Non-Pd BCC alloy membranes for industrial hydrogen separation

Journal of Membrane Science

Volumn 362, Issue 1-2, 2010, Pages 12-28

  Dolan, M D ^a  

^a CSIRO   (Australia)

Author keywords

Alloy; Body centred cubic; Hydrogen; Membrane; Niobium; Vanadium

Indexed keywords

BCC ALLOY; BODY-CENTRED CUBIC; COMPOSITIONAL MODIFICATION; CUBIC ALLOYS; DIFFUSIVITIES; DRIVING FORCES; EMBRITTLEMENT RESISTANCE; HIGH PERMEABILITY; HIGH SOLUBILITY; HIGH TEMPERATURE; HYDROGEN DIFFUSION; HYDROGEN PERMEABILITY; HYDROGEN PERMEATION; HYDROGEN SEPARATION; HYDROGEN SOLUBILITY; INDUSTRIAL PROCESSS; INHERENT INSTABILITY; LOW COSTS; LOW-COST RAW MATERIALS; RESEARCH COMMUNITIES; SCIENTIFIC ISSUES; SEPARATION PROCESS;

ALLOYS; CERIUM ALLOYS; HYDROGEN; HYDROGEN EMBRITTLEMENT; INDUSTRY; MEMBRANE TECHNOLOGY; NIOBIUM; PALLADIUM; SOLUBILITY; VANADIUM;

VANADIUM ALLOYS;

ALLOY; BODY CENTRED CUBIC ALLOY; HYDROGEN; NIOBIUM; PALLADIUM; TANTALUM; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; VANADIUM;

COST; DIFFUSION; GRAIN; HIGH TEMPERATURE; INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION; ION PERMEABILITY; ION TRANSPORT; MATERIAL COATING; MEMBRANE; MEMBRANE TECHNOLOGY; MICROTECHNOLOGY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SOLUBILITY; THEORETICAL MODEL;

EID: 77955663842     PISSN: 03767388     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2010.06.068     Document Type: Review

References (249)

