (Summer 1989), 259-296.
21. Audi, Robert. Religious Commitment and Secular Reason (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000).
22. Ayoob, Mohammed. "Political Islam: Image and Reality," World Policy Journal 21.3 (Fall 2004), 1-14.
23. al-Badawī, Ismā'īl. Da'ā'im al-hukm fī al-sharī'a al-islāmiyya wa al-nuzum al-dustūriyya almu' āsira (Cairo: Dār al-Fikr, 1980).
24. al-Baghawī, Husayn Ibn Mas'ūd (d. 1117). Ma'ālim al-Tanzīl (Beirut: Dār al-Ma'rifa, 1987).
25. al-Baghdādī, 'Alī ibn Muhammad Khāzin (d. 1341). Lubāb al-ta'wīl ma'ānī al-tanzīl (Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-'Imiyya, 1995).
26. Baier, Kurt. "Justice and the Aims of Political Philosophy," Ethics 99 (July 1989), 771-790.
27. Bakht, Natasha. "Were Muslim Barbarians Really Knocking on the Gates of Ontario: The Religious Arbitration Controversy," Ottawa Law Review (Summer 2005), 67-85.
28. Barry, Brian. "How Not to Defend Liberal Institutions," in Liberty and Justice: Essays in Political Theory 2 (Oxford: Clarendon, 1991).
29. Barry, Brian. Culture and Equality (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2000).
30. al-Bashīr, 'Isām. "al-Hiwār sabīlunā," in Risālat al-Muslimīn fī bilād al-gharb, ed. Majdī 'Aqīl Abū Shamāla (Irbid, Jordan: Dār al-Amal, 1999).
31. Benhabib, Seyla. "Afterword: Communicative Ethics and Contemporary Controversies in Practical Philosophy," in The Communicative Ethics Controversy, ed. Seyla Benhabib and Fred Dallmayr (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1990), 330-369.
32. Benhabib, Seyla. The Claims of Culture (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2002).
33. Berman, Paul. "Who's Afraid of Tariq Ramadan? The Islamist, the Journalist, and the Defense of Liberalism," New Republic, June 4, 2007.
34. Bilgrami, Akeel. "Secularism and Relativism," boundary 2, 31:2 (Summer 2004), 173-196.
35. Bilgrami, Akeel. "Occidentalism, the Very Idea: An Essay on Enlightenment and Enchantment," Critical Inquiry, 32.3 (Spring 2006), 381-411.
36. al-Buhūtī, Mansūr ibn Yūnus (d. 1641). Kashshāf al-qinā' (al-Riyād: Maktabat al-Nasr al-Hadītha, 1968).
37. al-Bukhārī, Muhammad ibn Ismā'īl (d. 870). Jāmi' al-sahīh, in Ahmad ibn 'Alī ibn Hajar al-'Asqalānī (d. 1449), Fath al-bārī sharh Sahīh al-Bukhārī (Dār al-Kutub al-'Ilmiyya, 1989).
38. al-Būtī, Muhammad Sa'īd Ramadān. Jihad in Islam: How to Understand and Practise It (Damascus: Dār al-Fikr, 1995).
39. Butt, Hassan. "My Plea to Fellow Muslims: You Must Renounce Terror," The Observer, July 1, 2007 at.
40. Cesari, Jocelyne. When Islam and Democracy Meet: Muslims in Europe and in the United States (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004).
41. Cesari, Jocelyne. European Muslims and the Secular State, ed. with Seán McLoughlin (Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2005).
42. Cohen, Joshua. "Moral Pluralism and Political Consensus," in The Idea of Democracy, ed. David Copp, Jean Hampton, and John E Roemer (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993), 270-291.
43. Cohen, Joshua, and Deborah Chasman, eds. Islam and the Challenge of Democracy (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2004).
44. Cook, Michael. Commanding Right and Forbidding Wrong in Islam (Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 2000).
45. Cook, Michael. Forbidding Wrong in Islam (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003).
46. Crone, Patricia. God's Rule: Government and Islam (New York: Columbia University Press, 2004).
47. Dallmayr, Fred. "Beyond Monologue: For a Comparative Political Theory," Perspectives on Politics, vol. 2, no. 2 (June 2004), 249-257.
48. Donner, Fred. "The Sources of Islamic Conceptions of War," in Just War and Jihad:Historical and Theoretical Perspectives on War and Peace in Western and Islamic Traditions, ed. John Kelsay and James T. Johnson (New York: Greenwood, 1991), 31-69.
49. Euben, Roxanne. Enemy in the Mirror: Islamic Fundamentalism and the Limits of Modern Rationalism (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1999).
50. European Council for Fatwa and Research. Fatāwā al-majmū'a al-ūla (Cairo: Islamic Publishing, 1999).
51. European Council for Fatwa and Research. "Elections in Non-Muslim Countries: Role of Muslims" (May 2004), at.
52. Fadel, Mohammad. "The Social Logic of Taqlīd and the Rise of the Mukhatasar," Islamic Law and Society 3:2 (1996), 193-233.
