Will there be a role for genotyping in warfarin therapy?

Current Opinion in Hematology

Volumn 17, Issue 5, 2010, Pages 439-443

  Gandara, Esteban ^a,b   Wells, Philip S ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OTTAWA   (Canada)

^b OTTAWA HOSPITAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (Canada)

Author keywords

evidence based; genetic testing; maintenance dose; nomograms; randomized trials; warfarin

Indexed keywords

WARFARIN;

ALGORITHM; BLEEDING; CLINICAL TRIAL; COST EFFECTIVENESS ANALYSIS; DRUG EFFICACY; GENETIC ANALYSIS; GENOTYPE; HUMAN; PHARMACOGENETICS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; THROMBOEMBOLISM; THROMBOSIS;

ALGORITHMS; ANTICOAGULANTS; ARYL HYDROCARBON HYDROXYLASES; COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS; DOSE-RESPONSE RELATIONSHIP, DRUG; DRUG RESISTANCE; GENOTYPE; HUMANS; MIXED FUNCTION OXYGENASES; PHARMACOGENETICS; POLYMORPHISM, SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE; WARFARIN;

EID: 77955924984     PISSN: 10656251     EISSN: 15317048     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/MOH.0b013e32833c06b3     Document Type: Review

References (52)

1. van Walraven C, Oake N, Wells PS, et al. Burden of potentially avoidable anticoagulant-associated hemorrhagic and thromboembolic events in the elderly. Chest 2007; 131:1508-1515.
2. Connolly SJ, Pogue J, Eikelboom J, et al. Benefit of oral anticoagulant over antiplatelet therapy in atrial fibrillation depends on the quality of international normalized ratio control achieved by centers and countries as measured by time in therapeutic range. Circulation 2008; 118:2029-2037.
3. Oake N, Jennings A, Forster AJ, et al. Anticoagulation intensity and outcomes among patients prescribed oral anticoagulant therapy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. CMAJ 2008; 179:235-244.
4. Jones M, McEwan P, Morgan CL, et al. Evaluation of the pattern of treatment, level of anticoagulation control, and outcome of treatment with warfarin in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation: a record linkage study in a large British population. Heart 2005; 91:472-477.
5. Shibata Y, Hashimoto H, Kurata C, et al. Influence of physical activity on warfarin therapy. Thromb Haemost 1997; 80:203-204.
6. Cushman M, Booth SL, Possidente CJ, et al. The association of vitamin K status with warfarin sensitivity at the onset of treatment. Br J Haematol 2001; 112:572-577.
7. Routledge PA, Chapman PH, Davies DM, et al. Factors affecting warfarin requirements. A prospective population study. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1979; 15:319-322.
8. Blann A, Hewitt J, Siddiqui F, et al. Racial background is a determinant of average warfarin dose required to maintain the INR between 2.0 and 3.0. Br J Haematol 1999; 107:207-209.
9. Fergusson RJ, Eade OE, Logie AW, et al. A flexible loading dose schedule for warfarin therapy. Scott Med J 1987; 32:169-171.
10. Mungall DR, Ludden TM, Marshall J, et al. Population pharmacokinetics of racemic warfarininadult patients. J Pharmacokinet Biopharm 1985; 13:213-227.
11. Holbrook AM, Pereira JA, Labiris R, et al. Systematic overview of warfarin and its drug and food interactions. Arch Intern Med 2005; 165:1095-1106.
12. Leey JA, McCabe S, Koch JA, et al. Cost-effectiveness of genotype-guided warfarin therapy for anticoagulation in elderly patients with atrial fibrillation. Am J Geriatr Pharmacother 2009; 7:197-203.
13. Rosove MH, Grody WW. Should we be applying warfarin pharmacogenetics to clinical practice? No, not now. Ann Intern Med 2009; 151:270-273.