1. Dolan M.D. Gas cleaning: membrane separators. Encyclopedia of Electrochemical Power Sources 2009, vol. 3:319-334. Elsevier, Amsterdam.
2. Gray D., Tomlinson D. Hydrogen from Coal, Mitretek Technical Paper 2002, National Energy Technology Laboratory, MTR 2002-31.
3. Longanbach J.R., Steigel G.J., Rutkowski M.D., Buchanan T.L., Klett M.G., Schoff R.L. Capital and Operating Cost of Hydrogen Production from Coal Gasification 2003, The United States Department of Energy, National Energy Technology Laboratory, DE-AM26-99FT40465.
4. Miller C.L., Cicero D.C., Ackiewicz M. Hydrogen from Coal Program: Research Development and Demonstration Plan for the Period 2007 Through 2016 2007, The United States Department of Energy, National Energy Technology Laboratory.
5. Paglieri S.N., Way J.D. Innovations in palladium membrane research. Separation and Purification Reviews 2002, 31:1.
6. Palladium price history (), 2010. http://palladiumprice.org/palladium-price-history.html.
7. Keltte H., Bredesen R. Sputtering of very thin palladium-alloy hydrogen separation membranes. Membrane Technology 2005, 75:7.
8. Mejdell A.L., Jøndahl M., Peters T.A., Bredesen R., Venvik H.J. Experimental investigation of a microchannel membrane configuration with a 1.4μm Pd/Ag23wt.% membrane-Effects of flow and pressure. Journal of Membrane Science 2009, 327:6.
9. Pizzi D., Worth R., Baschetti M.G., Sarti G.C., Noda K. Hydrogen permeability of 2.5μm palladium-silver membranes deposited on ceramic supports. Journal of Membrane Science 2008, 325:446.
10. Hatlevik Ø., Gade S.K., Keeling M.K., Thoen P.M., Davidson A., Way J.D. Palladium and palladium alloy membranes for hydrogen separation and production: history, fabrication strategies and current performance. Separation and Purification Technology 2010, 73:56.
11. Phair J.W., Donelson R. Developments and design of novel (non-palladium-based) metal membranes for hydrogen separation. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research 2006, 45:5657.
12. E.F. Hill, Hydrogen separation using coated titanium alloys, US patent 4,468,235 (1984).
13. Hara S., Sakaki K., Itoh N., Kimura H., Asami K., Inoue A. An amorphous alloy membrane without noble metals for gaseous hydrogen separation. Journal of Membrane Science 2000, 164:289.
14. Yamakawa K., Ege M., Ludescher B., Hirscher M., Kronmüller H. Hydrogen permeability measurement through Pd, Ni and Fe membranes. Journal of Alloys and Compounds 2001, 321:17.
15. Yu J., Sun Q., Wang Q., Onose U., Akiyama Y., Kawazoe Y. First-principles calculation on dissociation of hydrogen molecule in nickel. Materials Transactions 2000, 41:1114.
16. 2 dissociative adsorption dynamics on Cu(100). Applied Surface Science 2001, 169-170:30.
17. 5 amorphous alloy. Journal of Membrane Science 2010, 138-144:138.
18. 4S. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research 2007, 46:6313.
19. Morreale B.D., Ciocco M.V., Howard B.H., Killmeyer R.P., Cuginia A., Enick R.M. Effect of hydrogen sulfide on the hydrogen permeance of palladium-copper alloys at elevated temperatures. Journal of Membrane Science 2004, 241:219.
20. 2S in multi-tubular Pd and 80wt% Pd-20wt% Cu membrane reactors at 1173K. Journal of Membrane Science 2007, 306:103.
21. Dolan M.D., Dave N.C., Ilyushechkin A.Y., Morpeth L.D., McLennan K.G. Review: composition and operation of hydrogen-selective amorphous alloy membranes. Journal of Membrane Science 2006, 385:30.
22. Dolan M.D., Dave N.C., Morpeth L.D., Donelson R., Liang D., Kellam M.E., Song S. Ni-based amorphous alloy membranes for hydrogen separation at 400°C. Journal of Membrane Science 2009, 326:549.
23. Jayalakshmi S., Fleury E. Hydrogen embrittlement in amorphous alloys. Journal of ASTM International 2010, 7. JAI102522.
24. Putnis A. Introduction to Mineral Sciences 1992, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, p. 127.
25. Grote K., Antonsson E.K. Springer Handbook of Mechanical Engineering 2009, vol. 10. Springer, New York, p. 80.
26. Gissler W., Rother R. Theory of the quasielastic neutron scattering by hydrogen in BCC metals applying a random flight method. Physica 1970, 50:380.
27. Darby M.I., Read M.N. Energy of hydrogen in b.c.c. transition metals. Journal of the Less Common Metals 1983, 91:209.
28. Lagos M., Cerón H. Quantum mechanism of hydrogen diffusion in tantalum. Solid State Communications 1988, 65:535.
29. Companion A.L., Liu F., Onwood D.P. On the location of a hydrogen atom in body-centered cubic 3d transition metal lattices. Journal of the Less Common Metals 1985, 107:131.
30. Xu J., Zhao J. First-principles study of hydrogen in perfect tungsten crystal. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 2009, 267:3170.
31. Khan M.A., Parlebas J.C., Demangeat C. Electronic structure and ordering of hydrogen in f.c.c. transition metals. Journal of the Less Common Metals 1981, 77:1.
32. Latgé A., Ribeiro-Teixeira R.M., Iglesias J.R. Binding energy of a hydrogen impurity in an f.c.c. lattice. Solid State Communications 1984, 52:87.
33. McLennan K.G., Gray E.M., Dobson J.F. Deuterium occupation of tetrahedral sites in palladium. Physical Review B 2008, 78:014104.
34. Hume-Rothery W. Atomic diameters, atomic volumes, and solid solubility relations in alloys. Acta Metallurgica 1966, 14:17.
35. Senkov O.N, Miracle D.B. Effect of the atomic size distribution on glass forming ability of amorphous metallic alloys. Materials Research Bulletin 2001, 36:2183.
