Emerging and re-emerging viruses of the honey bee (Apis mellifera L.)

Veterinary Research

Volumn 41, Issue 6, 2010, Pages

  Genersch, Elke ^a   Aubert, Michel ^b  

^a Institute for Bee Research   (Germany)

^b NONE   (France)

Author keywords

Bee virus; Honey bee; Paralysis; Wing deformity

Indexed keywords

ACARI; ACUTE BEE PARALYSIS VIRUS; APIS MELLIFERA; APOIDEA; DEFORMED WING VIRUS; DICISTROVIRIDAE; KASHMIR BEE VIRUS; VARROA; VARROA DESTRUCTOR;

ANIMAL; BEE; DICISTROVIRIDAE; HOST PARASITE INTERACTION; HOST PATHOGEN INTERACTION; PARASITOLOGY; PHYSIOLOGY; REVIEW; VARROIDAE; VIROLOGY;

ANIMALS; BEES; DICISTROVIRIDAE; HOST-PARASITE INTERACTIONS; HOST-PATHOGEN INTERACTIONS; VARROIDAE;

EID: 77955681293     PISSN: 09284249     EISSN: 12979716     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1051/vetres/2010027     Document Type: Review

References (135)

1. Akratanakul P., Burgett M., Varroa jacobsoni: a prospective pest of honeybees in many parts of the world, Bee World (1975) 56:119-121.
2. Allen M. F., Ball B. V., Characterisation and serological relationships of strains of Kashmir bee virus, Ann. Appl. Biol. (1995) 126:471-484.
3. Allen M. F., Ball B. V., The incidence and world distribution of honey bee viruses, Bee World (1996) 77:141-162. (Pubitemid 126323066)
4. Anderson D. L., Pathologist report, New Zealand Beekeeper (1988) 199:12-15, 585-589.
5. Anderson D. L., Gibbs A. J., Inapparent virus infections and their interactions in pupae of the honey bee (Apis mellifera Linnaeus) in Australia, J. Gen. Virol. (1988) 69:1617-1625.
6. Anderson D. L., Kashmir bee virus - A relatively harmless virus of honey bee colonies, Am. Bee J. (1991) 131:767-771.
7. Aubert M., Impact of virus infection in honey bees, in: Aubert M., Ball B. V., Fries I., Moritz R. F. A., Milani N., Bernardinelli I. (Eds.), Virology and the honey bee, European Communities, Luxembourg, 2008, pp. 233-253.
8. Bailey L., Gibbs A. J., Woods R. D., Two viruses from adult honey bees (Apis mellifera Linnaeus), Virology (1963) 21:390-395.
9. Bailey L., Gibbs A. J., Acute infection of bees with paralysis virus, J. Insect Pathol. (1964) 6:395-407.
10. Bailey L., The occurence of chronic and acute bee paralysis viruses in bees outside Britain, J. Invertebr. Pathol. (1965) 7:167-169.
11. Bailey L., The incidence of virus diseases in the honey bee, Ann. Appl. Biol. (1967) 60:43-48.
12. Bailey L., Recent research on honey bee viruses, Bee World (1975) 56:55-64.
13. Bailey L., Ball B. V., Woods R. D., An iridovirus from bees, J. Gen. Virol. (1976) 31:459-461.
14. Bailey L., Woods R. D., Two more small RNA viruses from honey bees and further observations on sacbrood and acute bee-paralysis viruses, J. Gen. Virol. (1977) 37:175-182. (Pubitemid 8197754)
15. Bailey L., Carpenter J. M., Woods R. D., Egypt bee virus and Australian isolates of Kashmir bee virus, J. Gen. Virol. (1979) 43:641-647. (Pubitemid 9206321)
16. Bailey L., Ball B. V., Perry J. N., The prevalence of viruses of honey bees in Britain, Ann. Appl. Biol. (1981) 97:109-118.
17. Bailey L., Ball B. V., Perry J. N., Honeybee paralysis: its natural spread and its diminished incidence in England and Wales, J. Apicult. Res. (1983) 22:191-195.
18. Bailey L., Ball B. V., Honey bee pathology, Academic Press, London, 1991.
19. Bakonyi T., Farkas R., Szendroi A., Dobos-Kovacs M., Rusvai M., Detection of acute bee paralysis virus by RT-PCR in honey bee and Varroa destructor field samples: rapid screening of representative Hungarian apiaries, Apidologie (2002) 33:63-74. (Pubitemid 34184406)
20. Ball B. V., The association of Varroa jacobsoni with virus diseases of honey bees, Exp. Appl. Acarol. (1983) 19:607-613.
