Degenerative lumbosacral stenosis in dogs

Veterinary Clinics of North America - Small Animal Practice

Volumn 40, Issue 5, 2010, Pages 983-1009

  Meij, Björn P ^a   Bergknut, Niklas ^a,b  

^a UTRECHT UNIVERSITY   (Netherlands)

^b SWEDISH UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES   (Sweden)

Author keywords

Cauda equina syndrome; Degenerative lumbosacral stenosis; Dogs; Intervertebral disc degeneration; Lumbosacral disease; Lumbosacral instability

Indexed keywords

CORTICOSTEROID; METHYLPREDNISOLONE ACETATE;

BIOMECHANICS; CLINICAL FEATURE; DEGENERATIVE LUMBOSACRAL STENOSIS; DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS; DOG; EMBRYO DEVELOPMENT; INCIDENCE; INTERVERTEBRAL DISK DEGENERATION; KINESIOTHERAPY; LAMINECTOMY; LUMBAR DISK HERNIA; NONHUMAN; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; POSTOPERATIVE CARE; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; SPINE RADIOGRAPHY; SPINE STABILIZATION; VERTEBRAL CANAL STENOSIS;

ANIMALS; CAUDA EQUINA; DOG DISEASES; DOGS; FEMALE; INTERVERTEBRAL DISK DEGENERATION; LUMBOSACRAL REGION; MALE; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; PROGNOSIS; SPINAL STENOSIS; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

CANIS FAMILIARIS;

EID: 77955903035     PISSN: 01955616     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2010.05.006     Document Type: Review

References (120)