53. Fadel, Mohammad. "The True, the Good and the Reasonable: The Theological and Ethical Roots of Public Reason in Islamic Law," Canadian Journal of Law and Jurisprudence 21:1 (2008), 5-69.
54. Fadl Allāh, Muhammad Husayn. Uslūb al-da'wa fī'l-Qur'ān (Beirut: Dār al-Zahrā', 1986).
55. Fadl Allāh, Muhammad Husayn. al-Hijra wa'l-ightirāb: ta'sīs fiqhī li-mushkilat al-lujū' wa'l hijra (Beirut: Mu'assasat al-'Ārif li'l-Matbū'āt, 1999).
56. al-Fatāwā al-Hindiyya (Beirut: Dār Ihyā' al-Turāth al-'Arabī, n.d.).
57. al-Fawzān, Sālih ibn Fawzān ibn 'Abd Allāh. Muhādarāt fī'l-'aqīda wa al-da'wa (Riyadh:Dār al-'Āsima, 1992).
58. Fish, Stanley. There's No Such Thing as Free Speech (... and It's a Good Thing Too) (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994).
59. Frank, Richard M. "Moral Obligation in Classical Muslim Theology," Journal of Religious Ethics 11:2 (Fall 1983), 204-223.
60. Friedmann, Yohanan. Tolerance and Coercion in Islam: Interfaith Relations in the Muslim Tradition (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003).
61. Galston, William. "Who's a Liberal?" Public Interest (Summer 2001), 100-108.
62. Galston, William. Liberal Pluralism (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002).
63. Garsten, Bryan. Saving Persuasion: A Defense of Rhetoric and Judgment (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2006).
64. Gaus, Gerald F. "The Rational, the Reasonable and Justification," Journal of Political Philosophy 3:3 (1995), 234-258.
65. Gaus, Gerald F. Justificatory Liberalism: An Essay on Epistemology and Political Theory (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996).
66. Geertz, Clifford. "Anti Anti-Relativism," American Anthropologist 86:2 (June 1984), 263-278.
67. al-Ghannūshī, Rāshid (Rachid Gannouchi). Huqūq al-muwātana: Huqūq ghayr al-muslim fī'l-mujtama' al-Islāmī (Herndon, VA: International Institute of Islamic Thought, 1993).
68. al-Ghannūshī, Rāshid (Rachid Gannouchi). "Participation in Non-Islamic Government," in Liberal Islam: A Sourcebook, ed. Charles Kurzman (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998), 89-95.
69. al-Ghannūshī, Rāshid (Rachid Gannouchi). "al-Islām fi'l-gharb wa 'alāqātuhu bi'l-anzima algharbiyya," in Risālat al-Muslimīn fī bilād al-gharb, ed. Majdī 'Aqīl Abū Shamāla (Irbid, Jordan: Dār al-Amal, 1999).
70. al-Ghazzālī, Abū Hāmid. On Enjoining Good and Forbidding Wrong, trans. Muhammad Nur Abdus Salam (Chicago: Kazi, 2003).
71. Gray, John. Post-Liberalism: Studies in Political Thought (London: Routledge, 1993).
72. Guillaume, Alfred. The Life of Muhammad: A Translation of Ishāq's Sīrat Rasūl Allāh (London: Oxford University Press, 1955).
73. Gutmann, Amy. "Civic Education and Social Diversity," Ethics 105 (April 1995), 557-579.
74. Habermas, Jürgen. "Struggles for Recognition in the Democratic Constitutional State," in Multiculturalism: Examining the Politics of Recognition, ed. Amy Gutmann (Princeton, NJ:Princeton University Press, 1994), 107-148.
75. Habermas, Jürgen. Moral Consciousness and Communicative Action (Cambridge, MA:MIT Press, 2001).
76. al-Haddad, Sheikh Haytham bin Jawwad. "An Advice to British Muslims Regarding the Coming Elections," (n.d).at.
77. al-Hakim, Abdul Hadi. A Code of Practice for Muslims in the West (In Accordance with the Edicts of His Eminence Grand Ayatullah As-Sayyid Ali al-Husaini as-Seestani, trans. Sayyid Muhammad Rizvi (London: Imam Ali Foundation, 1999).
78. Hallaq, Wael. A History of Islamic Legal Theories: An Introduction to Sunni Usūl al-Fiqh (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997).
79. al-Hanooti, Muhammad. "Immigration to a Non-Muslim Country" (August 2002), at.
80. al-Hanooti, Muhammad. "Voting in a Majority Non-Muslim Country" (August 2003), at.
81. Hansen, Randall. "The Danish Cartoon Controversy: A Defence of Liberal Freedom," in "The Danish Cartoon Affair: Free Speech, Racism, Islamism, and Integration," International Migration 44:5 (2006), 7-16.