21. Ball B. V., Acute paralysis virus isolates from honeybee, Apis mellifera, colonies infested with Varroa jacobsoni, J. Apicult. Res. (1985) 24:115-119.
22. Ball B. V., Allen M. E., The prevalence of pathogens in honey bee (Apis mellifera) colonies infested with the parasitic mite Varroa jacobsoni, Ann. Appl. Biol. (1988) 113:237-244.
23. Ball B. V., Varroa jacobsoni as a virus vector, in: Cavalloro R. (Ed.), Present status of varroatosis in Europe and progress in the varroa mite control, Udine, Italy, 1989, pp. 241-244.
24. Ball B. V., The damaging effects of Varroa jacobsoni, in: Matheson A. (Ed.), Living with Varroa, International Bee Research Association, Cardiff, 1993, pp. 9-16.
25. Ball B. V., Honey bee viruses: a cause for concern?, Bee World (1996) 77:117-119. (Pubitemid 126323063)
26. Ball B. V., Bailey L., Viruses, in: Morse R. A., Flottum K. (Eds.), Honey bee pests, predators and diseases, A. I. Root, Medina, Ohio, 1997, pp. 11-31.
27. Batuev Y. M., New information about viral paralysis, Pchelovodstvo (1979) 7:10-11 (in Russian).
28. Bekesi L., Ball B. V., Dobos-Kovacs M., Bakonyi T., Rusvai M., Occurrence of acute paralysis virus of the honey bee (Apis mellifera) in a Hungarian apiary infested with the parasitic mite Varroa jacobsoni, Acta Vet. Hung. (1999) 47:319-324. (Pubitemid 129602391)
29. Berenyi O., Bakonyi T., Derakhshifar I., Köglberger H., Nowotny N., Occurence of six honeybee viruses in diseased Austrian apiaries, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. (2006) 72:2414-2420.
30. Blanchard P., Schurr F., Celle O., Cougoule N., Drajnudel P., Thiery R., et al., First detection of Israeli acute paralysis virus (IAPV) in France, a dicistrovirus affecting honeybees (Apis mellifera), J. Invertebr. Pathol. (2008) 99:348-350.
31. Bowen-Walker P. L., Martin S. J., Gunn A., The transmission of deformed wing virus between honeybees (Apis mellifera L.) by the ectoparasitic mite Varroa jacobsoni Oud., J. Invertebr. Pathol. (1999) 73:101-106. (Pubitemid 129498857)
32. Brodsgaard G., Ritter J. W., Hansen H., Brodsgaard H. F., Interactions among Varroa jacobsoni mites, acute bee paralysis virus, and Paenibacillus larvae and their influence on mortality of larval honey bees in vitro, Apidologie (2000) 31:543-554. (Pubitemid 30627467)
33. Brown M., Overview of the regulatory framework for apiculture, in: Aubert M., Ball B. V., Fries I., Moritz R. F. A., Milani N., Bernardinelli I. (Eds.), Virology and the honey bee, European Communities, Luxembourg, 2008, pp. 371-420.
34. Bruce W. A., Anderson D. L., Calderone N. W., Shimanuki H., A survey for Kashmir bee virus in honey bee colonies in the United States, Am. Bee J. (1995) 135:352-355.
35. Burnside C. E., The cause of paralysis of honey bees, Am. Bee J. (1945) 85:354-363.
36. Calderon R. A., van Heen J., Arce G. A., Esquivel M. E., Presence of deformed wing virus and Kashmir bee virus in Africanized honey bee colonies in Costa Rica infested with Varroa destructor, Bee World (2003) 84:112-116. (Pubitemid 37171765)
37. Chantawannakul P., Ward L., Boonham N., Brown M., A scientific note on the detection of honeybee viruses using real-time PCR (TaqMan) in Varroa mites collected from a Tai honeybee (Apis mellifera) apiary, J. Invertebr. Pathol. (2006) 91:69-73. (Pubitemid 43003834)
38. Chen Y. P., Pettis J. S., Evans J., Kramer M., Feldlaufer M. F., Transmission of Kashmir bee virus by the ectoparasitic mite Varroa destructor, Apidologie (2004) 35:441-448. (Pubitemid 39059045)
39. Chen Y. P., Higgins J. A., Feldlaufer M. F., Quantitative real-time reverse transcription-PCR analysis of deformed wing virus infection in the honeybee (Apis mellifera L.), Appl. Environ. Microbiol. (2005) 71:436-441.