36. Smith J.F., Carlson O.N., Nash P.G. Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams 1986, 1769-1773. American Society for Metals, Metals Park. T.B. Massalaski, J.L. Murray, J.H. Bennett, H. Baker (Eds.).
37. Nash P., Jayanth C.S. Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams 1986, 1681-1682. American Society for Metals, Metals Park. T.B. Massalaski, J.L. Murray, J.H. Bennett, H. Baker (Eds.).
38. Nash A., Nash P. Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams 1986, 1760-1762. American Society for Metals, Metals Park. T.B. Massalaski, J.L. Murray, J.H. Bennett, H. Baker (Eds.).
39. S.E. Roark, R. Mackay, M.V. Mundschau, Dense layered membranes for hydrogen separation, US Patent 7,001,446 (2006).
40. Hashi K., Ishikawa K., Matsuda T., Aoki A. Hydrogen permeation characteristics of multi-phase Ni-Ti-Nb alloys. Journal of Alloys and Compounds 2004, 368:215.
41. Hashi K., Ishikawa K., Matsuda T., Aoki A. Hydrogen permeation characteristics of (V, Ta)-Ti-Ni alloys. Journal of Alloys and Compounds 2005, 404-406:273.
42. Hashi K., Ishikawa K., Matsuda T., Aoki K. Microstructure and hydrogen permeability in Nb-Ti-Co multiphase alloys. Journal of Alloys and Compounds 2006, 425:284.
43. Ishikawa K., Takano T., Matsuda T., Aoki A. High hydrogen permeability in the Nb-Zr-Ni eutectic alloy containing the primary body-centered-cubic (Nb, Zr) phase. Applied Physics Letters 2005, 87:61906-61911.
44. Crank J.W. The Mathematics of Diffusion 1975, Clarendon Press, Oxford. 2nd ed.
45. Hao S., Sholl D.S. Using first-principles calculations to accelerate materials discovery for hydrogen purification membranes by modeling amorphous metals. Energy and Environmental Science 2008, 1:175.
46. Yukawa H., Zhang G.X., Watanabe N., Morinaga M., Nambu T., Matsumoto Y. Analysis of hydrogen diffusion coefficient during hydrogen permeation through niobium and its alloys. Journal of Alloys and Compounds 2009, 476:102.
47. Veleckis E., Edwards R.K. Thermodynamic properties in the systems vanadium-hydrogen, niobium-hydrogen and tantalum-hydrogen. Journal of Physical Chemistry 1969, 73:683.
48. Ward T.L, Dao T. Model of hydrogen permeation behavior in palladium membranes. Journal of Membrane Science 1999, 153:211.
49. Buxbaum R.E. The use of zirconium-palladium windows for the separation of tritium from the liquid metal breeder-blanket of a fusion reactor. Separation Science and Technology 1983, 18:1251.
50. Buxbaum R.E., Subramanian R., Park J.H., Smith D.L. Hydrogen transport and embrittlement for palladium coated vanadium-chromium-titanium alloys. Journal of Nuclear Materials 1996, 233-237:510.
51. Huang T., Wei M., Chen H. Preparation of hydrogen-permselective palladium-silver alloy composite membranes by electroless co-deposition. Separation and Purification Technology 2003, 32:239.
52. S.A. Steward, Review of hydrogen isotope permeability through metals, US National Laboratory Report 1983, UCRL-53441.
53. Buxbaum R.E., Marker T.L. Hydrogen transport through non-porous membranes of palladium-coated niobium, tantalum and vanadium. Journal of Membrane Science 1993, 85:29.
54. Moss T.S, Peachey S.N., Snow R.C., Dye R.C. Multilayer metal membranes for hydrogen separation. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 1998, 23:99.
55. Dupin N., Ansara I., Servant C., Toffolon C., Lemaignan C., Brachet J.C. A thermodynamic database for zirconium alloys. Journal of Nuclear Materials 1999, 275:287.
56. Okamoto H. H-Zr (hydrogen-zirconium). Journal of Phase Equilibria and Diffusion 2006, 27:548.
57. Mazzolai F.M., Lewis F.A. Elastic energy dissipation in the palladium-silver-hydrogen(deuterium) system. I. Hydrogen-dislocation interaction effects. Journal of Physics F: Metal Physics 1985, 15:1249.
58. Nishimura C., Komaki M., Hwang S., Amano M. V-Ni alloy membranes for hydrogen purification. Journal of Alloys and Compounds 2002, 330-332:902.
59. Nishimura C., Ozaki T., Komaki M., Zhang Y. Hydrogen permeation and transition electron microscope observations of V-Al alloys. Journal of Alloys and Compounds 2003, 356-357:295.
60. Ozaki T., Zhang Y., Komaki M., Nishimura C. Hydrogen permeation characteristics of V-Ni-Al alloys. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 2003, 28:1229.
61. Paglieri S.N., Wermer J.R., Buxbaum R.E., Ciocco M.V., Howard B.H., Morreale B.D. Development of membranes for hydrogen separation: Pd coated V-10Pd. Energy Materials: Materials Science and Engineering for Energy Systems 2008, 3:169.
62. Pokhmurs'kyi V.I., Sokolovs'kyi O.R., Federov V.V. High-temperature hydrogen permeability of vanadium and niobium. Materials Science 1994, 30:410.
63. Schaumann G., Völkl J., Alefeld G. The diffusion coefficients of hydrogen and deuterium in vanadium, niobium and tantalum by Gorsky-effect measurements. Physica Status Solidi 1970, 41:401.
64. 93 in the niobium-hydrogen system. Physical Review 1964, 134:A666.
65. Zamir D. Nuclear-magnetic-resonance study of hydrogen alloying in the early transition metals (Group VB). Physical Review 1965, 140:A271.
66. Völkl J., Alefeld G. Hydrogen in Metals 1978, vol. 28. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp. 321-348.
67. Klamt A., Teichler H. Quantum-mechanical calculations for hydrogen in niobium and tantalum. I. Model potentials and properties of self-trapped states. Physica Status Solidi 1986, 134:103.
68. Klamt A., Teichler H. Quantum mechanical calculations for hydrogen in niobium and tantalum. II. Diffusion coefficients. Physica Status Solidi 1986, 134:533.