82. Hashmi, Sohail, ed. The Islamic Ethics of War and Peace (Ph. D. diss., Harvard University, 1996).
83. Hashmi, Sohail, ed. "Interpreting the Islamic Ethics of War and Peace," in The Ethics of War and Peace, ed. Terry Nardin (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1996), 146-66.
84. Hashmi, Sohail, ed. Islamic Political Ethics (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2002).
85. Hourani, George. "Ghāzalī on the Ethics of Action," Journal of the American Oriental Society 96:1 (January-March, 1976), 69-88.
86. Hourani, George. Reason and Tradition in Islamic Ethics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985).
87. Ibn 'Abidīn, Muhammad Amīn ibn 'Umar (d. 1836). Radd al-muhtār alā'l-Durr al-mukhtār sharh Tanwīr al-absār (Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-'Ilmiyya, 1994-1998).
88. Ibn Bayya, 'Abd Allāh ibn al-Shaykh al-Mahfūz. Sinā'at al-fatwā wa-fiqh al-aqalliyāt (Jedda/Beirut: Dār al-Minhāj, 2007).
89. Ibn Hajar al-Haythamī, Ahmad ibn Muhammad (d. 1566). al-Fatāwā al-kubrā al-fiqhiyya (Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-'Ilmiyya, 1997).
90. Ibn Hanbal, Ahmad ibn Muhammad (d. 855). al-Musnad (Cairo: Dār al-Ma'ārif, 1950).
91. Ibn Hishām, 'Abd al-Mālik (d. 834). al-Sīra al-nabawiyya (Cairo: Mustafā al-Bābī al-Halabī, 1936).
92. Ibn al-Humām, Muhammad ibn 'Abd al-Wāhid al-Sīwāsī (d. 1460). Sharh fath al-qadīr (Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, n.d.).
93. Ibn Kathīr, Ismā'īl ibn 'Umar (d. 1373). Tafsīr al-Qur'ān al-'Azīm (Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-'Ilmiyya, 1998).
94. Ibn Nujaym, Zayn al-Dīn ibn Ibrāhīm ibn Muhammad (d. 1563). al-Bahr al-rā'iq (Beirut:Dār al-Ma'rifa, 1993).
95. Ibn Qudāma, Muwaffaq al-Dīn (d. 1223). al-Mughnī (Cairo: Hajar, 1990).
96. Ibn Rushd, Abū al-Walīd ibn Muhammad ibn Ahmad (Averroës, d. 1198). Bidāyat almujtahid wa-nihāyat al-muqtasid (Beirut, Dār al-kutub al-'ilmiyya, 1996).
97. Ibn Rushd, Muhammad ibn Ahmad (d. 1122). al-Muqaddimāt al-mumahhidāt, ed. Sa'īd Ahmad A'rāb (Beirut: Dār al-Gharb al-Islāmī, 1988).
98. Ibn al-Siddīq, Abd al-'Azīz ibn Muhammad. Hukm al-iqāma bi-bilād al-kuffār wa-bayān wujūbihā fī b'ad al-ahwāl (Tangiers: Matābi' al-Būghāz, 1985).
99. Ibn Taymiyya, Ahmad ibn 'Abd al-Halīm (d. 1283). Majmū' fatāwā Sheikh al-Islām Ahmad Ibn Taymiyya (Rabat: Maktabat al-Ma'ārif, 1980).
100. Jā'billāh, Ahmad. "Qawā'id al-ta'āmul bayn al-muslimīn wa-ghayrihim fi'l-mujtama'āt alawrubiyya," in Risālat al-Muslimīn fī bilād al-gharb, ed. Majdī 'Aqīl Abū Shamāla (Irbid, Jordan: Dār al-Amal, 1999).
101. Jād al-Haqq, 'Alī Jād al-Haqq. "Fatwā fī ba'd ahkām tata'allaq bi'l-aqalliyyāt al-muslima fī ghayr diyār al-muslimīn," Majallat al-Azhar 63:6 (1991).
102. Jackson, Sherman. "Jihad and the Modern World," Journal of Islamic Law & Culture 7:1 (Spring-Summer 2002), 2-26.
103. al-Jadī', 'Abdallāh. "Risālat al-Muslim fī bilād al-gharb" in Risālat al-muslimīn fī bilād algharb, ed. Majdī 'Aqīl Abū Shamāla (Irbid, Jordan: Dār al-Amal, 1999).
104. Jamal, Amaney. "The Political Participation and Engagement of Muslim Americans: Mosque Involvement and Group Consciousness," American Politics Research 33:4 (May 2005), 521-544.
105. al-Jarbū', 'Abd al-'Azīz ibn Sālih al-Jarbū'. "al-I'lām bi-wujūb al-hijra min dār al-kufr ilā dār al-Islām." (July 15, 2001) On file with author.