40. Chen Y. P., Pettis J. S., Feldlaufer M. F., Detection of multiple viruses in queens of the honey bee Apis mellifera L., J. Invertebr. Pathol. (2005) 90:118-121.
41. Chen Y. P., Evans J., Feldlaufer M. F., Horizontal and vertical transmission of viruses in the honey bee, Apis mellifera, J. Invertebr. Pathol. (2006) 92:152-159. (Pubitemid 44015792)
42. Chen Y. P., Evans J. D., Historical presence of Israeli acute paralysis virus in the United States, Am. Bee J. (2007) 147:1027-1028.
43. Christian P., Carstens E., Domier L., Johnson K., Nakashima N., Scotti P., van der Wilk F., Genus "Cricket paralysis-like viruses", in: van Regenmortel M. H. V., Fauquet C. M., Bishop D. H. L., Carstens E. B., Estes M. K., Lemon S. M., et al. (Eds.), Virus taxonomy. Seventh report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses, Academic Press, San Diego, 2000, pp. 678-683.
44. Christian P. D., Scotti P. D., Picorna-like viruses of insects, in: Miller L. K., Ball L. A. (Eds.), The insect viruses, Plenum Publishing Corporation, New York, 1998, pp. 301-336.
45. Cox-Foster D. L., Conlan S., Holmes E. C., Palacios G., Evans J. D., Moran N. A., et al., A metagenomic survey of microbes in honey bee colony collapse disorder, Science (2007) 318:283-287. (Pubitemid 47574857)
46. Dainat B., Ken T., Berthoud H., Neumann P., The ectoparasitic mite Tropilaelaps mercedesae (Acari, Laelapidae) as a vector of honeybee viruses, Insectes Soc. (2009) 56:40-43.
47. Dall D. J., Inapparent infection of honey bee pupae by Kashmir and sacbrood bee viruses in Australia, Ann. Appl. Biol. (1985) 106:461-468.
48. Dall D. J., Multiplication of Kashmir bee virus in pupae of the honey bee, Apis mellifera, J. Invertebr. Pathol. (1987) 49:279-290.
49. De Jong D., De Jong P. H., Goncalves L. S., Weight loss and other damage to developing worker honey bees from infestation with Varroa jacobsoni, J. Apicult. Res. (1982) 21:165-167.
50. De Miranda J., Cordoni G., Budge G., The acute bee paralysis virus - Kashmir bee virus - Israeli acute paralysis virus complex, J. Invertebr. Pathol. (2010) 103: S30-S47.
51. De Miranda J., Genersch E., Deformed wing virus, J. Invertebr. Pathol. (2010) 103: S48-S61.
52. De Miranda J. R., Fries I., Venereal and vertical transmission of deformed wing virus in honeybees (Apis mellifera L.), J. Invertebr. Pathol. (2008) 98:184-189.
53. Deredec A., Courchamp F., Extinction thresholds in host-parasite dynamics, Ann. Zool. Fenn. (2003) 40:115-130. (Pubitemid 36639669)
54. Donovan B. J., Interactions between native and introduced bees in New Zealand, N. Z. J. Ecol. (1980) 3:104-116.
55. Ellis J. D., Munn P. A., The worldwide health status of honey bees, Bee World (2005) 86:88-101.
56. Ellis J. D., Hepburn H. R., An ecological digest of the small hive beetle (Aethina tumida), a symbiont in honey bee colonies (Apis mellifera), Insectes Soc. (2006) 53:8-19. (Pubitemid 43305549)
57. Elzen P. J., Baxter J. R., Westervelt D., Randall C., Delaplane K. S., Cutts L., Wilson W. T., Field control and biology studies of a new pest species, Aethina tumida Murray (Coleoptera, Nitidulidae), attacking European honey bees in the Western Hemisphere, Apidologie (1999) 30:361-366. (Pubitemid 129578886)
58. Evans J. D., Beepath: an ordered quantitative-PCR array for exploring honey bee immunity and disease, J. Invertebr. Pathol. (2006) 93:135-139.
59. Eyer M., Chen Y. P., Schafer M. O., Pettis J., Neumann P., Small hive beetle, Aethina tumida, as a potential biological vector of honey bee viruses, Apidologie (2009) 40:419-428.