69. Kimizuka K., Mori H., Ushida H., Ogata S. Evaluation of hydrogen diffusivity and its temperature dependence in BCC metals: a path-integral centroid molecular dynamics study. Journal of the Japan Institute of Metals 2009, 73:571.
70. Sholl D.A. Using density functional theory to study hydrogen diffusion in metals: a brief overview. Journal of Alloys and Compounds 2007, 446-447:462.
71. Sundell P.G., Wahnström G. Self-trapping and diffusion of hydrogen in Nb and Ta from first principles. Physical Review B 2004, 70:224301.
72. Coulter K.E., Sholl D.S., Ling C., Semidey-Flecha L., Way J.D., Gade S.K. High permeability ternary palladium alloy membranes formed with improved sulfur and halide tolerances. Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Inorganic Membranes 2008, Waseda University, Tokyo. M. Nomura (Ed.).
73. Semidey-Flecha L., Hao S., Sholl D.S. Predictions of H isotope separation using crystalline and amorphous metal membranes: a computational approach. Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers 2009, 40:246.
74. Semidey-Flecha L., Ling C., Watanabe T., Sholl D.S. Using first-principles calculations to screen ternary alloys as membranes for high-temperature hydrogen purification. American Chemical Society Preprints of Symposia, Division of Fuel Chemistry 2009, 54:88.
75. Hao S., Sholl D.S. Comparison of first principles calculations and experiments for hydrogen permeation through amorphous ZrNi and ZrNiNb films. Journal of Membrane Science 2010, 350:402.
76. Kiriyama T., Tanabe T. Interaction of hydrogen atoms with metals. Journal of Nuclear Materials 1995, 220-222:873-877.
77. Cotterill P. The hydrogen embrittlement of metals. Progress in Materials Science 1961, 9:205.
78. R.E. Buxbaum, The solubility of hydrogen in aluminum, cobalt, copper, iron, nickel, niobium, palladium, platinum, silver, tantalum, thorium, tin, titanium, vanadium, and zirconium, 2010. http://www.rebresearch.com/newsite/papers/H2sol2.htm.
79. 2. Journal of the Less Common Metals 1987, 130:351.
80. Knapton A.G. Palladium alloys for hydrogen diffusion membranes. Platinum Metals Review 1977, 21:44.
81. Hunter J.B. Commercial development of palladium alloy diffusion cells. Platinum Metals Review 1960, 4:130.
82. Griffiths R., Pryde J.A., Righini-Brand A. Phase diagram and thermodynamic data for the hydrogen/vanadium system. Journal of the Chemical Society: Faraday Transactions 1972, 68:2344.
83. 2D. Acta Crystallographica 1985, C41:1566.
84. Yukawa H., Teshima A., Yamashita D., Ito S., Yamaguchi S., Morinaga M. Alloying effects on the hydriding properties of vanadium at low hydrogen pressures. Journal of Alloys and Compounds 2002, 337:264.
85. Yukawa H., Yamashita D., Ito S., Morinaga M., Yamaguchi S. Compositional dependence of hydriding properties of vanadium alloys at low hydrogen pressures. Journal of Alloys and Compounds 2003, 356-357:45.
86. Yukawa H., Takagi M., Teshima A., Morinaga M. Alloying effects on the stability of vanadium hydrides. Journal of Alloys and Compounds 2002, 330-332:105.
87. Yang J.Y., Nishimura C., Komaki M. Effect of overlayer composition on hydrogen permeation of Pd-Cu alloy coated V-15Ni composite membrane. Journal of Membrane Science 2006, 282:337.
88. 40/V-15Ni composite membrane. Journal of Alloys and Compounds 2007, 446-447:575.
89. Toyoaki E., Shotaro M. Influence of alloying elements on the solubility of hydrogen in vanadium. Journal of the Japan Institute of Metals 1974, 38:1025.
90. Buxbaum R.E., Smith D.L., Park J. Hydrogen solubility in V-4Cr-4Ti alloy. Journal of Nuclear Materials 2002, 307-311:576.
91. Lynch J.F., Reilly J.J., Millot F. The absorption of hydrogen by binary vanadium-chromium alloys. Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids 1978, 39:883.
92. Kagawa A., Ono E., Kusakabe T., Sakamoto Y. Absorption of hydrogen by vanadium-rich V-Ti-based alloys. Journal of the Less Common Metals 1991, 172-174:64.
93. Albrecht W.M., Goode W.D., Mallett M.W. Reactions in the niobium-hydrogen system. Journal of the Electrochemical Society 1959, 106:981.
94. Schober T., Wenzl H. Hydrogen in Metals II 1978, Springer, Berlin.
95. Kuji T., Oates W.A. Thermodynamic properties of Nb-H alloys. II. The β and δ phases. Journal of the Less Common Metals 1984, 102:261.
96. Mallett M.W., Koehl B.G. Thermodynamic functions for the tantalum-hydrogen system. Journal of the Electrochemical Society 1959, 109:611.
97. Pryde J.A., Tsong I.S.T. Thermodynamic functions and phase diagrams of tantalum+hydrogen and tantalum+deuterium systems. Transactions of the Faraday Society 1971, 67:297.
98. San-Martin A., Manchester F.D. The H-Ta (hydrogen-tantalum) system. Journal of Phase Equilibria 1991, 12:332.
99. Peachey N.M., Snow R.C., Dye R.C. Composite Pd/Ta metal membranes for hydrogen separation. Journal of Membrane Science 1996, 111:123.
100. Watanabe N., Yukawa H., Nambu T., Matsumoto Y., Zhang G.X., Morinaga M. Mechanical properties in hydrogen atmosphere and hydrogen permeability of Nb-W-Ta alloys for hydrogen permeable membrane. Journal of the Japan Institute of Metals 2009, 73:742.
101. Kofstad P., Wallace W.E., Hyvönen L.J. Thermodynamics of formation of tantalum-hydrogen solid solutions from vapor pressure data. Journal of the American Chemical Society 1959, 81:5015.
102. Kofstad P., Wallace W.E. Vapor pressure studies of the vanadium-hydrogen system and thermodynamics of formation of vanadium-hydrogen solid solutions. Journal of the American Chemical Society 1959, 81:5019.