106. al-Jarbū', 'Abd al-'Azīz ibn Sālih al-Jarbū'. "Al-ta'sīl li-mashrū'iyyat ma hasala li-Amrīka min tadmīr." On file with author.
107. Johansen, Baber. Contingency in a Sacred Law: Legal and Ethical Norms in the Muslim Fiqh (Leiden: Brill, 1999).
108. Johnson, James Turner, and John Kelsay, eds. Cross, Crescent and Sword: The Justification and Limitation of War in Western and Islamic Tradition (London:Greenwood, 1990).
109. Jones, Peter. "Respecting Beliefs and Rebuking Rushdie," British Journal of Political Science 20:4 (October 1990), 415-437.
110. Jones, Peter. "Toleration, Recognition and Identity," Journal of Political Philosophy 14:2 (2006), 123-143.
111. Kahf, Monzer. "Refusing to Pay Taxes to the US due to Its Anti-Muslim Policy" (June 2002) at.
112. Kamali, Mohammed Hashim. The Dignity of Man: An Islamic Perspective (Cambridge, UK: Islamic Texts Society, 1999).
113. Kamali, Mohammed Hashim. Freedom, Equality and Justice in Islam (Leicester, UK:Islamic Texts Society, 1999).
114. al-Kāsānī, Abū Bakr ibn Mas'ūd (d. 1191). Kitāb Badā'i' al-sanā'i' fī tartīb al-sharā'i' (Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-'Ilmiyya, 1986).
115. Kekes, John. The Morality of Pluralism (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1993).
116. Kelsay, John, and James Turner Johnson, eds. Just War and Jihad: Historical and Theoretical Reflections on War and Peace in Western and Islamic Traditions (Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1991).
117. Khadduri, Majid. War and Peace in the Law of Islam (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1955).
118. Khadduri, Majid. The Islamic Conception of Justice (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1984).
119. Khalil, Mohamed. Islam and Democracy: Religion, Politics, and Power in the Middle East (Washington, DC: USIP, 1992).
120. al-Khamlīshī, 'Abd Allāh al-Tā'i'. al-Janna wa-tarīquhā al-mustaqīm wa'l-nār wa-tarīquhā aldhamīm (Rotterdam: Masjid al-Nasr, 1995).
121. Khan, Shaykh Aurangzeb. "Joining Political Parties in Non Muslim Countries: According to Islamic Shariah" (December 2004), at.
122. Klosko, George. "Political Constructivism in Rawls's Political Liberalism," American Political Science Review 91:3 (September 1997), 635-646.
123. Krasnoff, Larry. "Consensus, Stability, and Normativity in Rawls's Political Liberalism," Journal of Philosophy, vol. 95 (1998), 269-292.
124. Kukathas, Chandran. "Are There Any Cultural Rights?" Political Theory 20.1 (February 1992), 105-139.
125. Kutty, Sheikh Ahmad. "Is Hijrah (Emigration) Still Necessary?" (February 2005) at.
126. Kymlicka, Will. Multicultural Citizenship: A Liberal Theory of Minority Rights (Oxford:Oxford University Press, 1996).
127. Lewis, Bernard. "Legal and Historical Reflections on the Position of Muslim Populations under Non-Muslim Rule," Journal of the Institute of Muslim Minority Affairs 13:1 (January 1992), 1-16.
128. Macedo, Stephen. "Liberal Civic Education and Religious Fundamentalism: The Case of God v. John Rawls?" Ethics 105 (April 1995), 468-496.
129. Macedo, Stephen. "Transformative Constitutionalism and the Case of Religion: Defending the Moderate Hegemony of Liberalism," Political Theory 26:1 (February 1998), 56-80.
130. Mahmood, Saba. "Questioning Liberalism, Too," Boston Review: A Political and Literary Forum (April/May 2003), 18-20.
131. Mahmoud, Mohamed. "Mahmud Muhammad Taha's Second Message of Islam," in Islam and Modernity: Muslim Intellectuals Respond, ed. John Cooper, Ronald L. Nettler, and Mohamed Mahmoud (London: I. B. Tauris, 1998).
132. al-Majlis al-Awrubbī l'il-Iftā' wa'l-Buhūth. Fatāwā al-majmū'a al-ūlā (Cairo: Maktabat alĪmān, 1999).
133. Mansūr, 'Alī 'Alī. al-Sharī'a al-Islāmiyya wa al-qānūn al-duwalī al-'ām (Cairo: Lajnat al-Khubarā', 1971).
134. March, Andrew F. "Liberal Citizenship and the Search for Overlapping Consensus: The Case of Muslim Minorities," Philosophy & Public Affairs 34:4 (Fall 2006), 373-421.
135. March, Andrew F. "Islamic Foundations for a Social Contract in Non-Muslim Liberal Democracies," American Political Science Review 101:2 (May 2007), 235-252.
136. Masud, Muhammad Khalid. "Being a Muslim in a Non-Muslim Polity: Three Alternative Models," Journal of the Institute of Muslim Minority Affairs 10:1 (January 1989), 118-128.
