Social movements and large-scale tropical forest protection on the Amazon frontier: Conservation from chaos

Journal of Environment and Development

Volumn 19, Issue 3, 2010, Pages 274-299

  Schwartzman, Stephan ^a   Alencar, Ane ^b   Zarin, Hilary ^b   Souza, Ana Paula Santos ^c  

^a ENVIRONMENTAL DEFENSE FUND   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA   (United States)

^c Fundação Viver Produzir e Preservar   (Brazil)

Author keywords

Amazon; forest conservation; protected areas; social movements

Indexed keywords

CONSERVATION MANAGEMENT; ENVIRONMENTALISM; INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION; PROTECTED AREA; SOCIAL MOVEMENT; SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT; TROPICAL FOREST;

AMAZONIA; BRAZIL; XINGU RIVER;

EID: 77955744609     PISSN: 10704965     EISSN: 15525465     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/1070496510367627     Document Type: Article

References (67)

1. Abreu, K. (2009). Desmatamento zero, sem arreglo. Folha de São Paulo [Deforestation zero, without compromise. Folha de São Paulo]. Retrieved October 19, 2009, from http://www.1.folha.uol.com.br/fsp/opiniao/fz1910200908.htm.
2. Agrawal, A. (2005). Community, intimate government, and the making of environmental subjects in Kumaon, India. Current Anthropology, 46, 161-190.
3. Alcorn, J. (2005). Dances around the fire: Conservation organizations and community-based natural resource management In J. P. Brosius, A. L. Tsing, & C. Zerner (Eds.), Communities and conservation (pp. 37-68). Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
4. Alencar, A., Nepstad, D., McGrath, D., Moutinho, P., Pacheco, P., Vera Diaz, M.D.C.et al.(2004). Desmatamento na Amazônia: Indo além da emergência crónica [Deforestation in the Amazon: Going beyond chronic emergency]. Belém, Brazil: Instituto de Pesquisa Ambiental na Amazônia (IPAM).
5. Alencar, A.et al.O Desenvolvimento que Queremos: Ordenamento Territorial da Br-163, Baixo Amazonas, Transamazonica e Xingu (IPAM, ISA, FVPP, FETAGRI-BAM, FORMAD, FVPP, CEFTBAM, Forum dos Movimentos Sociais da BR-163, GTA, Santarem, Brazil, 2004).
6. Allegretti, M.H. (1998). Chico Mendes ten years before. In S. Schwartzman (Ed.), From the ashes: Reflections on Chico Mendes and the future of the rainforest. Washington, DC: Environmental Defense Fund.
7. Allegretti, M.H. (2002). A construção social de políticas ambientais: Chico Mendes e o movimento dos seringueiros [The social construction of environmental policies: Chico Mendes and the movement of rubber]. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil.
8. Arnt, R. (1998). Ten years with Chico. From the ashes reflections on Chico Mendes and the future of the rainforest. Washington, DC: Environmental Defense Fund.
9. Berkes, F. (2004). Rethinking community-based conservation. Conservation Biology, 18, 621-630.
10. Brosius, J. P., Tsing, A. L, & Zerner, C. (Eds.). (2005). Communities and conservation: Histories and politics of community-based natural resource management. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
11. Brysk, A. (2000). From tribal village to global village: Indian rights and international relations in Latin America. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
12. Campos, M. (2006). New footprints in the forest: Environmental knowledge, management practices, and social mobilization among Colonos from the Transamazon Region. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Department of Philosophy, Yale University.
13. Campos, M., & Nepstad, D. (2006). Smallholders, the Amazon's new conservationists. Conservation Biology, 20, 1553-1556.
14. Carneiro da Cunha, M., & Almeida, M.B. (2004). In A. Veríssimo, A. Moreira, D. Sawyer, I. dos Santos, L.P. Pinto, & J. P. R. Capobianco, (Eds.), Biodiversity in the Brazilian Amazon. São Paulo, Brazil: Estação Liberdade & Instituto Socioambiental.
15. Carneiro Filho, A., & Souza, O.B. (2009). Atlas de pressões e ameaças as terras indígenas da Amazonía brasileira [Atlas of pressures and threats to indigenous lands in the Brazilian Amazon]. Retrieved March, 18, 2010, from http://www.socioambiental.org/banco_imagens/pdfs/AtlasofPressuresandThreatstoIndigenousLandsintheBrazilianAmazon.pdf.
16. Chape, S., Blyth, S., Fish, L., Fox, P., & Spalding M. (2003). 2003 United Nations list of protected areas. Cambridge, UK: IUCN World Conservation Union, UNEP WCMC. Retrieved March, 18, 2010, from http://www.unep-wcmc.org/wdpa/unlist/2003_UN_LIST.pdf.
17. Chapin, M. (2004, November/December). A challenge to conservationists. World Watch, 17, 17-31.