103. Ke X., Kramer G.J., Løvvik O.M. The influence of electronic structure on hydrogen absorption in palladium alloys. Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter 2004, 16:6267.
104. Ebisuzaki Y., O'Keeffe M. The solubility of hydrogen in transition metals and alloys. Progress in Solid State Chemistry 1967, 4:187.
105. Sacli O.A., Emerson D.J., Brewer D.F. Rigid band behavior of platinum-vanadium alloys: low-temperature specific heat. Journal of Low Temperature Physics 1975, 18:321.
106. Mott N.F. Electrons in transition metals. Advances in Physics 1964, 13:325.
107. Friedel J. Concept de niveau lié virtuel. Journal de Physique et Le Radium 1962, 23:692.
108. Kleber R. On the density of states of the transition metals. IV. The superposition model. Zeitschrift für Physik 1973, 264:301.
109. Brouers F., Van der Rest J., Khan H.R. Density of states and superconductivity of vanadium-based alloys. Journal of Physics F: Metal Physics 1984, 14:2625.
110. Haydock R., Heine V., Kelly M.J. Electronic structure based on the local atomic environment for tight-binding bands. II. Journal of Physics C: Solid State Physics 1975, 8:2591.
111. Komura S., Hamaguchi Y., Kunitomi N. Experimental test of rigid band models for Cr by means of Cr-V-Mn ternary dilute alloys. Journal of the Physical Society of Japan 1967, 23:171.
112. Kamakoti P., Morreale B.D., Ciocco M.V., Howard B.H., Killmeyer R.P., Cugini A.V., Sholl D.S. Prediction of hydrogen flux through sulfur-tolerant binary alloy membranes. Science 2005, 307:569.
113. Kamakoti P., Sholl D.S. Towards first principles-based identification of ternary alloys for hydrogen purification membranes. Journal of Membrane Science 2006, 279:94.
114. Løvvik O.M., Olsen R.A. Density functional calculations on hydrogen in palladium-silver alloys. Journal of Alloys and Compounds 2002, 330-332:332.
115. 0.23 membranes. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 2009, 34:5164.
116. Aboud S., Ozdogan E., Wilcox J. Ab initio studies of palladium-niobium alloys for hydrogen separation. American Chemical Society Preprints of Symposia, Division of Fuel Chemistry 2009, 54:91.
117. Hao S., Sholl D.S. Self-diffusion and macroscopic diffusion of hydrogen in amorphous metals from first-principles calculations. Journal of Chemical Physics 2009, 130:244705.
118. X. Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter 2004, 16:8891.
119. Alapati S.V., Johnson J.K., Sholl D.S. Identification of destabilized metal hydrides for hydrogen storage using first principles calculations. Journal of Physical Chemistry B 2006, 110:8769.
120. Alapati S.V., Johnson J.K., Sholl D.S. Stability analysis of doped materials for reversible hydrogen storage in destabilized metal hydrides. Physical Review B 2007, 76:104108.
121. Kolachev B.A., Gabidullin R.M. Forms of the manifestation of hydrogen embrittlement in metals and alloys. Materials Science 1977, 12:463.
122. Owen C.V., Rowland T.J., Buck O. Effects of hydrogen on some mechanical properties of vanadium-titanium alloys. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A 1985, 16:59.
123. Birnbaum H.K. Mechanical properties of metal hydrides. Journal of the Less Common Metals 1984, 104:31.
124. van Fossen R.H., Scott T.E., Carlson O.N. The effect of strain rate and temperature on the ductility of pure and hydrogenated vanadium. Journal of the Less Common Metals 1965, 9:437.
125. Wicke E., Brodowski H. Hydrogen in palladium and palladium alloys. Hydrogen in Metals II: Application-Oriented Properties 1978, 81. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. G. Alefeld, J. Volkl (Eds.).
126. Nakamura Y., Akiba E. New hydride phase with a deformed FCC structure in the Ti-V-Mn solid solution-hydrogen system. Journal of Alloys and Compounds 2000, 311:317.
127. 2 structure. Journal of Alloys and Compounds 2001, 316:284.
128. Latroche M. Structural transitions induced by hydrogen absorption in metallic hydrides. Zeitschrift für Kristallographie 2008, 223:666.
129. Reilly J.J., Wiswall R.H. The higher hydrides of vanadium and niobium. Inorganic Chemistry 1970, 9:1678.
130. Edelson B.I., Baldwin W.M. The effect of second phases on the mechanical properties of alloys. Transactions ASM 1962, 52:230.
131. Westlake D.G. Anomalies in the physical properties of vanadium: the role of hydrogen. Philosophical Magazine 1967, 16:905.
132. Takano S., Suzuki T. An electron-optical study of β-hydride and hydrogen embrittlement of vanadium. Acta Metallurgica 1974, 22:265.
133. Koike S., Suzuki T. An electronic microscopic study of hydrogen embrittlement in vanadium-II. Acta Metallurgica 1981, 29:553.
134. Chan K.S. A fracture model for hydride-induced embrittlement. Acta Metallurgica Et Materialia 1995, 43:4325.
135. Owen C.V., Scott T.E. Relation between hydrogen embrittlement and the formation of hydride in the group V transition metals. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B 1972, 3:1715.
136. Wipf H. Solubility and diffusion of hydrogen in pure metals and alloys. Physica Scripta 2001, T94:43.
137. Liang Y., Sofronis P. On hydrogen-induced void nucleation and grain boundary decohesion in nickel-base alloys. Journal of Engineering Materials and Technology 2004, 126:368.
138. Morlett J.G., Johnson H.H., Troiano A.R. Hydrogen, crack initiation, and delayed failure in steel. Transactions of the Metallurgical Society of AIME 1958, 216:528.
