Discovery and Quantification of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation: The Importance of 25°N

Ocean Circulation: Mechanisms and Impacts - Past and Future Changes of Meridional Overturning

Volumn , Issue , 2013, Pages 5-18

  Longworth, Hannah R ^a   Bryden, Harry L ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHAMPTON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Meridional overturning circulation

Indexed keywords

ATLANTIC MERIDIONAL OVERTURNING CIRCULATIONS; DEEP WESTERN BOUNDARY CURRENTS; MERIDIONAL HEAT TRANSPORTS; MERIDIONAL OVERTURNING CIRCULATIONS; REGIONAL CIRCULATION; RELIABLE ESTIMATES; SECTION ANALYSIS; TRANSATLANTIC SECTION;

OCEANOGRAPHY;

EID: 77955666986     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1029/173GM03     Document Type: Chapter

References (61)

1. Amos, A.F., A.L. Gordon, and E.D. Schneider, Water masses and circulation patterns in the region of the Blake-Bahama Outer Ridge. Deep-Sea Research, 18, 145-165, 1971.
2. Baringer, M.O., and R.L. Molinari, Atlantic Ocean baroclinic heat flux at 24 to 26°N. Geophysical Research Letters, 26, 353-356, 1999.
3. Baringer, M.O., and J.C. Larsen, Sixteen years of Florida Current transport at 27°N. Geophysical Research Letters, 28, 3179-3182, 2001.
4. Broecker, W.S., The Great Ocean Conveyor. Oceanography, 4, 79-89, 1991.
5. Bryan, K., Measurements of meridional heat transport by ocean currents. Journal of Geophysical Research, 67, 3403-3414, 1962.
6. Bryden, H.L., Ocean heat transport across 24°N latitude. Interactions Between Global Climate Subsystems: The Legacy of Hann, G.A. McBean and M. Hantel, Eds., American Geophysical Union, pp.65-75, 1993.
7. Bryden, H.L., and M.M. Hall, Heat transport by currents across 25°N latitude in the Atlantic Ocean. Science, 207, 884-886,1980.
8. Bryden, H.L., W.E. Johns, and P.M. Saunders, Deep western boundary current east of Abaco: Mean structure and transport. Journal of Marine Research, 63, 35-57, 2005a.
9. Bryden, H.L., H.R. Longworth, and S. Cunningham, Slowing of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation at 25°N. Nature, 438, 655-657, 2005b.
10. Curry, R.G., and M.S. McCartney, Ocean gyre circulation changes associated with the North Atlantic Oscillation. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 31, 3374-3400, 2001.
11. Deacon, M., Scientists and the Sea 1650-1990. A study of marine science. Academic press, London, 1971.
12. Deacon, M., An early theory of ocean circulation: J.S. von Waitz and his explanation of the currents in the Strait of Gibraltar. Progress in Oceanography, 31, 3374-3400, 1985.
13. Defant, A., Quantitative Untersuchungen zur Statik und Dynamik des Atlantischen Ozeans. Die relative Topographie Einzelner Druckflachen im Atlantischen Ozean (The Relative Topography of individual pressure surfaces of the Atlantic Ocean). Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der Deutschen Atlantischen Expedition auf dem Forschungs und Vermessungsschiff "Meteor" 1925-1927. 6: 2nd Part, 1941.
14. Dickson, B., I. Yashayaev, J. Meincke, B. Turrell, S. Dye, and J. Holfort, Rapid freshening of the deep North Atlantic Ocean over the past four decades. Nature, 416, 832-837, 2002.
15. Dickson, R.R., R. Curry, and I. Yashayaev, Recent changes in the North Atlantic. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London A, 361, 1917-1934, 2003.
16. Ganachaud, A., Error budget of inverse box models: The North Atlantic. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, 20, 1641-1655, 2003.
17. Ganachaud, A. and C. Wunsch, Improved estimates of global ocean circulation, heat transport and mixing from hydrographic data. Nature, 408, 453-456, 2000.