1. Danielsson F., Sjöstrom L. Surgical treatment of degenerative lumbosacral stenosis in dogs. Vet Surg 1999, 28:91-98.
2. Suwankong N., Meij B.P., Voorhout G., et al. Review and retrospective analysis of degenerative lumbosacral stenosis in 156 dogs treated by dorsal laminectomy. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 2008, 21:285-293.
3. De Risio L., Sharp N.J., Olby N.J., et al. Predictors of outcome after dorsal decompressive laminectomy for degenerative lumbosacral stenosis in dogs: 69 cases (1987-1997). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2001, 219:624-628.
4. Oliver J.E., Selcer R.R., Simpson S. Cauda equina compression from lumbosacral malarticulation and malformation in the dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1978, 173:207-214.
5. Wheeler S.J. Lumbosacral disease. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 1992, 22:937-950.
6. Koppel E., Rein D. Tierarztl Prax 1992, 20:637-645. [in German].
7. Orendacova J., Cizkova D., Kafka J., et al. Cauda equina syndrome. Prog Neurobiol 2001, 64:613-637.
8. Tarvin G., Prata R.G. Lumbosacral stenosis in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1980, 177:154-159.
9. Fletcher T.F., Kitchell R.L. Anatomical studies on the spinal cord segments of the dog. Am J Vet Res 1966, 27:1759-1767.
10. Lang J. Flexion-extension myelography of the canine cauda equina. Vet Radiol 1988, 29:242-257.
11. Maroudas A., Stockwell R.A., Nachemson A., et al. Factors involved in the nutrition of the human lumbar intervertebral disc: cellularity and diffusion of glucose in vitro. J Anat 1975, 120:113-130.
12. Urban J.P., Smith S., Fairbank J.C. Nutrition of the intervertebral disc. Spine 2004, 29:2700-2709.
13. Hendry N.G. The hydration of the nucleus pulposus and its relation to intervertebral disc derangement. J Bone Joint Surg Br 1958, 40:132-144.
14. Hansen H.J. A pathologic-anatomical study on disc degeneration in dog, with special reference to the so-called enchondrosis intervertebralis. Acta Orthop Scand Suppl 1952, 11:1-117.
15. Bray J.P., Burbidge H.M. The canine intervertebral disk: part one: structure and function. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 1998, 34:55-63.
16. Raj P.P. Intervertebral disc: anatomy-physiology-pathophysiology-treatment. Pain Pract 2008, 8:18-44.
17. Roughley P.J. Biology of intervertebral disc aging and degeneration: involvement of the extracellular matrix. Spine 2004, 29:2691-2699.
18. Tai C.C., Want S., Quraishi N.A., et al. Antibiotic prophylaxis in surgery of the intervertebral disc. A comparison between gentamicin and cefuroxime. J Bone Joint Surg Br 2002, 84:1036-1039.
19. Humzah M.D., Soames R.W. Human intervertebral disc: structure and function. Anat Rec 1988, 220:337-356.
20. Adams M.A., Roughley P.J. What is intervertebral disc degeneration, and what causes it?. Spine 2006, 31:2151-2161.
21. Gordon S.J., Yang K.H., Mayer P.J., et al. Mechanism of disc rupture. A preliminary report. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 1991, 16:450-456.
22. Tanaka N., An H.S., Lim T.H., et al. The relationship between disc degeneration and flexibility of the lumbar spine. Spine J 2001, 1:47-56.
23. Zhao F., Pollintine P., Hole B.D., et al. Discogenic origins of spinal instability. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2005, 30:2621-2630.
24. Kaigle A.M., Holm S.H., Hansson T.H. Experimental instability in the lumbar spine. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 1995, 20:421-430.
25. Krismer M., Haid C., Ogon M., et al. Orthopade 1997, 26:516-520. [in German].
26. Seiler G.S., Hani H., Busato A.R., et al. Facet joint geometry and intervertebral disk degeneration in the L5-S1 region of the vertebral column in German Shepherd dogs. Am J Vet Res 2002, 63:86-90.
27. Rossi F., Seiler G., Busato A., et al. Magnetic resonance imaging of articular process joint geometry and intervertebral disk degeneration in the caudal lumbar spine (L5-S1) of dogs with clinical signs of cauda equina compression. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2004, 45:381-387.
28. Benninger M.I., Seiler G.S., Robinson L.E., et al. Effects of anatomic conformation on three-dimensional motion of the caudal lumbar and lumbosacral portions of the vertebral column of dogs. Am J Vet Res 2006, 67:43-50.
29. Aihara T., Takahashi K., Ogasawara A., et al. Intervertebral disc degeneration associated with lumbosacral transitional vertebrae: a clinical and anatomical study. J Bone Joint Surg Br 2005, 87:687-691.
30. Damur-Djuric N., Steffen F., Hassig M., et al. Lumbosacral transitional vertebrae in dogs: classification, prevalence, and association with sacroiliac morphology. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2006, 47:32-38.
31. Fluckiger M.A., Damur-Djuric N., Hassig M., et al. A lumbosacral transitional vertebra in the dog predisposes to cauda equina syndrome. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2006, 47:39-44.
32. Morgan J.P. Transitional lumbosacral vertebral anomaly in the dog: a radiographic study. J Small Anim Pract 1999, 40:167-172.
33. Meij B.P., Voorhout G., Wolvekamp W.T. Epidural lipomatosis in a six-year-old dachshund. Vet Rec 1996, 138:492-495.