137. Masud, Muhammad Khalid. Shatibi's Philosophy of Islamic Law (Islamabad: Islamic Research Institute, 1995).
138. al-Māwardī, Abū al-Hasan (d. 1058). Tafsīr al-nukat wa al-'uyūn, at.
139. Mawdūdī, Sayyid Abul 'Alā. Towards Understanding the Qur'ān (Leicester, UK: Islamic Foundation, 1990).
140. Mawlawī, Faysal. "al-Mafāhīm al-asāsiyya li al-da'wa al-islāmiyya fī bilād al-gharb," in Risālat al-Muslimīn fī bilād al-gharb, ed. Majdī 'Aqīl Abū Shamāla (Irbid, Jordan: Dār al-Amal, 1999).
141. Mawlawī, Faysal. "How Should Muslims in the West Deal with the Iraqi Crisis?" (March 2003), at.
142. Mayer, Ann Elizabeth. "War and Peace in the Islamic Tradition and International Law" in Just War and Jihad: Historical and Theoretical Reflections on War and Peace in Western and Islamic Traditions, ed. John Kelsay and James Turner Johnson (Westport, CT.:Greenwood, 1991), 195-226.
143. Michot, Yahya. Mardin: Hégire, fuite du péché et «demeure de l'Islam» (Beirut/Paris: al-Bouraq, 2004).
144. Modirzadeh, Naz K. "Taking Islamic Law Seriously: INGOs and the Battle for Muslim Hearts and Minds," Harvard Human Rights Journal 19 (Spring 2006), 191-233.
145. Modood, Tariq. "The Liberal Dilemma: Integration or Vilification," in "The Danish Cartoon Affair: Free Speech, Racism, Islamism, and Integration," International Migration 44:5 (2006), 4-7.
146. Muhammad, Jamāl al-Dīn 'Atiya. Nahwa fiqh jadīd li'l-aqalliyyāt (Cairo: Dār al-Salām, 2003).
147. al-Munajjid, Muhammad Salih. "Living in a Non-Muslim Country Seeking a Better Life" (February 2004), at.
148. Murad, Khurram. Da'wah among Non-Muslims in the West (Leicester: Islamic Foundation, 1986).
149. Muslim ibn Hajjāj al-Qushayrī, Abū al-Husayn (d. 875). sahīh Muslim (Beirut: Dār Ihyā' al-Turāth al-'Arabī, n.d.).
150. Nadwi, Syed Abul Hasan Ali. Muslims in the West: The Message and Mission (Leicester, UK: Islamic Foundation, 1983).
151. Nagel, Thomas. "Moral Conflict and Political Legitimacy," Philosophy and Public Affairs 16: 3 (Summer 1987), 215-240.
152. an-Na'im, Abdullahi. "The Rights of Women and International Law in the Muslim Context," Whittier Law Review 9:3 (1987), 491-516.
153. an-Na'im, Abdullahi. Towards an Islamic Reformation: Civil Liberties, Human Rights, and International Law (Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1990).
154. al-Nasā'ī, Ahmad ibn Shu'ayb (d. 915). al-Sunan al-Kubrā (Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-'Ilmiyya, 1991).
155. al-Nasafī, 'Abd Allāh ibn Ahmad (d.1310). Tafsīr al-Nasafī: Madārik al-tanzīl wa haqā'iq al-ta'wīl (Beirut: Dār Ibn Kathīr, 1998).
156. al-Nawawī, Abū Zakariyyā' (d. 1277). Sharh sahīh Muslim (Beirut: Dār al-Qalam, 1987).
157. al-Nawawī, Abū Zakariyyā' (d. 1277). al-Majmū' sharh al-Muhadhdhab (Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 2000).
158. "Need It Be "Us and Them?" at (December 2003).
159. Nielsen, Jørgen S. Muslims in Western Europe (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1992).
160. Nielsen, Jørgen S. Towards a European Islam (New York: St. Martin's, 1999).
161. Nielsen, Jørgen S. Muslim Networks and Transnational Communities in and across Europe, ed. with Stefano Allievi (Leiden: Brill, 2003).
162. Nussbaum, Martha. Frontiers of Justice: Disability, Nationality, Species Membership (Cambridge, MA: Belknap, 2007).
163. Opwis, Felicitas. "Maslaha: An Intellectual History of a Core Concept in Islamic Legal Theory" (PhD diss., Yale University, 2001).
164. Opwis, Felicitas. "Maslaha in Contemporary Islamic Legal Theory," Islamic Law and Society 12:2, 2005, 182-223.
165. Packer, George. "Fighting Faiths: Can Liberal Internationalism Be Saved?" New Yorker, July 10, 2006.
166. Parekh, Bhikhu. Rethinking Multiculturalism: Cultural Diversity and Political Theory (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2000).
