Drinking, Smoking, and Morality: Do 'Drinkers and Smokers' Constitute a Stigmatised Stereotype or a Real TB Risk Factor in the Time of HIV/AIDS?

Social Indicators Research

Volumn 98, Issue 2, 2010, Pages 217-238

  Møller, Valerie ^a   Erstad, Ida ^a   Zani, Dalinyebo ^a  

^a RHODES UNIVERSITY   (South Africa)

Author keywords

Alcohol abuse; Drinking and smoking; HIV AIDS stigma; Scapegoats; Stereotypes; Tuberculosis (TB)

Indexed keywords

ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROME; CHURCH ROLE; DRINKING; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS; LIFESTYLE; MORALITY; RISK FACTOR; SMOKING; TUBERCULOSIS;

EASTERN CAPE; SOUTH AFRICA;

EID: 77955841802     PISSN: 03038300     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11205-009-9546-2     Document Type: Article

References (59)

1. Alonzo, A. A., & Reynolds, N. R. (1995). Stigma, HIV and AIDS: An exploration and elaboration of a stigma trajectory. Social Science and Medicine, 41(3), 303-315.
2. Atre, S. R., Kudale, A. M., Morankar, S. N., Rangan, S. G., & Weiss, M. G. (2004). Cultural concepts of tuberculosis and gender among the general population without tuberculosis in rural Maharashtra, India. Tropical Medicine and International Health, 9(11), 1228-1238.
3. Balabanova, Y., Coker, R., Atun, R. A., & Drobniewski, F. (2006). Stigma and HIV infection in Russia. AIDS Care, 18(7), 846-852.
4. Bond, V., & Nyblade, L. (2006). The Importance of addressing the unfolding TB-HIV stigma in high HIV prevalence settings. Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology, 16, 452-461.
5. Cambanis, A., Ramsay, A., Yassin, M. A., & Cuevas, L. E. (2007). Duration and associated factors of patient delay during tuberculosis screening in rural Cameroon. Tropical Medicine and International Health, 12(11), 1309-1314.
6. Cassie, T. (2002). A literature review of the problems of delayed presentation for treatment and non-completion of treatment for tuberculosis in less developed countries and ways of addressing these problems using particular implementations of the DOTS strategy. Journal of Management in Medicine, 16(4-5), 371-400.
7. Centre for Development, Enterprise (CED). (2008). Under the Radar: Pentecostalism in South Africa and its potential social and economic role. Johannesburg: CED In Depth.
8. Chigwedere, P., Seage, G. R. III, Gruskin, S., Lee, T.-H., & Essex, M. (2008). Estimating the lost benefits of antiretroviral drug use in South Africa. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 49(4), 410-445.
9. Collins, P. Y., von Unger, H., & Armbrister, A. (2008). Church ladies, good girls, and locas: Stigma and the intersection of gender, ethnicity, mental illness, and sexuality in relation to HIV risk. Social Science and Medicine, 67(3), 389-397.
10. Cramm, J. M., Exel, N. J. A., Møller, V., Finkenflügel, H. (2009, in press). Patient views on determinants of adherence with tuberculosis treatment in the Eastern Cape, South Africa: An application of Q-methodology. The Patient: Patient-Centred Outcomes Research.
11. Crawford, R. (1994). The boundaries of the self and the unhealthy others: Reflections on health, culture and AIDS. Social Science and Medicine, 38(10), 1347-1365.
12. Daftary, A., Padayatchi, N., & Padilla, M. (2007). HIV testing and disclosure: A qualitative analysis of TB patients in South Africa. AIDS Care, 19(4), 572-577.
13. Deacon, H. (2005). Understanding HIV/AIDS stigma. Cape Town: HSRC Press.
14. Ehrenstein, V., Horton, N. J., & Samet, J. H. (2004). Inconsistent condom use among HIV-infected patients with alcohol problems. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 73(2), 159-166.
15. Erstad, I. (2006). The resurgence of tuberculosis in South Africa: an investigation of socio-economic aspects of the disease in a context of structural violence in Grahamstown, Eastern Cape. Master's thesis, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa.
16. Farmer, P. (1996). Social inequalities and emerging infectious diseases. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 2(4), 259-269.