60. Faucon J.-P., Paralysie chronique ou maladie noire, in: CNEVA (Ed.), Précis de pathologie: connaître et traiter les maladies et abeilles, CNEVA-FNOSAD, 1992, pp. 204-212.
61. Faucon J. P., Vitu C, Russo P., Vignoni M., Diagnosis of acute paralysis - application to epidemic honey bee diseases in France during 1990, Apidologie (1992) 23:139-146. (Pubitemid 23398031)
62. Faucon J. P, Vitu C, Russo P., Vignoni M., Diagnostic de la paralysie aiguë: application à l'épidémiologie des maladies virales en France en 1990, Apidologie (1992) 23:139-146. (Pubitemid 23398031)
63. Fievet J., Tentcheva D., Gauthier L., De Miranda J. R., Cousserans F., Colin M. E., Bergoin M., Localization of deformed wing virus infection in queen, drone Apis mellifera L., Virol. J. (2006) 3:16. (Pubitemid 43885351)
64. Forgach P., Bakonyi T., Tapaszti S., Nowotny N., Rusvai M., Prevalence of pathogenic bee viruses in Hungarian apiaries: situation before joining the European Union, J. Invertebr. Pathol. (2008) 2008:98-238.
65. Forsgren E., de Miranda J. R., Isaksson M., Wei S., Fries I., Deformed wing virus associated with Tropilaelaps mercedesae infesting European honey bees (Apis mellifera), Exp. Appl. Acarol. (2009) 47:87-97.
66. Fries I., Camazine S., Sneyd J., Population dynamics of Varroa jacobsoni: a model and a review, Bee World (1994) 75:5-28. (Pubitemid 2055942)
67. Fries I., Camazine S., Implications of horizontal and vertical pathogen transmission for honeybee epidemiology, Apidologie (2001) 32:199-214. (Pubitemid 32606080)
68. Fries I., Imdorf A., Rosenkranz P., Survival of mite infested (Varroa destructor) honey bee (Apis mellifera) colonies in a Nordic climate, Apidologie (2006) 37:564-570. (Pubitemid 44837462)
69. Fujiyuki T., Takeuchi H., Ono M., Ohka S., Sasaki T., Nomoto A., Kubo T., Novel insect picorna-like virus identified in the brains of aggressive worker honeybees, J. Virol. (2004) 78:1093-1100. (Pubitemid 38095819)
70. Gauthier L., Tentcheva D., Tournaire M., Dainat B., Cousserans F., Colin M. E., Bergoin M., Viral load estimation in asymptomatic honey bee colonies using the quantitative RT-PCR technique, Apidologie (2007) 38:426-435.
71. Genersch E., Yue C., Fries I., de Miranda J. R., Detection of deformed wing virus, a honey bee viral pathogen, in bumble bees (Bombus terrestris and Bombus pascuorum) with wing deformities, J. Invertebr. Pathol. (2006) 91:61-63. (Pubitemid 43003832)
72. Gisder S., Aumeier P., Genersch E., Deformed wing virus (DWV): viral load and replication in mites (Varroa destructor), J. Gen. Virol. (2009) 90:463-467.
73. Goulson D., Effects of introduced bees on native ecosystems, Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. (2003) 2003:34-26. (Pubitemid 38171411)
74. Gregory P. G., Evans J. D., Rinderer T. E., de Guzman L., Conditional immune gene suppression of honeybees parasitized by varroa mites, J. Insect Sci. (2005) 5:1-5. (Pubitemid 40548646)
75. Hails R. S., Ball B. V., Genersch E., Infection strategies of insect viruses, in: Aubert M., Ball B. V., Fries I., Moritz R. F. A., Milani N., Bernardinelli I. (Eds.), Virology and the honey bee, European Communities, Luxembourg, 2008, pp. 255-275.
76. Hepburn H. R., Radloff S. E., Honeybees in Africa. (Eds.), Springer Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1998, p. 370.
77. Hood M. W., The small hive beetle, Aethina tumida: a review, Bee World (2004) 85:51-59. (Pubitemid 39351105)
78. Hung A. C., Shimanuki H., Knox D. A., Inapparent infection of acute paralysis virus and Kashmir bee virus in the U. S. honey bees, Am. Bee J. (1996) 136:874-876. (Pubitemid 126345042)