14. Mannucci PM, Spreafico M, Peyvandi F. Dosing anticoagulant therapy with coumarin drugs: is genotyping clinically useful? No. J Thromb Haemost 2008; 6:1450-1452.
15. Krynetskiy E, McDonnell P. Building individualized medicine: prevention of adverse reactions to warfarin therapy. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2007; 322:427-434.
16. Taube J, Halsall D, Baglin T. Influence of cytochrome P-450 CYP2C9 polymorphisms on warfarin sensitivity and risk of over-anticoagulation in patients on long-term treatment. Blood 2000; 96:1816-1819.
17. Gage BF, Eby C, Johnson JA, et al. Use of pharmacogenetic and clinical factors to predict the therapeutic dose of warfarin. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2008; 84:326-331.
18. Kaminsky LS, de Morais SM, Faletto MB, et al. Correlation of human cytochrome P4502C substrate specificities with primary structure: warfarin as a probe. Mol Pharmacol 1993; 43:234-239.
19. Kaminsky LS, Zhang ZY. Human P450 metabolism of warfarin. Pharmacol Ther 1997; 73:67-74.
20. Higashi MK, Veenstra DL, Kondo LM, et al. Association between CYP2C9 genetic variants and anticoagulation-related outcomes during warfarin therapy. J Am Med Assoc 2002; 287:1690-1698.
21. Gage BF, Eby C, Milligan PE, et al. Use of pharmacogenetics and clinical factors to predict the maintenance dose of warfarin. Thromb Haemost 2004; 91:87-94.
22. Yin T, Miyata T. Warfarin dose and the pharmacogenomics of CYP2C9 and VKORC1: rationale and perspectives. Thromb Res 2007; 120:1-10.
23. Palareti G, Legnani C, Guazzaloca G, et al. Risk factors for highly unstable response to oral anticoagulation: a case-control study. Br J Haematol 2005; 129:72-78.
24. International Warfarin Pharmacogenetics Consortium, Klein TE, Altman RB, Eriksson N, et al. Estimation of the warfarin dose with clinical and pharmacogenetic data. N Engl J Med 2009; 360:753-764.
25. Schwarz UI, Ritchie MD, Bradford Y, et al. Genetic determinants of response to warfarin during initial anticoagulation. N Engl J Med 2008; 358:999-1008.
26. WadeliusM,Chen LY, Lindh JD, et al. The largest prospective warfarin-treated cohort supports genetic forecasting. Blood 2009; 113:784-792.
27. Loebstein R, Dvoskin I, Halkin H, et al. A coding VKORC1 Asp36Tyr polymorphism predisposes to warfarin resistance. Blood 2007; 109: 2477-2480.
28. Bodin L, Verstuyft C, Tregouet DA, et al. Cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9) and vitamin K epoxide reductase (VKORC1) genotypes as determinants of acenocoumarol sensitivity. Blood 2005; 106:135-140.
29. Caldwell MD, Awad T, Johnson JA, et al. CYP4F2 genetic variant alters required warfarin dose. Blood 2008; 111:4106-4112.
30. Lenzini PA, Grice GR, Milligan PE, et al. Laboratory and clinical outcomes of pharmacogenetic vs. clinical protocols for warfarin initiation in orthopedic patients. J Thromb Haemost 2008; 6:1655-1662.
31. Hillman MA, Wilke RA, Yale SH, et al. A prospective, randomized pilot trial of model-based warfarin dose initiation using CYP2C9 genotype and clinical data. Clin Med Res 2005; 3:137-145.
32. Caraco Y, Blotnick S, Muszkat M. CYP2C9 genotype-guided warfarin prescribing enhances the efficacy and safety of anticoagulation: a prospective randomized controlled study. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2008; 83:460-470.
33. Anderson JL, Horne BD, Stevens SM, et al. Randomized trial of genotype-guided versus standard warfarin dosing in patients initiating oral anticoagulation. Circulation 2007; 116:2563-2570.
34. Kangelaris KN, Bent S, Nussbaum RL, et al. Genetic testing before anti-coagulation? A systematic review of pharmacogenetic dosing of warfarin. J Gen Intern Med 2009; 24:656-664.