34. Steffen F., Berger M., Morgan J.P. Asymmetrical, transitional, lumbosacral vertebral segments in six dogs: a characteristic spinal syndrome. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2004, 40:338-344.
35. Sharp N., Wheeler S. Small animal spinal disorders 2005, Elsevier, Philadelphia, p. 181-3. 2nd edition.
36. Mathis K.R., Havlicek M., Beck J.B., et al. Sacral osteochondrosis in two German Shepherd dogs. Aust Vet J 2009, 87:249-252.
37. Lang J., Häni H., Schawalder P. A sacral lesion resembling osteochondrosis in the German Shepherd dog. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 1992, 33:69-76.
38. Hanna F.Y. Lumbosacral osteochondrosis: radiological features and surgical management in 34 dogs. J Small Anim Pract 2001, 42:272-278.
39. Sugawara O., Atsuta Y., Iwahara T., et al. The effects of mechanical compression and hypoxia on nerve root and dorsal root ganglia. An analysis of ectopic firing using an in vitro model. Spine 1996, 21:2089-2094.
40. Roughley P.J., Alini M., Antoniou J. The role of proteoglycans in aging, degeneration and repair of the intervertebral disc. Biochem Soc Trans 2002, 30:869-874.
41. Bray J.P., Burbidge H.M. The canine intervertebral disk. Part two: degenerative changes-nonchondrodystrophoid versus chondrodystrophoid disks. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 1998, 34:135-144.
42. Colombini A., Lombardi G., Corsi M.M., et al. Pathophysiology of the human intervertebral disc. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2008, 40:837-842.
43. Brinckmann P., Grootenboer H. Change of disc height, radial disc bulge, and intradiscal pressure from discectomy. An in vitro investigation on human lumbar discs. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 1991, 16:641-646.
44. Freemont A.J., Peacock T.E., Goupille P., et al. Nerve ingrowth into diseased intervertebral disc in chronic back pain. Lancet 1997, 350:178-181.
45. Zimmerman M.C., Vuono-Hawkins M., Parsons J.R., et al. The mechanical properties of the canine lumbar disc and motion segment. Spine 1992, 17:213-220.
46. Smit T.H. The use of a quadruped as an in vivo model for the study of the spine-biomechanical considerations. Eur Spine J 2002, 11:137-144.
47. Braund K.G., Taylor T.K., Ghosh P., et al. Spinal mobility in the dog. A study in chondrodystrophoid and non-chondrodystrophoid animals. Res Vet Sci 1977, 22:78-82.
48. Benninger M.I., Seiler G.S., Robinson L.E., et al. Three-dimensional motion pattern of the caudal lumbar and lumbosacral portions of the vertebral column of dogs. Am J Vet Res 2004, 65:544-551.
49. Burger R., Lang J. Schweiz Arch Tierheilkd 1993, 135:35-43. [in German].
50. Burger R., Lang J. Schweiz Arch Tierheilkd 1992, 134:411-416. [in German].
51. Hediger K.U., Ferguson S.J., Gedet P., et al. Biomechanical analysis of torsion and shear forces in lumbar and lumbosacral spine segments of nonchondrodystrophic dogs. Vet Surg 2009, 38:874-880.
52. Schmid V., Lang J. Measurements on the lumbosacral junction in normal dogs and those with cauda-equina compression. J Small Anim Pract 1993, 34:437-442.
53. Gradner G., Bockstahler B., Peham C., et al. Kinematic study of back movement in clinically sound malinois dogs with consideration of the effect of radiographic changes in the lumbosacral junction. Vet Surg 2007, 36:472-481.
54. Smith M., Bebchuk T., Shmon C. An in vitro biomechanical study of the effects of surgical modification upon the canine lumbosacral spine. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 2004, 17:17-24.
55. Meij B.P., Suwankong N., Van der Veen A.J., et al. Biomechanical flexion-extension forces in normal canine lumbosacral cadaver specimens before and after dorsal laminectomy-discectomy and pedicle screw-rod fixation. Vet Surg 2007, 36:742-751.
56. Smolders LA, Bergknut N, van der Veen AJ, et al. Biomechanical testing of a lumbosacral nucleus pulposus prosthesis: a canine cadaver study. In: European Veterinary Conference, 2009;24.
57. Moore G.E., Burkman K.D., Carter M.N., et al. Causes of death or reasons for euthanasia in military working dogs: 927 cases (1993-1996). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2001, 219:209-214.
58. Egenvall A., Bonnett B.N., Olson P., et al. Gender, age, breed and distribution of morbidity and mortality in insured dogs in Sweden during 1995 and 1996. Vet Rec 2000, 146:519-525.
59. Egenvall A., Bonnett B.N., Olson P., et al. Validation of computerized Swedish dog and cat insurance data against veterinary practice records. Prev Vet Med 1998, 36:51-65.
60. Egenvall A., Hedhammar A., Bonnett B.N., et al. Survey of the Swedish dog population: age, gender, breed, location and enrollment in animal insurance. Acta Vet Scand 1999, 40:231-240.
61. Indrieri R.J. Lumbosacral stenosis and injury of the cauda equina. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 1988, 18:697-710.
62. Mayhew P.D., Kapatkin A.S., Wortman J.A., et al. Association of cauda equina compression on magnetic resonance images and clinical signs in dogs with degenerative lumbosacral stenosis. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2002, 38:555-562.