139. Pesch W, Schober T., Wenzl H. Hydrogen bubble formation by pulse heating in vanadium-hydrogen alloys. Metallurgical Transactions A 1980, 11:1821.
140. Eliaz N., Eliezer E. Hydrogen effects on an amorphous Fe-Si-B alloy. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A 2000, 31A:2517.
141. Bockris J.O., Reddy A.K.M. Modern Electrochemistry 1970, vol. 2. Plenum Press, New York.
142. Lee J.L., Lee J.Y. The effect of lattice defects induced by cathodic hydrogen charging on the apparent diffusivity of hydrogen in pure iron. Journal of Materials Science 1987, 22:3939.
143. Ren X., Zhou Q., Chu W., Li J., Su Y., Qiao L. The mechanism of nucleation of hydrogen blister in metals. Chinese Science Bulletin 2007, 52:2000.
144. G. Song, M.E. Kellam, D. Liang, M.D. Dolan, Influence of processing conditions on the microstructure and permeability of BCC V-Ni membranes, Journal of Membrane Science (2010), submitted.
145. Schroeder H.W., Köster U. Hydrogen embrittlement of metallic glass. Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids 1983, 56:213.
146. Bechtle S., Kumar M., Somerday B.P., Launey M.E., Ritchie R.O. Grain-boundary engineering markedly reduces susceptibility to intergranular hydrogen embrittlement in metallic materials. Acta Materialia 2009, 57:4148.
147. Wreidt H.A., Orani R.A. The effect of hydrogen on the Young's modulus of tantalum, niobium and vanadium. Scripta Metallurgica 1974, 8:203.
148. Tsuchida P.Z.T Effect of fabrication conditions and Cr, Zr contents on the grain structure of 7075 and 6061 aluminum alloys. Materials Science and Engineering A 2007, 499:78.
149. Matsuoka S., Hasebe M., Oshima R., Fujita F. Improvement of ductility of melt spun Cu-Al-Ni shape memory alloy ribbons by addition of Ti or Zr. Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 1983, 22:L528.
150. Zhang F., Curtin W.A. Atomistically informed solute drag in Al-Mg. Modelling and Simulation in Materials Science and Engineering 2008, 16:055066.
151. Bischof M., Mayer S., Leitner H., Clemens H., Staron P., Geiger E., Voiticek A., Knabl W. On the development of grain growth resistant tantalum alloys. International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials 2006, 24:437.
152. H. Koizumi, H. Ishihara, T. Matsumoto, K. Kawakita, Molybdenum-based alloy, US patent 4430,296 (1984).
153. Arsenault R.J. Self-fracture of hydrogen charged niobium. Metallurgical Transactions A 1982, 13A:320.
154. Donovan J.A., Burger R.J., Arsenault R.J. The effect of helium on the strength and microstructure of niobium. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A 1980, 12:1917.
155. Orlov V.M., Novichkov V.Y. Nature of failure of niobium in interaction with hydrogen. Materials Science 1989, 25:21.
156. Komjathy S. The niobium hydrogen system. Journal of the Less-Common Metals 1966, 2:466.
157. Adrover A., Giona M., Capobianco L., Tripodi P., Violante V. Steady-state concentration profiles of hydrogen in tubular metallic membranes. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 2003, 28:1279.
158. Gahr S., Birnbaum H.K. Hydrogen embrittlement of niobium-III. High temperature behavior. Acta Metallurgica 1978, 26:1781.
159. Walter R.J., Chandler W.T. Columbium-hydrogen constitution diagram. Transactions of AIME 1965, 233:762.
160. Laciana C.E., Pedraza A.J., Savino E.J. Lattice distortion due to oxygen and nitrogen di-interstitial clusters in niobium and vanadium. Physica Status Solidi (a) 1978, 47:425.
161. Laciana C.E., Pedraza A.J., Savino E.J. Lattice distortion and migration energy of oxygen in vanadium and hydrogen in niobium, tantalum, and vanadium. Physica Status Solidi (a) 1978, 45:315.
162. 8O. Materials Research Bulletin 1974, 9:1469.
163. Vol'nov V.O., Shevakin A.F. Quadrupolar effects in interstitial solid solutions of oxygen and nitrogen in vanadium. Hyperfine Interactions 1990, 60:949.
164. Danilkin S., Fuess H., Jadrowski E., Wieder T., Wipf H. X-ray and neutron scattering study of the Nb-O solid solutions. Journal of Alloys and Compounds 1998, 266:230.
165. Diercks D.R., Loomis B.A. Alloying and impurity effects in vanadium-base alloys. Journal of Nuclear Materials 2000, 141-143:1117.
166. Carlson O.N., Alexander D.G., Elssner G. The effect of oxygen on the strength and ductility of polycrystalline vanadium in the range of 4.2 to 400K. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A 1977, 8:99.
167. Ilyin A.M., Shestakov V.P., Tazhibaeva I.L. Synergistic effect of hydrogen and impurity segregations on the grain boundary embrittlement in Nb. Journal of Nuclear Materials 2000, 283-287:161.
168. Münzing W., Völkl J., Wipf H., Alefeld G. Influence of nitrogen on the diffusion coefficient of hydrogen in niobium. Scripta Metallurgica 1974, 8:1327.
169. Westlake D.G., Ockers S.T. The isotope effect and the influence of interstitial impurities on the hydrogen solubility limit in niobium and vanadium. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A 1974, 6:309.
170. Chang H.Y., Wert C.A. The solubility and trapping of hydrogen in vanadium. Acta Metallurgica 1973, 21:1233.
171. Peterson D.T., Schlader B.J. Solubility and diffusion of hydrogen in vanadium-oxygen alloys. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A 1988, 19:67.
172. Richter D., Topler J., Springer T. The influence of dissolved nitrogen on hydrogen diffusion in niobium studied by neutron spectroscopy. Journal of Physics F: Metal Physics 1976, 6:L93.