35. Wells PS, Le Gal G, Tierney S, et al. Practical application of the 10-mg warfarin initiation nomogram. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 2009; 20:403-408.
36. Le Gal G, Carrier M, Tierney S, et al. Prediction of the warfarin maintenance dose after completion of the 10mg initiation nomogram: do we really need genotyping? J Thromb Haemost 2010; 8:90-94.
37. Aithal GP, Day CP, Kesteven PJ, et al. Association of polymorphisms in the cytochrome P450 CYP2C9 with warfarin dose requirement and risk of bleeding complications. Lancet 1999; 353:717-719.
38. Sanderson S, Emery J, Higgins J. CYP2C9 gene variants, drug dose, and bleeding risk in warfarin-treated patients: a HuGEnet systematic review and meta-analysis. Genet Med 2005; 7:97-104.
39. Rieder MJ, Reiner AP, Gage BF, et al. Effect of VKORC1 haplotypes on transcriptional regulation and warfarin dose. N Engl J Med 2005; 352:2285-2293.
40. Ageno W, Johnson J, Nowacki B, et al. A computer generated induction system for hospitalized patients starting on oral anticoagulant therapy. Thromb Haemost 2000; 83:849-852.
41. Sconce EA, Khan TI, Wynne HA, et al. The impact of CYP2C9 and VKORC1 genetic polymorphism and patient characteristics upon warfarin dose requirements: proposal for a new dosing regimen. Blood 2005; 106:2329-2333.
42. Kamali F, Khan TI, King BP, et al. Contribution of age, body size, and CYP2C9 genotype to anticoagulant response to warfarin. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2004; 75:204-212.
43. Wells PS, Rodger MA, Fleming J, et al. Abstract: current models for predicting warfarin maintenance dose do not work in an ambulatory venous thromboembolism patient population [abstract]. Blood 2007; 110:95a-96a.
44. Eckman MH, Rosand J, Greenberg SM, et al. Cost-effectiveness of using pharmacogenetic information in warfarin dosing for patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. Ann Intern Med 2009; 150:73-83.
45. Patrick AR, Avorn J, Choudhry NK. Cost-effectiveness of genotype-guided warfarin dosing for patients with atrial fibrillation. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes 2009; 2:429-436.
46. McWilliam A, Lutter R, Nardinelli C. Healthcare savings from personalizing medicine using genetic testing: the case of warfarin. 2-11-10006 http://www.futuremedicine.com/doi/abs/10.221 7/17410541.5.3.279 [Accessed 28 February 2010].
47. Pernod G, Labarere J, Yver J, et al. EDUC'AVK: reduction of oral anticoagulant-related adverse events after patient education: a prospective multi-center open randomized study. J Gen Intern Med 2008; 23:1441-1446.
48. Poller L, Keown M, Ibrahim S, et al. A multicentre randomised assessment of the DAWN AC computer-assisted oral anticoagulant dosage program. Thromb Haemost 2009; 101:487-494.
49. van Walraven C, Jennings A, Oake N, et al. Effect of study setting on anticoagulation control. A systematic review and metaregression. Chest 2006; 129:1155-1166.
50. Siguret V, Gouin I, Debray M, et al. Initiation of warfarin therapy in elderly medical inpatients: a safe and accurate regimen. Am J Med 2005; 118:137-142.
51. Kovacs MJ, Rodger M, Anderson DR, et al. Comparison of 10-mg and 5-mg warfarin initiation nomograms together with low-molecular-weight heparin for outpatient treatment of acute venous thromboembolism. A randomized, double-blind, controlled trial. Ann Intern Med 2003; 138:714-719.
52. Hixson-Wallace JA, Dotson JB, Blakey SA. Effect of regimen complexity on patient satisfaction and compliance with warfarin therapy. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost 2001; 7:33-37.