63. Ness M. Degenerative lumbosacral stenosis in the dog: a review of 30 cases. J Small Anim Pract 1994, 35:185-190.
64. Morgan J.P., Wind A., Davidson A.P. Lumbosacral disease 2000, Schlutersche GmbH & Co. KG, Hannover.
65. Palmer R.H., Chambers J.N. Canine lumbosacral diseases. Part I. Anatomy, pathophysiology, and clinical presentation. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 1991, 13:61-68.
66. De Risio L., Thomas W.B., Sharp N.J. Degenerative lumbosacral stenosis. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2000, 30:111-132.
67. Delamarter R.B., Bohlman H.H., Dodge L.D., et al. Experimental lumbar spinal stenosis. Analysis of the cortical evoked potentials, microvasculature, and histopathology. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1990, 72:110-120.
68. Ramirez O., Thrall D.E. A review of imaging techniques for canine cauda equina syndrome. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 1998, 39:283-296.
69. Sande R.D. Radiography, myelography, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging of the spine. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 1992, 22:811-831.
70. Brawner W. Neuroradiology. Textbook of small animal surgery 1993, 1008-1022. W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia. D. Slatter (Ed.).
71. Steffen F., Hunold K., Scharf G., et al. A follow-up study of neurologic and radiographic findings in working German Shepherd dogs with and without degenerative lumbosacral stenosis. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2007, 231:1529-1533.
72. Scharf G., Steffen F., Grunenfelder F., et al. The lumbosacral junction in working German shepherd dogs-neurological and radiological evaluation. J Vet Med A Physiol Pathol Clin Med 2004, 51:27-32.
73. Morgan J. Techniques of veterinary radiography 1993, Iowa State University Press, Ames (IA). 5th edition.
74. Middleton D.L. Radiographic positioning for the spine and skull. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 1993, 23:253-268.
75. Dennis R. Radiographic examination of the canine spine. Vet Rec 1987, 121:31-35.
76. Lang J., Jaggy A. Schweiz Arch Tierheilkd 1989, 131:299-309. [in German].
77. Morgan J., Bailey C. Cauda equina syndrome in the dog: radiographic evaluation. J Small Anim Pract 1990, 31:69-76.
78. Hachcock J.T., Pechmanm R.D., Dillon A.R., et al. Comparison of three radiographic contrast procedures in the evaluation of the canine lumbosacral spinal canal. Vet Radiol 1988, 29:4-15.
79. Kirberger R., Roos C., Lubbe A. The radiological diagnosis of thoracolumbar disc disease in the Dachsund. Vet Radiol 1992, 33:255-261.
80. Olby N., Dyce J., Houlton J. Correlation of plain radiographic and lumbar myelographic findings in thoracolumbar disc disease. J Small Anim Pract 1994, 35:345.
81. Robert R.E., Selcer B.A. Diagnostic imaging: myelography and epidurography. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 1993, 23:307-329.
82. Barthez P.Y., Morgan J.P., Lipsitz D. Discography and epidurography for evaluation of the lumbosacral junction in dogs with cauda equina syndrome. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 1994, 35:152-157.
83. Park R.D. Diagnostic imaging of the spine. Prog Vet Neurol 1990, 1:371-386.
84. Masuda K., Aota Y., Muehleman C., et al. A novel rabbit model of mild, reproducible disc degeneration by an annulus needle puncture: correlation between the degree of disc injury and radiological and histological appearances of disc degeneration. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2005, 30:5-14.
85. Sobajima S., Kompel J.F., Kim J.S., et al. A slowly progressive and reproducible animal model of intervertebral disc degeneration characterized by MRI, X-ray, and histology. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2005, 30:15-24.
86. Jones J.C., Wilson M.E., Bartels J.E. A review of high resolution computed tomography and a proposed technique for regional examination of the canine lumbosacral spine. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 1994, 35:339-346.
87. Jones J.C., Sorjonen D.C., Simpson S.T., et al. Comparison between computed tomographic and surgical findings in nine large-breed dogs with lumbosacral stenosis. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 1996, 37:247-256.
88. Jones J.C., Inzana K.D. Subclinical CT abnormalities in the lumbosacral spine of older large-breed dogs. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2000, 41:19-26.
89. Wood B.C., Lanz O.I., Jones J.C., et al. Endoscopic-assisted lumbosacral foraminotomy in the dog. Vet Surg 2004, 33:221-231.
90. Suwankong N., Voorhout G., Hazewinkel H.A., et al. Agreement between computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and surgical findings in dogs with degenerative lumbosacral stenosis. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2006, 229:1924-1929.
91. Pearce R.H., Thompson J.P., Bebault G.M., et al. Magnetic resonance imaging reflects the chemical changes of aging degeneration in the human intervertebral disk. J Rheumatol Suppl 1991, 27:42-43.