167. Parekh, Bhikhu. "Barry and the Dangers of Liberalism," in Multiculturalism Reconsidered:Culture and Equality and its Critics, ed. Paul Kelly (Oxford: Polity, 2002).
168. Peters, Rudolph. Jihad in Classical and Modern Islam (Princeton, NJ: Markus Wiener, 1996).
169. Pew Research Center, Muslim Americans: Middle Class and Mostly Mainstream,.
170. Powers, David S. "Fatwās as Sources for Legal and Social History," al-Qantara 11 (1990), 295-341.
171. al-Qara Dāghī,'Alī Muhyī al-Dīn. "Tax Evasion in Non-Muslim Countries: Permissible?" (January 2004), at.
172. al-Qaradāwī, Yūsuf. al-Khasā'is al-'āmma li'l-Islām (Cairo: Maktabat Wahba, 1991).
173. al-Qaradāwī, Yūsuf. Min fiqh al-dawla fī'l-Islām (Cairo: Dār al-Shurūq, 1997).
174. al-Qaradāwī, Yūsuf. "al-Infitāh 'alā'l-gharb: muqtadayātuhu wa-shurūtuhu," in Majdī 'Aqīl Abū Shamāla, ed., Risālat al-Muslimīn fī bilād al-gharb (Irbid, Jordan: Dār al-Amal, 1999).
175. al-Qaradāwī, Yūsuf. Priorities of the Islamic Movement in the Coming Phase (Swansea, UK: Awakening, 2000).
176. al-Qaradāwī, Yūsuf. Fī fiqh al-aqalliyyāt al-muslima (Cairo: Dār al-Shurūq, 2001).
177. al-Qaradāwī, Yūsuf. "Ulama's Fatwas on American Muslim Participating in US Military Campaign" (October 2001), at.
178. al-Qaradāwī, Yūsuf. Fatāwā mu'āsira (Beirut: al-Maktab al-Islāmī, 2003).
179. al-Qaradāwī, Yūsuf. "American Muslim Soldiers Participating in US Attacks against Muslims" (October 2003), at.
180. al-Qaradāwī, Yūsuf. "Backing the Wronged Afghans" (October 2003), at.
181. al-Qaradāwī, Yūsuf. "Muslims' Participation in the US Political Life" (November 2003), at.
182. al-Qaradāwī, Yūsuf. "Cooperating with Non-Muslims in Fighting Evil" (February 2005), at.
183. Quong, Jonathan. "The Rights of Unreasonable Citizens," Journal of Political Philosophy 12:3 (2004), 314-335.
184. al-Qurtubī, Muhammad ibn Ahmad (d. 671/1273). al-Jāmi' li-ahkām al-Qur'ān (Beirut:Dār al-Kutub al-'Ilmiyya, 1996).
185. Qutb, Sayyid. Fī zilāl al-Qur'ān (Beirut: Dār al-Shurūq, 1979).
186. Qutb, Sayyid. In the Shade of the Qur'ān, Adil Salahi and Ashur Shamis, trans. and eds. (Leicester: Islamic Foundation, 2001).
187. Rahman, Fazlur. Islam and Modernity: The Transformation of an Intellectual Tradition (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1982).
188. Ramadan, Tariq. To Be a European Muslim (Leicester, UK: Islamic Foundation, 1999).
189. al-Ramlī, Muhammad ibn Ahmad (d. 1595 or 1596). Nihāyat al-muhtāj ilā sharh al-Minhāj fī al-fiqh 'alā madhhab al-Imām al-Shāfi'ī (Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-'Ilmiyya, 1993).
190. Rawls, John. A Theory of Justice (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1971).
191. Rawls, John. "Kantian Constructivism in Moral Theory," Journal of Philosophy 77 (1980), 515-572.
192. Rawls, John. Political Liberalism (New York: Columbia University Press, 1993).
193. Rawls, John. "The Idea of Public Reason Revisited," in The Law of Peoples (Cambridge:Harvard University Press, 1999).
194. Raz, Joseph. The Morality of Freedom (Oxford: Clarendon, 1986).
195. Raz, Joseph. "Multiculturalism: A Liberal Perspective," in Ethics in the Public Domain (Oxford: Clarendon, 1994).
196. al-Rāzī, Fakhr al-Dīn (d. 1149). Mafātīh al-ghayb (Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-'Ilmiyya, 1990).
197. Reinhart, A. Kevin. "Impurity/No Danger," History of Religions 30:1 (August 1990), 1-24.
198. Reinhart, A. Kevin. "Islamic Law as Islamic Ethics," Journal of Religious Ethics 11:2 (1993), 186-203.
199. Ridā, Muhammad Rashīd (d. 1935). Tafsīr al-Qur'ān al-hakīm al-shahīr bi-tafsīr al-manār (Beirut: Dār al-Ma'rifa, 1973).
200. Ridā, Muhammad Rashīd (d. 1935). Fatāwā al-Imām Muhammad Rashīd Ridā, ed. Salāh al-Dīn al-Munajjid and Yūsuf Q. Khūrī (Beirut: Dār al-Kitāb al-Jadīd, 1980).