18. Gordon, A.L., R.F. Weiss, W.M.J. Smethie, and M.J. Warner, Thermocline and intermediate water communication between the South Atlantic and Indian Oceans. Journal of Geophysical Research, 97, 7223-7240, 1992.
19. Hall, M.M., and H.L. Bryden. Direct estimates and mechanisms of ocean heat transport, Deep-Sea Research, 29(3A), 339-359, 1982.
20. Hansen, B., W.R. Turrell, and S. Østerhus, Decreasing overflow from the Nordic seas into the Atlantic Ocean through the Faroe Bank channel since 1950. Nature, 411, 927-930, 2001.
21. Hurrell, J.W., Y. Kushnir, and M. Visbeck, The North Atlantic Oscillation. Science, 291, 603-605, 2001.
22. Jung, G.H., Note on the meridional transport of energy by the oceans. Journal of Marine Research, 11, 139-146, 1952.
23. Jung, G.H., Heat Transport in the North Atlantic Ocean. Ref 53-54T, Department of Oceanography, A and M College of Texas, Texas, U.S.A, 1955.
24. Koltermann, K.P., A.V. Sokov, V.P. Tereschenkov, S.A. Dobroliubov, K. Lorbacher, and A. Sy, Decadal changes in the thermohaline circulation of the North Atlantic. Deep-Sea Research II, 46, 109-138, 1999.
25. Larsen, J.C., Transport and heat flux of the Florida Current at 27°N derived from cross-stream voltages and profiling data: theory and observations. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London A, 338, 169-236, 1992.
26. Lavín, A., H.L. Bryden, and G. Parrilla, Meridional transport and heat flux variations in the subtopical North Atlantic. The Global Atmosphere and Ocean System, 6, 269-293, 1998.
27. Lavín, A.M., H.L. Bryden, and G. Parrilla, Mechanisms of heat, freshwater, oxygen and nutrient transports and budgets at 24.5°N in the subtropical North Atlantic. Deep-Sea Research I, 50, 1099-1128, 2003.
28. Lee, T.N., W.E. Johns, R.J. Zantopp, and E.R. Fillenbaum, Moored observations of Western Boundary Current variability and Thermohaline Circulation at 26.5°N in the Subtropical North Atlantic. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 26, 962-983, 1996.
29. Levi, B.G., Is there a slowing in the Atlantic Ocean's overturning circulation? Physics Today, 59, 26-28, 2006.
30. Macdonald, A.M., and C. Wunsch, An estimate of global ocean circulation and heat fluxes. Nature, 382, 436-439, 1996.
31. McCartney, M.S., and L.D. Talley, Warm-to-cold water conversion in the northern North Atlantic ocean. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 14, 922-935, 1984.
32. Mills, E.L., From Discovery to discovery: the hydrology of the Southern Ocean, 1885-1937. Archives of Natural History, 32, 246-264, 2005.
33. Niiler, P.P., and W.S. Richardson, Seasonal variability of the Florida Current, Journal of Marine Research, 31, 144-167, 1973.
34. Parilla, G., A. Lavìn, H. Bryden, M. Garcia, and R. Millard, Rising temperatures in the subtropical North Atlantic Ocean over the past 35 years. Nature, 369, 48-51, 1994.
35. Reid, J.L., On the mid-depth circulation of the World Ocean. Evolution of Physical Oceanography, B.A. Warren and C. Wunsch, Eds., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, pp.70-111, 1981.
36. Richardson, P.L., On the crossover between the Gulf Stream and the Western Boundary Undercurrent. Deep-Sea Research, 24, 139-159, 1977.
37. Riley, G.A., Oxygen, phosphate and nitrate in the Atlantic Ocean. Bulletin of the Bingham Oceanographic Collection, 13, 1-126, 1951, 1951.
38. Rintoul, S.R., South Atlantic interbasin exchange. Journal of Geophysical Research, 96, 2675-2692, 1991.
39. Roemmich, D.H., Estimation of meridional heat flux in the North Atlantic by inverse methods, Journal of Physical Oceanography, 10, 1972-1983, 1980.