173. Hatano Y., Busnyuk A., Alimov V., Livshits A., Nakamura Y., Matsuyama M. Influence of oxygen on permeation of hydrogen isotopes through group 5 metals. Fusion Science and Technology 2008, 54:526.
174. Hatano Y., Busnyuk A., Livshits A., Homma H., Matsuyama M. Correlation between hydrogen isotope permeation through niobium and bulk oxygen concentration: possible influence of oxygen on tritium recovery from Pb-Li by vacuum permeator. Fusion Science and Technology 2007, 52:990.
175. Hatano Y., Livshits A., Nakamura Y., Busnyuk A., Alimov V., Hiromi C., Ohyabu N., Watanabe K. Influence of oxygen and carbon on performance of superpermeable membranes. Fusion Engineering and Design 2006, 81:771.
176. Makenas B.J., Birnbaum H.K. Phase changes in the niobium-hydrogen system. I. Accommodation effects during hydride precipitation. Acta Metallurgica 1980, 28:979.
177. Yamanaka S., Kashiwara Y., Sugiyama H., Katsura M. Influence of interstitial oxygen and nitrogen on hydrogen solubility in vanadium. Journal of Nuclear Materials 1997, 247:244.
178. Meerson G.A., Segorcheanu T. The affinity of niobium for oxygen. Atomic Energy 1963, 13:1230.
179. Lengeler B., Pick M.A. Trapping of oxygen by zirconium in dilute niobium-zirconium alloys. Solid State Communications 1985, 53:297.
180. Kuwabara T., Kurishita H., Hasegawa M. Microstructure control to improve mechanical properties of vanadium alloys for fusion applications. Journal of Nuclear Materials 2000, 283-287:611.
181. Nagasaka T., Muroga T., Fukumoto K., Watanabe H., Grossbeck M.L., Chen J. Development of fabrication technology for low activation vanadium alloys as fusion blanket structural materials. Nuclear Fusion 2006, 46:618.
182. Kornilov I.I., Peradze T.A., Vavilova V.V., Fatkullina L.P., Korobov O.S. Oxygen in alloys of titanium with aluminum and zirconium. Metal Science and Heat Treatment 1973, 15:306.
183. Muroga T., Nagasaka T. Reduction of impurity levels of vanadium and its alloys for fusion application. International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials 2000, 18:225.
184. Johnson W.R., Smith J.P. Fabrication of a 1200kg ingot of V-4Cr-4Ti alloy for the DIII-D radiative divertor program. Journal of Nuclear Materials 1998, 258-263:1425.
185. Thompson R.W., Carlson O.N. Effect of nitrogen and carbon on the low-temperature embrittlement of vanadium. Journal of the Less Common Metals 1965, 9:354.
186. Yamanaka S., Sannomiya Y., Minamiguchi T., Katsura M. Study on the Nb-O-H ternary system. Journal of Nuclear Materials 1997, 247:328.
187. Yamanaka S., Fujita Y., Uno M., Katsura M. Influence of interstitial oxygen on hydrogen solubility in metals. Journal of Alloys and Compounds 1999, 293-295:42.
188. Mattsson E., Schueckher F. An investigation of hydrogen embrittlement in copper. Journal of the Institute of Metals 1958, 87:241.
189. Yang C.F., Chiu L.H., Wu J.K. Effects of carburization and hydrogenation on the impact toughness of AISI 4118 steel. Surface and Coatings Technology 1995, 73:18.
190. Zikeev V.N., Serebryanaya E.B. Influence of carbide-forming elements on the hydrogen embrittlement resistance of heat-treated type 20KhM constructional steel. Metal Science and Heat Treatment 1984, 26:23.
191. Lin C., Chen Y.G., Liu B.X. Amorphous Co-Mo alloy films obtained by alternate-deposition. Physica Status Solidi (a) 1999, 169:105.
192. S.N. Paglieri, S.A. Birdsell, R.S. Barbero, R.C. Snow, F.M. Smith, Tubular hydrogen permeable metal foil membrane and method of fabrication, US patent 7,022,165 (2006).
193. Zhang Y., Ozaki T., Komaki M., Nishimura C. Hydrogen permeation characteristics of vanadium-aluminium alloys. Scripta Materialia 2002, 47:601.
194. Zhang Y., Ozaki T., Komaki M., Nishimura C. Hydrogen permeation of Pd-Ag alloy coated V-15Ni composite membrane: effects of overlayer composition. Journal of Membrane Science 2003, 224:81.
195. Dillamore I.L., Roberts W.T. Rolling textures in f.c.c. and b.c.c. metals. Acta Metallurgica 1964, 12:281.
196. 30 alloy. Intermetallics 2009, 17:109.
197. Hatano Y., Nanjo Y., Hayakawa R., Watanabe K. Permeation of hydrogen through vanadium under helium ion irradiation. Journal of Nuclear Materials 2000, 283-287:868.
198. Davies H.A. Formation of metallic glasses. Physics and Chemistry of Glasses 1976, 17:159.
199. DeCristofaro N. Amorphous metals in electric-power distribution applications. MRS Bulletin 1998, 23:50.
200. Shimpo Y., Yamaura S., Nishida M., Kimura H., Inoue A. Development of melt-spun Ni-Nb-Zr-Co amorphous alloy for high-performance hydrogen separating membrane. Journal of Membrane Science 2006, 286:170.
201. 15 glassy alloy membrane. Journal of Alloys and Compounds 2004, 372:197.
202. Hernando B., Llamazares J.L.S., Santos J.D., Sánchez M.L., Escoda L.I., Suñol J.J., Varga R., García C., González J. Grain oriented NiMnSn and NiMnIn Heusler alloy ribbons produced by melt spinning: martensitic transformation and magnetic properties. Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 2009, 321:763.
203. Sun Z., Wang Y., Guo J., Zhu Y., Song X., Zhua R. Liquid and solid phase separation during melt spinning and annealing in melt-spun Cu-Cr ribbons. Materials Science and Engineering A 2007, 452-453:411.
204. Herchenroeder J.W., Manfrinetti P., Gschneidner K.A. Superconductivity in metastable bcc γ-La. Physica B+C 1985, 135:445.
205. Sun W.S., Wu E.D., Zhang H.F., Hu Z.Q. Structural modification of supersaturated BCC-Nd(Al) solid solution. Physica B: Condensed Matter 2005, 355:9.