201. Rorty, Richard. Contingency, Irony, Solidarity (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986).
202. Rousseau, Jean-Jacques. The Social Contract, in The Basic Political Writings (Indianapolis, IN: Hackett, 1988).
203. Sachedina, Abdulaziz. "The Development of Jihad in Islamic Revelation and History," in Cross, Crescent and Sword: The Justification and Limitation of War in Western and Islamic Tradition, ed. James Turner Johnson and John Kelsay (London: Greenwood, 1990), 35-50.
204. Sachedina, Abdulaziz. The Islamic Roots of Democratic Pluralism (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001).
205. Safi, Louay. Peace and the Limits of War (London: International Institute of Islamic Thought, 2003).
206. Sahnūn, 'Abd al-Salām ibn Sa'īd (d. 854). al-Mudawwana al-kubrā (Cairo, Dār al-Fikr, n.d.).
207. Sajid, Abduljalil. "Joining Political Parties in Non Muslim Countries: According to Islamic Shariah," Muslim Public Affairs Committee UK (December 2004), at.
208. Sandel, Michael. "Political Liberalism (Review)," Harvard Law Review 107:7 (May 1994), 1765-1794.
209. al-Sarakhsī, Muhammad Ibn Ahmad (d. 1090). Kitāb al-Mabsūt (Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-'Ilmiyya, 2001).
210. al-Sāwī, Ahmad (d. 1825). Bulghat al-sālik (Cairo: Mustafā al-Bābī al-Halabī, 1952).
211. Scheffler, Samuel. "The Appeal of Political Liberalism," Ethics 105 (October 1994), 4-22.
212. Schlag, Pierre. "The Empty Circles of Liberal Justification," Michigan Law Review 96:1 (1997), 1-46.
213. Schwartzman, Micah. "Political Justification Beyond the Limits of Public Reason." Unpublished manuscript.
214. Shadīd, Muhammad. al-Jihād fī'l-Islām (Cairo: Mu'assasat al-Matbū'āt al-Hadītha, n.d.).
215. Shadid, W. A. R., and P. S. van Koningsveld, eds. Political Participation and Identities of Muslims in Non-Muslim States (Kampen, Netherlands: Kok Phaos, 1996).
216. Shadid, W. A. R., and P. S. van Koningsveld, eds. "Loyalty to a Non-Muslim Government:An Analysis of Islamic Normative Discussions and of the Views of Some Contemporary Islamicists," in Political Participation and Identities of Muslims in Non-Muslim States, ed. W. A. R. Shadid and P. S. van Koningsveld (Kampen, Netherlands: Kok Phaos, 1996).
217. Shadid, W. A. R., and P. S. van Koningsveld, eds. Muslims in the Margin: Political Responses to the Presence of Islam in Western Europe (Kampen, Netherlands: Kok Pharos, 1996).
218. Shadid, W. A. R., and P. S. van Koningsveld, eds. Religious Freedom and the Neutrality of the State: The Position of Islam in the European Union (Leuven; Sterling, VA: Peeters, 2002).
219. Shadid, W. A. R., and P. S. van Koningsveld, eds. Intercultural Relations and Religious Authorities: Muslims in the European Union (Leuven: Peeters, 2002).
220. Shadid, W. A. R., and P. S. van Koningsveld, eds. "Religious Authorities of Muslims in the West: Their Views on Political Participation," in Intercultural Relations and Religious Authorities: Muslims in the European Union, ed. W. A. R. Shadid and P. S. van Koningsveld (Leuven: Peeters, 2002).
221. al-Shāfi'ī, Muhammad ibn Idrīs (d. 820). Kitāb al-Umm fī furū' al-fiqh (Beirut: Dār al-Ma'rifa, 1986).
222. Shaltūt, Mahmūd. al-Qur'ān wa'l-qitāl (Beirut: Dār al-Fath, 1983).
223. al-Shanqiti, Sheikh Muhammad al-Mukhtar. "Muslims' Participation in US Elections" (November 2003), at.
224. al-Sharqāwī, 'Uthmān al-Sa'īd. Sharī'at al-qitāl fī'l-Islām (Cairo: al-Zahrā', 1972).
225. al-Shātibī, Abū Ishāq (d. 1388). al-Muwāfaqāt (al-Khubar, Saudi Arabia: Dār Ibn 'Affān, 1997).
226. al-Shaybānī, Muhammad in al-Hasan (d. 805). The Islamic Law of Nations: Shaybānī's Siyar, Majid Khadduri, trans. (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1966).
227. al-Shīrāzī, Abū Ishāq (d. 1083). al-Muhadhdhab fī fiqh al-Imām al-Shāfi'ī (Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, n.d.).