18. Chase-Smith, R. (2005). Can David and Goliath have a happy marriage? The Machiguenga people and the Camisea Gas Project in the Peruvian Amazon. In J.P. Brosius, A. L. Tsing, & C. Zerner (Eds.), Communities and conservation (pp. 231-270). Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
19. Colchester, M. (2000). Self-determination or environmental determinism for indigenous peoples in tropical forest conservation. Conservation Biology, 14, 1365-1367.
20. Conklin, B., & Graham, L. (1995). The shifting middle ground: Amazonian Indians and ecopolitics. American Anthropologist, 97, 695-710.
21. Environmental Defense Fund. (2005). Illegal Land Occupation (grilagem) and expulsion of traditional communities in the Middle Xingu. New York: Author.
22. Environmental Defense Fund. (2009). Monitoring deforestation in the reserve mosaic of the Terra do Meio and the indigenous territories of the Xingu protected areas corridor: 2004-2008. New York: Author.
23. Environmental Defense Fund. (2009a). Brazil national and state REDD. New York: Author. www.edf.org/10438_Brazil_national_and-state_REDD_report.pdf.
24. Escobar, A. (1998). Whose knowledge, whose nature? Biodiversity, conservation, and the political ecology of social movements. Journal of Political Ecology, 5, 53-82.
25. Faleiros, Airton, 1994, A Readequação do Projeto Sindical Rural, Reforma Agrdria Vol.24,. No.1, pp.27-35.
26. Fearnside, Phillip. (1985). A stochastic model for estimating human carrying capacity in Brazil's Transamazon Highway colonization area. Human Ecology, 13, 331-369.
27. Fearnside, P.M. (2003). Conservation policy in Brazilian Amazonia: Understanding the dilemmas. World Development, 31, 757-779.
28. Fried, Stephanie. (2000). Tropical forests forever? A contextual ecology of Bentian rattan agroforestry systems. In Charles Zerner (Ed). (2000) People, plants and justice: The politics of nature conservation. Columbia University Press, New York.
29. Gomes, F.A. (1972). A transamazônica: A redescoberta do Brasil [Transamazônica: The rediscovery of Brazil]. São Paulo, Brazil: Editoria Livraria Cultura.
30. Hecht, S., & Cockburn, A. (1989). The fate of the forest: Developers, destroyers, and defenders of the Amazon. London: Verso.
31. Hemming, J. (2003). Die if you must: Brazilian Indians in the twentieth century. London: Macmillan.
32. Hochstetler, K., & Keck, M.E. (2007). Greening Brazil: Environmental activisim in state and society. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
33. Instituto Socioambiental. (2000). Amazônia Brasileira 2000. Coordination, Alicia Rolla [Brazilian Amazon 2000. Coordination, Alicia Rolla]. São Paulo, Brazil: Instituto Socioambeintal.
34. Instituto Socioambiental. (2003). Projeto realização de estudos preliminares e formulação de uma proposta técnica para a implantacão de um mosáico de unidades de conservação no médio Xingu [Project studies and preliminary design of a technical proposal for the establishment of a mosaic of protected areas in the middle Xingu.]. São Paulo, Brazil: Instituto Socioambiental.
35. Instituto Socioambiental. (2009). Amazônia Brasileira 2009. Coordination, Alicia Rolla [Brazilian Amazon 2009. Coordination, Alicia Rolla]. São Paulo, Brazil: Instituto Socioambeintal.
36. Keck, M.E. (1992). The workers' party and democratization in Brazil. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
37. Keck, M.E., & Sikkink, K. (1998). Activists beyond borders: Advocacy networks in international politics. Cornell University Press.
38. Leroy, J.P. (1991). Uma chama na Amazônia [A flame in the Amazon]. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: Vozes.
39. Li, T.M. (2000). Articulating indigenous identity in Indonesia: Resource politics and the tribal slot [Berkeley Workshop on Environmental Politics]. Society for Comparative Study of Society and History, 42, 149-179.
40. Li, T. (2005). Engaging simplifications: Community-based natural resource management, market processes, and state agendas in upland Southeast Asia. In J. Brosius, A. L. Tsing, & C. Zerner (Eds.), Communities and conservation (pp. 427-457). Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
41. Little, P.E. (2001). Amazonia: Territorial struggles on perennial frontiers. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
42. Moran, E.F. (1984). Colonization in the Transamazon and Rondônia. In M. Schmink & C.H. Wood (Eds.), Frontier expansion in Amazonia (pp. 285-303). Gainesville: University of Florida Press.
43. Moviemento Pelo Desenvolvimento da Transamazônica e Xingu. (2001). SOS Xingu-Um chamamento ao bom senso sobre o represamento de rios na Amazônia [SOS Xingu, a call to common sense about the damming of rivers in the Amazon]. Retrieved March 18, 2010, from http://www.riosvivos.org.br/canal.php?mat=236.