79. Hung A. C., Shimanuki H., Knox D. V., The role of viruses in bee parasitic mite syndrome, Am. Bee J. (1996) 136:731-732. (Pubitemid 126342608)
80. Hung A. C., Peng C. Y. S., Shimanuki H., Nucleotide sequence variation in Kashmir bee virus isolated from Apis mellifera L. and Varroa jacobsoni Oud., Apidologie (2000) 31:17-23. (Pubitemid 30106314)
81. Hung A. C. F., Adams J. R., Shimanuki H., Bee parasitic mite syndrome: II. The role of Varroa mite and viruses, Am. Bee J. (1995) 135:702.
82. Hung A. C. F., Ball B. V., Adams J. R., Shimanuki H., Knox D. A., A scientific note on the detection of American strains of acute paralysis virus and Kashmir bee virus in dead bees in one US honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) colony, Apidologie (1996) 27:55-56.
83. Johnson R. M., Evans J. D., Robinson G. E., Berenbaum M. R., Changes in transcript abundance relating to colony collapse disorder in honey bees (Apis mellifera), Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (2009) 106:14790-14795.
84. Koch W., Ritter W., Experimental examinations concerning the problem of deformed emerging bees after infestation with Varroa jacobsoni, J. Vet. Med. B (1991) 38:337-344.
85. Kulincevic J., Ball B. V., Mladjan V., Viruses in honey bee colonies infested with Varroa jacobsoni: first findings in Yugoslavia, Acta Vet. (1990) 40:37-42.
86. Le Conte Y., de Vaublanc G., Crauser D., Jeanne F., Rousselle J. C., Bécard J. M., Honey bee colonies that have survived Varroa destructor, Apidologie (2007) 38:566-572. (Pubitemid 351282139)
87. Li F., Ding S.-W., Virus counterdefense: diverse strategies for evading the RNA-silencing immunity, Annu. Rev. Microbiol. (2006) 60:503-531. (Pubitemid 44627959)
88. Lyon E., How to keep bees for profit, The Macmillan company, New York, 1920, pp. 1-329.
89. Maori E., Lavi S., Mozes-Koch R., Gantman Y., Edelbaum O., Tanne E., Sela I., Isolation and characterization of IAPV, a dicistrovirus affecting honeybees in Israel: evidence for intra- and inter-species recombination, J. Gen. Virol. (2007) 88:3428-3438.
90. Maori E., Paldi N., Shafir S., Kalev H., Tsur E., Glick E., Sela I., IAPV, a bee-affecting virus associated with colony collapse disorder can be silenced by dsRNA ingestion, Insect Mol. Biol. (2009) 18:55-60.
91. Marcangeli J., Monetti L., Fernandez N., Malformations produced by Varroa jacobsoni on Apis mellifera in the province of Buenos Aires, Argentina, Apidologie (1992) 23:399-402.
92. Martin S. J., The role of Varroa and viral pathogens in the collapse of honeybee colonies: a modelling approach, J. Appl. Ecol. (2001) 38:1082-1093.
93. Mayo M. A., Names of viruses and virus species - an editorial note, Arch. Virol. (2002) 147:1463-1464. (Pubitemid 34749779)
94. Mayo M. A., A summary of taxonomic changes recently approved by ICTV, Arch. Virol. (2002) 147:1655-1663.
95. Meister G., Tuschl T., Mechanisms of gene silencing by double-stranded RNA, Nature (2004) 431:343-349. (Pubitemid 39265674)
96. Mello C. C., Conte D. Jr, Revealing the world of RNA interference, Nature (2004) 431:338-342.
97. Navajas M., Migeon A., Alaux C., Martin-Magniette M. L., Robinson G. E., Evans J. D., et al., Differential gene expression of the honey bee Apis mellifera associated with Varroa destructor infection, BMC Genomics (2008) 9:301. (Pubitemid 351984741)
98. Neumann P., Elzen P. J., The biology of the small hive beetle (Aethina tumida, Coleoptera: Nitidulidae). Gaps in our knowledge of an invasive species, Apidologie (2004) 35:229-247. (Pubitemid 38729912)
99. Nielsen S. L., Nicolaisen M., Kryger P., Incidence of acute bee paralysis virus, black queen cell virus, chronic bee paralysis virus, deformed wing virus, Kashmir bee virus and sacbrood virus in honey bees (Apis mellifera) in Denmark, Apidologie (2008) 39:310-314. (Pubitemid 351760884)