92. Benneker L.M., Heini P.F., Anderson S.E., et al. Correlation of radiographic and MRI parameters to morphological and biochemical assessment of intervertebral disc degeneration. Eur Spine J 2005, 14:27-35.
93. Adams W.H., Daniel G.B., Pardo A.D., et al. Magnetic resonance imaging of the caudal lumbar and lumbosacral spine in 13 dogs (1990-1993). Vet Radiol Ultrasound 1995, 36:3-13.
94. de Haan J.J., Shelton S.B., Ackerman N. Magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis of degenerative lumbosacral stenosis in four dogs. Vet Surg 1993, 22:1-4.
95. Karkkainen M., Punto L.U., Tulamo R.M. Magnetic resonance imaging of canine degenerative lumbar spine diseases. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 1993, 34:399-404.
96. Gödde T., Steffen F. Surgical treatment of lumbosacral foraminal stenosis using a lateral approach in twenty dogs with degenerative lumbosacral stenosis. Vet Surg 2007, 36:705-713.
97. Jones J.C., Banfield C.M., Ward D.L. Association between postoperative outcome and results of magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography in working dogs with degenerative lumbosacral stenosis. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2000, 216:1769-1774.
98. Sisson A.F., LeCouteur R.A., Ingram J.T., et al. Diagnosis of cauda equina abnormalities by using electromyography, discography, and epidurography in dogs. J Vet Intern Med 1992, 6:253-263.
99. Kornberg M., Bichsel P., Lang J. Schweiz Arch Tierheilkd 1989, 131:287-298. [in German].
100. Meij B.P., Suwankong N., van den Brom W.E., et al. Tibial nerve somatosensory evoked potentials in dogs with degenerative lumbosacral stenosis. Vet Surg 2006, 35:168-175.
101. Suwankong N., Meij B.P., Van Klaveren N.J., et al. Assessment of decompressive surgery in dogs with degenerative lumbosacral stenosis using force plate analysis and questionnaires. Vet Surg 2007, 36:423-431.
102. Janssens L., Beosier Y., Daems R. Lumbosacral degenerative stenosis in the dog. The results of epidural infiltration with methylprednisolone acetate: a retrospective study. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 2009, 22:486-491.
103. Denny H.R., Gibbs C., Holt P.E. The diagnosis and treatment of cauda equina lesions in the dog. J Small Anim Pract 1982, 23:425-443.
104. Chambers J., Selcer B., Oliver J. Results of treatment of degenerative lumbosacral stenosis in dogs by exploration and excision. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 1988, 3:130-133.
105. Lenehan T., Tarvin G. Surgical treatment of cauda equina compression syndrome by laminectomy. Current techniques in small animal surgery 1998, 859-861. Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia. 5th edition. M. Bojrab (Ed.).
106. Quist J.J., Dhert W.J.A., Meij B.P., et al. The prevention of peridural adhesions, a comparative long-term histomorphometric study using a biodegradable barrier and a fat graft. J Bone Joint Surg Br 1998, 80:520-526.
107. Trevor P.B., Martin R.A., Saunders G.K., et al. Healing characteristics of free and pedicle fat grafts after dorsal laminectomy and durotomy in dogs. Vet Surg 1991, 20:282-290.
108. Watt P.R. Degenerative lumbosacral stenosis in 18 dogs. J Small Anim Pract 1991, 32:125-134.
109. Linn L.L., Bartels K.E., Rochat M.C., et al. Lumbosacral stenosis in 29 military working dogs: epidemiologic findings and outcome after surgical intervention (1990-1999). Vet Surg 2003, 32:21-29.
110. Carozzo C., Cachon T., Genevois J.P., et al. Transiliac approach for exposure of lumbosacral intervertebral disk and foramen: technique description. Vet Surg 2008, 37:27-31.
111. Slocum B., Devine T. L7-S1 fixation-fusion for treatment of cauda equina compression in the dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1986, 188:31-35.
112. Slocum B. L7-S1 fixation-fusion technique for cauda equina syndrome. Current techniques in small animal surgery 1998, 861-864. Lea&Febiger, Philadelphia. 5th edition. M. Bojrab (Ed.).
113. Bagley R. Surgical stabilization of the lumbosacral joint. Textbook of small animal surgery 2003, 1238-1243. Elsevier Science, Philadelphia. 3rd edition. D. Slatter (Ed.).
114. Jeffery N. Treatment of cauda equina syndrome. ESVOT - Eur Soc Vet Orthop Traumatol 1998, p. 74.
115. van der Veen AJ, Bergknut N, Voorhout G, et al. Assessment of safe corridors for pedicle screw insertion in canine lumbosacral vertebras. In: European Veterinary Conference, Voorjaarsdagen. 2009. Chapter 5, p. 27.
116. Hoogendoorn R.J., Helder M.N., Wuisman P.I., et al. Adjacent segment degeneration: observations in a goat spinal fusion study. Spine 2008, 33:1337-1343.
117. Yang J.Y., Lee J.K., Song H.S. The impact of adjacent segment degeneration on the clinical outcome after lumbar spinal fusion. Spine 2008, 33:503-507.
118. Janssens L., Moens Y., Coppens P., et al. Lumbosacral degenerative stenosis in the dog. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 2000, 13:97-103.
119. Kinzel S., Koch J., Stopinski T., et al. Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr 2004, 117:334-340. [in German].
120. van Klaveren N.J., Suwankong N., De Boer S., et al. Force plate analysis before and after dorsal decompression for treatment of degenerative lumbosacral stenosis in dogs. Vet Surg 2005, 34:450-456.