44. Naughton-Treves, L., Holland, M.B., & Brandon, K. (2005). The role of protected areas in conserving biodiversity and sustaining local livelihoods. Annual Review of Environmental Resource, 30, 219-252.
45. Nepstad, D., Schwartzman, S., Bamberger, B., Santilli, M., Ray, D., Schlesinger, P.,et al.(2006). Inhibition of Amazon deforestation and fire by parks and indigenous lands. Conservation Biology, 20, 65-73.
46. Nepstad, D., Soares-Filho, B.S., Merry, F., Lima, A., Moutinho, P., Carter, J.,et al.(2009). The end of deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon. Science, 326, 1350-1351.
47. Noticias Socioambientais. (2006). O desafio da regulamentacao fundiara na Terra do Meio [The challenge of regulating land in Terra do Meio]. Retrieved March 18, 2010, from http://socioambiental.org/noticias/nsa/detalhe?id=2336.
48. Presidência da República, Casa Civil. (2004). Plano de ação para prevenção e controle do desmatamento na Amazônia legal [Action plan for prevention and control of deforestation in the Amazon]. Retrieved June 19, 2008, from www.planalto.gov.br/casacivil/desmat.pdf.
49. Rojas, B. (2009, September). REDD in indigenous territories of the Amazon Basin. New York: Environmental Defense Fund. Retrieved March 18, 2010, from http://www.edf.org/documents/10782_REDD_ISA_Indigenous_Territories.pdf.
50. Romero, C., & Andrade, G.I. (2004). International conservation organizations and the fate of local tropical forest conservation initiatives. Conservation Biology, 18, 578-580.
51. Sauer, S. (2005). Violação dos direitos humanos na Amazônia: Conflito e violência na fronteira paraense [Human rights violations in the Amazon: Conflict and violence in the State of Pará]. Goiania, Brazil: Comissão Pastoral da Terra.
52. Schmink, M., & Wood, C.H. (1992). Contested frontiers in Amazonia. New York: Columbia University Press.
53. Schwartzman, S., & Zimmerman, B. (2005). Conservation alliances with indigenous peoples of the Amazon. Conservation Biology, 19, 721-727.
54. Skidmore, T.E. (1988). The politics of military rule in Brazil, 1964-1985. New York: Oxford University Press.
55. Slater, C. (2000). Justice for whom? Contemporary images of Amazonia. In C. Zerner (Ed.), People, plants, & justice: The politics of nature conservation (pp. 67-82). New York: Columbia University Press.
56. Smith, N. (1982). Rainforest corridors. The Transamazon colonization scheme. Berekeley: University of California Press.
57. Soares-Filho, B.S., Nepstad, D.C., Curran. L. M., Cerqueira, G.C., Garcia, R.A., Azevedo Ramos, C.,et al.(2006). Modelling conservation in the Amazon basin. Nature, 440, 520-523.
58. Souza, A.P.S. (2006). O desenvolvimento socioambiental na Transamazônica: A trajetória de um discurso a muitas vozes [The environmental development in Trans: The trajectory of a speech to the many voices]. Unpublished master's thesis, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil.
59. Telles de Valle, R. (2010). 2010 pode aprofundar retrocesso na política socioambiental brasileira [2010 may further setback in Brazilian environmental policy]. Direto do ISA. São Paulo, Brazil: Instituto Socioambiental. Retrieved March 18, 2010, from www.socioambiental.org.
60. Terborgh, J. (2000). The fate of tropical forests: A matter of stewardship. Conservation Biology, 14, 1358-1361.
61. Toni, F. (1999). State-society relations on the agricultural frontier: The struggle for credit in the Transamazônica region. Doctoral dissertation, University of Florida.
62. Velho, O.G. (1972). Frentes de expansão e estrutura agrária [Fronts expansion and agrarian structure]. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: Zahar Editores.
63. Viveros de Castro, E. (2006). No Brasil, Todo Mundo é Índio, Exceto Quem não é [In Brazil, everyone is Indian, save who is]. In Povos Indígenas no Brasil (pp. 44-54). São Paulo, Brazil: Instituto Socioambiental. Editor: Instituto Socioambiental.
64. West, P. (2005). Translation, value, and space: Theorizing an ethnographic and engaged environmental anthropology. American Anthropologist, 107, 632-642.
65. World Bank. (2010). Assessment of the risk of Amazon dieback. Environmental and socially sustainable development department, Latin America and Caribbean region. Washington, DC: Author.
66. Zerner, C. (Ed.). (2000). People, plants, & justice: The politics of nature conservation. New York: Columbia University Press.
67. Zhouri, A. (2004). Global-Local Amazon politics: Conflicting paradigms in the rainforest campaign. Theory Culture Society, 21, 69-89.