100. Nordstrom S., Fries I., Aarhus A., Hansen H., Korpela S., Virus infections in Nordic honey bee colonies with no, low or severe Varroa jacobsoni infestations, Apidologie (1999) 30:475-484. (Pubitemid 129580999)
101. Nordstrom S., Virus infections and varroa mite infestations in honey bee colonies, Department of Entomology, 2000.
102. Obbard D. J., Gordon K. HJ., Buck A. H., Jiggins F. M., The evolution of RNAi as a defence against viruses and transposable elements, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B - Biol. Sci. (2009) 364:99-115.
103. Oldroyd B. P, What's killing American honey bees?, PLoS Biol. (2007) 5: e168.
104. Ongus J. R., Peters D., Bonmatin J.-M., Bengsch E., Vlak J. M., van Oers M. M., Complete sequence of a picorna-like virus of the genus Iflavirus replicating in the mite Varroa destructor, J. Gen. Virol. (2004) 85:3747-3755. (Pubitemid 39591882)
105. Palacios G., Hui J., Quan PL., Kalkstein A., Honkavuori K. S., Bussetti A. V., et al., Genetic analysis of Israel Acute Paralysis Virus: distinct clusters are circulating in the United States, J. Virol. (2008) 82:6209-6217. (Pubitemid 351875102)
106. Ribière M., Ball B. V, Aubert M., Natural history and geographic distribution of honey bee viruses, in: Aubert M., Ball B. V, Fries I., Moritz R. F. A., Milani N., Bernardinelli I. (Eds.), Virology and the honey bee, European Communities, Luxembourg, 2008, pp. 15-84.
107. Ritter W., Leclercq E., Koch W., Observation des populations d'abeilles et de Varroa dans les colonies à différents niveaux d'infestation, Apidologie (1984) 15:389-400.
108. Ritter W., Small hive beetle infestation, in: Manual of diagnostic tests and vaccines for terrestrial animals (mammals, birds, and bees), OIE, 2008, pp. 415-418.
109. Rortais A., Tentcheva D., Papachristoforou A., Gauthier L., Arnold G., Colin M. E., Bergoin M., Deformed wing virus is not related to honey bees' aggressiveness, Virol. J. (2006) 3: e61. (Pubitemid 44358496)
110. Rosenkranz P., Aumeier P., Ziegelmann B., Biology and control of Varroa destructor, J. Invertebr. Pathol. (2010) 103: S96-S119.
111. Sanpa S., Chantawannakul P., Survey of six bee viruses using RT-PCR in Northern Thailand, J. Invertebr. Pathol. (2009) 100:116-119.
112. Santillán-Galicia M. T., Carzaniga R., Ball B. V., Alderson P. G., Immunolocalization of deformed wing virus particles within the mite Varroa destructor, J. Gen. Virol. (2008) 89:1685-1689.
113. Shen M., Cui L., Ostiguy N., Cox-Foster D., Intricate transmission routes and interaction between picorna-like viruses (Kashmir bee virus and sacbrood virus) with the honey bee host and the parasitic varroa mite, J. Gen. Virol. (2005) 86:2281-2289. (Pubitemid 41057533)
114. Shen M., Yang X., Cox-Foster D., Cui L., The role of varroa mites in infections of Kashmir bee virus (KBV) and deformed wing virus (DWV) in honey bees, Virology (2005) 342:141-149. (Pubitemid 41531992)
115. Shimanuki H., Calderone N. W., Knox D. A., Parasitic mite syndrome: the symptoms, Am. Bee J. (1994) 134:827-828.
116. Siede R., Büchler R., First detection of Kashmir bee virus in Hesse, Berl. Münch. Tierärztl. Wochenschr. (2004) 117:12-15. (Pubitemid 38105704)
117. Siede R., Derakhshifar I., Otten C., Berenyi O., Bakonyi T., Koglberger H., Büchler R., Prevalence of Kashmir bee virus in Central Europe, J. Apicult. Res. (2005) 44:129. (Pubitemid 41453533)
118. Siede R., König M., Büchler R., Failing K., Thiel H. J., A real-time PCR based survey on acute bee paralysis virus in German bee colonies, Apidologie (2008) 39:650-661.