228. al-Shirbīnī al-Khatīb, Muhammad ibn Ahmad (d. 1570). al-Mughnī al-muhtāj ilā ma'rifat ma'ānī alfāz al-Minhāj (Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-'Ilmiyya, 2000).
229. al-Shithrī, Sālih ibn Muhammad. Hukm al-lujū' wa'l-iqāma fī bilād al-kuffār (Riyad: Dār al-Habīb, n.d.).
230. Siddiqi, Muzammil H. "Immigration to a Non-Muslim Country" (August 2002), at.
231. Siddiqi, Muzammil H. "Muslims Participating in the US Local Councils" (October 2003), at.
232. al-Sīstānī, 'Alī al-Husaynī. al-Fiqh li'l-mughtaribīn (London: Mu'assasat al-Imām 'Alī, 2002).
233. Spinner-Halev, Jeff. The Boundaries of Citizenship: Race, Ethnicity, and Nationality in the Liberal State (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1994).
234. Spinner-Halev, Jeff. "Cultural Pluralism and Partial Citizenship," in Multicultural Questions, ed. Christian Joppke and Steve Lukes (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999), 65-87.
235. Spivak, Gayatri. "Can the Subaltern Speak? Speculations on Widow Sacrifice," Wedge 7-8 (Winter-Spring 1985), 120-130.
236. al-Suyūtī, Jalāl al-Dīn 'Abd al-Rahmān (d. 1505). al-Durr al-manthūr fī tafsīr al-ma'thūr (Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-'Ilmiyya, 1990).
237. Swaine, Lucas. The Liberal Conscience: Politics and Principle in a World of Religious Pluralism (New York: Columbia University Press, 2006).
238. al-Tabarī, Abū Ja'far (d. 923). Jāmi' al-bayān fī ta'wīl al-Qur'ān (Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-'Ilmiyya, 1999).
239. al-Tahhān, Mustafā. "al-Muslim al-dā'iya yahsun al-ta'āmul ma' al-muslim wa ghayr almuslim," in Risālat al-Muslimīn fī bilād al-gharb, ed. Majdī 'Aqīl Abū Shamāla (Irbid, Jordan: Dār al-Amal, 1999).
240. Taseer, Aatish. "A British Jihadist," Prospect 113 (August 2005), 18-24.
241. Taylor, Charles. "The Politics of Recognition," in Multiculturalism: Examining the Politics of Recognition, ed. Amy Gutmann (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1994), 25-73.
242. Tibi, Bassam. "War and Peace in Islam," in Islamic Political Ethics, ed. Sohail Hashmi (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2002), 128-145.
243. al-Tirmidhī, Muhammad ibn 'Isā (d. 892). al-Jāmi' al-sahīh (Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-'Ilmiyya, n.d.).
244. de Tocqueville, Alexis. Democracy in America (New York, Penguin, 2003).
245. Tūbūlyāk, Sulaymān Muhammad (transliteration from Bosnian of "Sulejman Topoljak"). al-Ahkām al-siyāsiyya li'l-aqalliyāt al-muslima fī'l-fiqh al-Islāmī (Beirut: Dār al-Nafā'is, 1997).
246. 'Ulaysh, Muhammad ibn Ahmad (d. 1882). Fath al-'alī al-mālik fi-al-fatwā 'alā madhhab al-Imām Mālik (Cairo: Dār al-Fikr, 1937).
247. Walzer, Michael. Obligations: Essays on Disobedience, War, and Citizenship (Cambridge:Harvard University Press, 1970).
248. al-Wansharīsī, Ahmad ibn Yahya (d. 1508). al-Mi'yār al-mu'rib wa al jāmi' al-mughrib 'an fatāwā ahl Ifrīqiya wa'l-Andalus wa'l-Maghrib, ed., Muhammad Hajjī (Rabat: Ministry of Religious Endowments and Islamic Affairs, 1981).
249. Weiss, Bernard G. The Search for God's Law: Islamic Jurisprudence in the Writings of Sayf Al-Din Al-Amidi (Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 1992).
250. Weiss, Bernard G. The Spirit of Islamic Law (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1998).
251. Wenar, Leif. "Political Liberalism: An Internal Critique," Ethics 106 (October 1995), 32-63.
252. Young, Iris Marion. "Polity and Group Difference: A Critique of the Ideal of Universal Citizenship," Ethics 99 (January 1989), 250-274.
253. al-Zamakhsharī, Mahmūd ibn 'Umar (d. 1144). al-Kashshāf (Beirut: Dār al-Kitāb al-'Arabī, n.d.).
254. al-Zuhaylī, Wahba. al-'Alāqāt al-duwaliyya fī al-Islām (Beirut: Mu'assasat al-risāla, 1981).
255. al-Zuhaylī, Wahba. al-Tafsīr al-wasīt (Damascus: Dār al-Fikr, 2001).
256. Zysow, Aron. "The Economy of Certainty: An Introduction to the Typology of Islamic Legal Theory" (PhD diss., Harvard University, 1984).