40. Roemmich, D., and C. Wunsch, Two transatlantic sections: meridional circulation and heat flux in the subtropical North Atlantic Ocean. Deep Sea Research, 32, 619-664, 1985.
41. Schmitz, W.J., On the interbasin-scale thermohaline circulation. Reviews of Geophysics, 33, 151-173, 1995.
42. Schmitz, W.J. Jr., and M.S. McCartney, On the North Atlantic Circulation. Reviews of Geophysics, 31, 29-49, 1993.
43. Schmitz, W.J., and P.L. Richardson, On the sources of the Florida Current. Deep Sea Research, 38, S379-S409, 1991.
44. Stommel, H., A survey of ocean current theory. Deep-Sea Research, 4, 149-184, 1957.
45. Stommel, H., The Gulf Stream. Cambridge University Press, pp.153-172, 1958.
46. Stommel, H. and A.B. Arons, On the abyssal circulation of the world ocean-I. Stationary planetary flow patterns on a sphere. Deep-Sea Research, 6, 140-154, 1960a.
47. Stommel, H. and A.B. Arons, On the abyssal circulation of the world ocean-II. An idealized model of the abyssal circulation pattern and amplitude in oceanic basins. Deep-Sea Research, 6, 217-233, 1960b.
48. Stommel, H., A.B. Arons, and A.J. Faller, Some examples of stationary planetary flow patterns in bounded basins. Tellus, 2, 179-187, 1958.
49. Sverdrup, H.U., M.W. Johnson, and R.H. Fleming. The Oceans: their Physics, Chemistry and General Biology. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J. 1087 pp., 1942.
50. Swallow, J.C., and L.V. Worthington, Measurements of deep currents in the western North Atlantic, Nature, 179, 1183-1184, 1957.
51. Swallow, J.C., and L.V. Worthington, An observation of a deep countercurrent in the western North Atlantic. Deep-Sea Research, 8, 1-19, 1961.
52. Talley, L.D., J.L. Reid, and P.E. Robbins, Data-based meridional overturning streamfunctions for the Global Ocean. Journal of Climate, 16, 3213-3226, 2003.
53. Warren, B.A., Deep circulation of the World Ocean. Evolution of Physical Oceanography, B.A. Warren and C. Wunsch, Eds., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, pp.6-41, 1981.
54. Weijer, W., W.P.M. de Ruijter, H.A. Dijkstra, and P.J. van Leeuwen, Impact of Interbasin Exchange on the Atlantic Overturning Circulation. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 29, 2266-2284, 1999.
55. Worthington, L.V., On the North Atlantic circulation. Vol. 6, The John Hopkins Oceanographic Studies, The John Hopkins University Press, 110 pp., 1976.
56. Worthington, L.V., Oceanographic Data from the RRS Discovery II during the International Geophysical Year, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Technical Report 58-30, Woods Hole MA, 58p, 1958.
57. Wunsch, C., Determining the general circulation of the oceans: A preliminary discussion. Science, 196, 871-875, 1977.
58. Wunsch, C., The North Atlantic General Circulation West of 50°W Determined by Inverse Methods. Reviews of Geophysics and Space Physics, 16, 583-620, 1978.
59. Wunsch, C., Meridional heat flux of the North Atlantic Ocean, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A., 77, 5043-5047, 1980.
60. Wüst, G., Schichtung und Zirkulation des Atlantischen Ozeans, Die Stratospháre. Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der Deutschen Atlantischen Expedition auf dem forschuungs und Vermessungsschiff "Meteor" 1925-1927. 6: 1st Part. 180pp (The stratosphere of the Atlantic Ocean, WJ Emery (ed), 1978, Amerind, New Delhi, 112pp), 1935.
61. Wüst, G., Stromgeschwindigkeiten im Tiefen- und Bodenwasser des Atlantischen Ozeans auf Grund dynamischer Berechnung der Meteor-Profile Deutschen Atlantischen Epedition 1925/27. Deep Sea Research, 3 (Supplement), 373-395, 1955.