119. Stanghellini M. S., Ambrose J. T., Hopkins D. I., Bumble bee colonies as potential alternative hosts for the small hive beetle (Aethina tumida Murray), Am. Bee J. (2000) 140:71-75.
120. Sumpter D. J. T., Martin S. J., The dynamics of virus epidemics in Varroa-infested honey bee colonies, J. Anim. Ecol. (2004) 73:51-63.
121. Tentcheva D., Gauthier L., Jouve S., Canady-Rochelle L., Dainat B., Cousserans F., et al., Polymerase chain reaction detection of deformed wing virus (DWV) in Apis mellifera and Varroa destructor, Apidologie (2004) 35:431-439. (Pubitemid 39059044)
122. Tentcheva D., Gauthier L., Zappulla N., Dainat B., Cousserans F., Colin M. E., Bergoin M., Prevalence and seasonal variations of six bee viruses in Apis mellifera L. and Varroa destructor mite populations in France, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. (2004) 70:7185-7191. (Pubitemid 39643782)
123. Todd J., de Miranda J., Ball B. V., Incidence and molecular characterization of viruses found in dying New Zealand honey bee (Apis mellifera) colonies infested with Varroa destructor, Apidologie (2007) 38:354-367. (Pubitemid 350058503)
124. Valles S. M., Strong C. A., Oi D. H., Porter S. D., Pereira R. M., Vander Meer R. K., et al., Phenology, distribution, and host specificity of Solenopsis invicta virus-1, J. Invertebr. Pathol. (2007) 96:18-27.
125. VanEngelsdorp D., Meixner M. D., A historical review of managed honey bee populations in Europe and the United States and the factors that may affect them, J. Invertebr. Pathol. (2010) 103: S80-S95.
126. Voinnet O., Induction and suppression of RNA silencing: insights from viral infections, Nat. Rev. Genet. (2005) 6:206-220. (Pubitemid 40293031)
127. White P. J., Barriers to successful delivery of short interfering RNA after systemic administration, Clin. Exp. Pharm. Physiol. (2008) 35:1371-1376.
128. Wiegers F. P., Transmission of honeybee viruses by Varroa jacobsoni Oud, in: Cavalloro R. (Ed.), European research on varroatosis control, Balkema Publishers, Rotterdam, 1988, pp. 99-104.
129. Wikel S. K., Tick modulation of host immunity: an important factor in pathogen transmission, Int. J. Parasitol. (1999) 29:851-859.
130. Williams G. R., Rogers R. E. L., Kalkstein A. L., Taylor B. A., Shutler D., Ostiguy N., Deformed wing virus in western honey bees (Apis mellifera) from Atlantic Canada and the first description of an overtlyinfected emerging queen, J. Invertebr. Pathol. (2009) 101:77-79.
131. Yang X., Cox-Foster D. L., Impact of an ectoparasite on the immunity and pathology of an invertebrate: evidence for host immunosuppression and viral amplification, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (2005) 102:7470-7475. (Pubitemid 40740995)
132. Yang X., Cox-Foster D., Effects of parasitization by Varroa destructor on survivorship and physiological traits of Apis mellifera in correlation with viral incidence and microbial challenge, Parasitology (2007) 134:405-412. (Pubitemid 46208023)
133. Yue C., Genersch E., RT-PCR analysis of Deformed wing virus in honeybees (Apis mellifera) and mites (Varroa destructor), J. Gen. Virol. (2005) 86:3419-3424. (Pubitemid 41685176)
134. Yue C., Schröder M., Gisder S., Genersch E., Vertical transmission routes for deformed wing virus of honeybees (Apis mellifera), J. Gen. Virol. (2007) 88:2329-2336. (Pubitemid 47194232)
135. Zhang Q. S., Ongus J. R., Boot W. J., Calls J., Bonmatin J. M., Bengsch E., Peters D., Detection and localisation of picorna-like virus particles in tissues of Varroa destructor, an ectoparasite of the honey bee, Apis mellifera, J. Invertebr. Pathol. (2007) 96:97-105. (Pubitemid 47390700)