17. Fassin, D. (2002). Embodied history. Uniqueness and exemplarity of South African AIDS. African Journal of Aids Research, 1, 63-68.
18. Fisher, J. C., Bang, H., & Kapiga, S. H. (2007). The association between HIV infection and alcohol use: A systematic review and meta-analysis of African studies. Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 34(11), 856-863.
19. Gelaw, M., Genebo, T., Dejene, A., Lemma, E., & Eyob, G. (2001). Attitude and social consequences of tuberculosis in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. East African Medical Journal, 78(7), 382-388.
20. Gilmore, N., & Somerville, M. A. (1994). Stigmatization, scapegoating and discrimination in sexually transmitted diseases: Overcoming 'them' and 'us'. Social Science and Medicine, 39(9), 1339-1358.
21. Godfrey-Faussett, P., Kaunda, H., Kamanga, J., van Beers, S., van Cleeff, M., Kumwenda-Phiri, R., et al. (2002). Why do patients with a cough delay seeking care at Lusaka urban health centres? A health systems research approach. International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, 6(9), 769-805.
22. Goffman, E. (1963). Stigma: Notes on the management of spoiled identity. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
23. Greene, K., Krcmar, M., Walters, L. H., Rubin, D. L., & Hale, J. L. (2000). Targeting adolescent risk taking behaviours: Contributions of egocentrism and sensationalism. Journal of Adolescence, 23(4), 439-461.
24. Harling, G., Ehrlich, R., & Myer, L. (2008). The social epidemiology of tuberculosis in South Africa: A multilevel analysis. Social Science and Medicine, 66(2), 492-505.
25. Kalichman, S. C., Simbayi, L. C., Cain, D., & Jooste, S. (2007). Alcohol expectancies and risky drinking among men and women at high-risk for HIV infection in Cape Town South Africa. Addictive Behaviors, 32, 2304-2310.
26. Kalichman, S. C., Simbayi, L. C., Jooste, S., Cain, D., & Cherry, C. (2006). Sensation seeking, alcohol use, and sexual behaviors among sexually transmitted infection clinic patients, Cape Town, South Africa. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 20, 298-304.
27. Kalichman, S. C., Simbayi, L. C., Jooste, S., Toefy, Y., Cain, D., Cherry, C., et al. (2005). Development of a brief scale to measure AIDS-Related Stigma in South Africa. AIDS and Behaviour, 9(2), 135-143.
28. Kanyerere, T., & Aase, A. (2005). Delays in TB hospital diagnosis-a major threat for the HIV/AIDS situation in a society: A study of TB as an opportunistic infection in southern Malawi. Norwegian Journal of Geography, 59, 55-64.
29. Karim, F., Chowdhury, A. M. R., Islam, A., & Weiss, M. G. (2007). Stigma, gender, and their impact on patients with tuberculosis in rural Bangladesh. Anthropology & Medicine, 14(2), 139-151.
30. Kelly, P. (1999). Isolation and stigma: The experience of patients with active tuberculosis. Journal of Community Health Nursing, 16(4), 233-241.
31. Lawless, S., Kippax, S., & Crawford, J. (1996). Dirty, diseased and undeserving: the positioning of HIV positive women. Social Science and Medicine, 43(9), 1371-1377.
32. Lichtenstein, B. (2008). 'Exemplary elders', stigma, stereotypes and sexually transmitted infections among older African Americans. Current Sociology, 56(1), 99-114.
33. Liefooghe, R., Michiels, N., Habib, S., Moran, M. B., & de Muynck, A. (1995). Perception and social consequences of tuberculosis: A focus-group study of tuberculosis patients in Sialkot, Pakistan. Social Science and Medicine, 41(12), 1685-1692.
34. Link, B. G., & Phelan, J. C. (2001). On stigma and its public health implications. Annual Review of Sociology, 27, 363-385.
35. Macq, J., Solis, A., & Martinez, G. (2006). Assessing the stigma of tuberculosis. Psychology, Health & Medicine, 11(3), 346-352.
36. Mak, W. W. S., Mo, P. K. H., Cheung, R. Y. M., Woo, J., Cheung, F. M., & Lee, D. (2006). Comparative stigma of HIV/AIDS, SARS, and tuberculosis in Hong Kong. Social Science and Medicine, 63, 1912-1922.
37. Maurya, V., Vijayan, V. K., & Shah, A. (2002). Smoking and tuberculosis: An association overlooked. International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, 6(11), 942-951.
38. Møller, V. (2008). Destigmatising TB in the time of HIV/AIDS: Attitudes, beliefs and recommendations from an Eastern Cape community. Research Report No. 15, Institute of Social and Economic Research, Grahamstown, South Africa.
39. Møller, V., & Erstad, I. (2007). Stigma associated with tuberculosis in a time of HIV/AIDS: Narratives from the Eastern Cape, South Africa. South African Review of Sociology, 38(2), 103-119.
40. Morojele, N. K., Kachieng'a, M. A., Mokoko, E., Nkoko, M. A., Parry, C. D. H., Nkowane, A. M., et al. (2006). Alcohol use and sexual behaviour among risky drinkers and bar and shebeen patrons in Gauteng province, South Africa. Social Science and Medicine, 62(1), 217-227.
41. Naidoo, P., Dick, J., & Cooper, D. (2009). Exploring tuberculosis patients' adherence to treatment regimens and prevention programs at a public health site. Qualitative Health Research, 19(1), 55-70.
42. Nichter, M. (1994). Illness semantics and international health: the weak lungs/TB complex in the Philippines. Social Science and Medicine, 38(5), 649-663.
43. Packard, R. M. (1992). Industrialization, rural poverty, and tuberculosis in South Africa, 1850-1950. In S. Feierman & J. M. Janzen (Eds.), The social basis of health: Healing in Africa (pp. 104-129). Berkeley: University of California Press.
44. Parker, R., & Aggleton, P. (2003). HIV and AIDS-related stigma and discrimination: A conceptual framework and implications for action. Social Science and Medicine, 57, 13-24.
45. Parry, C. D. H. (2005). South Africa: Alcohol today. Addiction, 100(4), 426-429.
46. Raj, A., Reed, E., Santana, M. C., Walley, A. Y., Welles, S. L., Horsburgh, C. R., et al. (2009). The associations of binge alcohol use with HIV/STI risk and diagnosis among heterosexual African American men. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 101(1-2), 101-106.
47. Reidpath, D. D., & Chan, K. Y. (2005). A method for the quantitative analysis of the layering of HIV-related stigma. AIDS Care, 17(4), 425-432.
48. Schmidt, C. W. (2008). Linking TB and the environment. Environmental Health Perspectives, 116(11), A478-A485.
49. Smith, R. (2007). Media depictions of health topics: Challenge and stigma formats. Journal of Health Communication, 12(3), 233-249.
50. Somma, D., Thomas, B. E., Karim, F., Kemp, J., Arias, N., Auer, C., et al. (2008). Gender and socio-cultural determinants of TB-related stigma in Bangladesh, India, Malawi and Colombia. International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, 12(7), 856-866.
51. South African Institute of Race Relations (SAIRR). (2008): South Africa Survey 2007/2008. Johannesburg.
52. Stein, J. (2003). HIV/AIDS stigma: The latest dirty secret. Centre for Social Science Research Working Paper No. 46. University of Cape Town.
53. Steinberg, J. (2008). Three-letter plague. Johannesburg: Jonathan Ball Publishers.
54. van Brakel, W. (2006). Measuring health-related stigma: A literature review. Psychology, Health & Medicine, 11(3), 307-334.
55. van Rie, A., Sengupta, S., Pungrassami, P., Balthip, Q., Choonuan, S., Kasetjaroen, Y., et al. (2008). Measuring stigma associated with tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS in southern Thailand: Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses of two new scales. Tropical Medicine and International Health, 13(1), 21-30.
56. Ware, N. C., Wyatt, M. A., & Tugenberg, T. (2005). Adherence, stereotyping and unequal HIV treatment for active users of illegal drugs. Social Science and Medicine, 61(3), 565-576.
57. Westaway, M. S., & Wolmarans, L. (1994). Cognitive and affective reactions of black urban South Africans towards tuberculosis. Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, 75(6), 447-453.
58. World Health Organisation (WHO). (2009). Global tuberculosis control WHO report. South Africa country profile. www. who. int/entity/tb/publications/globel_report/en/ (accessed 30 September 2009).
59. Zuger, A. (1999). Barhopping can be a risk for TB. Journal Watch, 1 November.