206. 2Nb precipitates in rapidly solidified Cu-Cr-Nb ribbon. Ultramicroscopy 1989, 30:210.
207. Yamasaki M., Hamano M., Mizuguchi H., Kobayashi T., Hono K., Yamamoto H., Inoue A. Microstructure of hard magnetic bccFe/NdFeB nanocomposite alloys. Scripta Materialia 2001, 44:1375.
208. Gleiter H. Diffusion in nanostructured metals. Physica Status Solidi (b) 1992, 172:41.
209. Dos Santos D.S., De Miranda P.E.V. Hydrogen diffusivity and solubility in crystalline and amorphous alloys. Journal of Materials Science 1997, 32:6311.
210. M. Nishida, A. Takagi, T. Ohnishi, O. Kajita, Process for producing vanadium alloy foil, US patent 6,585,033 (2003).
211. X. Xie, M.V. Mundschau, Hydrogen separation. US patent application 20,060,230,927 (2006).
212. N.M. Peachey, R.C. Dye, R.C. Snow, S.A. Birdsell, Composite metal membrane, US patent 5,738,708 (1998).
213. D.J. Edlund, Composite hydrogen separation metal membrane, US patent 5,393,325 (1995).
214. S. Aoyama, H. Sato, T. Uemura, O. Mizuno, K. Oshida, T. Ihara, H. Ihara, Hydrogen permeable membrane useful in fuel cell or hydrogen extracting apparatus comprises intermediate layer of metal with higher melting point between metal base layer containing vanadium and metal coating layer containing palladium, US patent application 2007194452-A1 (2007).
215. O. Mizuno, M. Iijima, Multi-layered hydrogen permeable film for fuel cell, has intermediate layer containing V-group elements other than vanadium between palladium film and hydrogen permeable base material, Japan patent JP2007117810 (2007).
216. H. Kurokawa, Y. Matsumoto, M. Morinaga, T. Nambu, Y. Shirasaki, T. Tsuneki, I. Yasuda, H. Yukawa, Hydrogen separation membrane comprises niobium-tungsten alloy film which added and alloyed tungsten to niobium, Japan patent JP2009226274 (2009).
217. U. Jantsch, H. Manhardt, D. Lupton, Niobium alloy and hydrogen permeation membrane produced from it, US patent 6,800,392 (2004).
218. R.E. Buxbaum, Space group Cp2 alloys for the use and separation of hydrogen, US patent 7,323,034 (2008).
219. Pick M.A., Greene M.G., Strongin M. Uptake rates for hydrogen by niobium and tantalum: effect of thin metallic overlayers. Journal of the Less Common Metals 1980, 73:89.
220. X (M=Ti, Nb, Mo, Hf, Ta or W) membranes. Separation and Purification Technology 2009, 65:298.
221. S.E. Roark, R. MacKay, M.V. Mundschau, Dense, layered membranes for hydrogen separation, US patent 7,001,446 (2006).
222. D.J. Edlund, Hydrogen-permeable composite metal membrane, US patent 5,259,870 (1993).
223. Edlund D.J., McCarthy J. The relationship between intermetallic diffusion and flux decline in composite-metal membranes: implications for achieving long membrane lifetime. Journal of Membrane Science 1995, 107:147.
224. 2C intermediate layer. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 2007, 32:615.
225. R.C. Dye, R. Snow, Thermally tolerant multilayer metal membrane, US patent 6,214,090 (2001).
226. Martin S.W. Recent advances in the study of fast ionically conducting glasses using nuclear magnetic resonance techniques. Materials Chemistry and Physics 1989, 23:225.
227. Karthikeyan A., Martindale C., Martin S.W. Preparation and characterization of new proton conducting chalcogenide glasses. Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids 2004, 349:215.
228. 2S modified thioborate-based glasses and ceramics. Solid State Ionics 2004, 175:655.
229. Y.H. Ma, I.P. Mardilovich, E.E. Engwall, Composite gas separation modules having intermediate porous metal layers, US patent 7,175,694 (2007).
230. M.A. Alvin, J.R. Babcock, Metal gas separation membrane, US patent 7,018,446 (2006).
231. D.J. Edlund, Composite hydrogen separation element and module, US patent 5,498,278 (1996).
232. Armor J.N. Membrane catalysis: Where is it now, what needs to be done?. Catalysis Today 1995, 25:199.
233. Fukai Y. The Metal-Hydrogen System 1993, vol. 21. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
234. Morreale B.D., Ciocco M.V., Enick R.M., Morsi B.I., Howard B.H., Cugini A.V., Rothenberger K.S. The permeability of hydrogen in bulk palladium at elevated temperatures and pressures. Journal of Membrane Science 2003, 212:87.
235. M.D. Dolan, Unpublished research, 2009.
236. Ozaki T., Zhang Y., Komaki M., Nishimura C. Preparation of palladium-coated V and V-15Ni membranes for hydrogen purification by electroless plating technique. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 2003, 28:297.
237. Amano M., Komaki M., Nishimura C. Hydrogen permeation characteristics of palladium-plated V-Ni alloy membranes. Journal of the Less Common Metals 1991, 172-174:727.
238. Buxbaum R.E., Kinney A.B. Hydrogen transport through tubular membranes of palladium-coated tantalum and niobium. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research 1996, 35:530.
239. Rothenberger K.S., Howard B.H., Killmeyer R.P., Cuginia A.V., Enick R.M., Bustamante F., Ciocco M.V., Morreale B.D., Buxbaum R.E. Evaluation of tantalum-based materials for hydrogen separation at elevated temperatures and pressures. Journal of Membrane Science 2003, 218:19.
240. Holleck G.H. Diffusion and solubility of hydrogen in palladium and palladium silver alloys. Journal of Physical Chemistry 1970, 74:503.
241. Serra E., Kemali M., Perujo A., Ross D.K. Hydrogen and deuterium in Pd-25 pct Ag alloy: permeation, diffusion, solubilization, and surface reaction. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A 1997, 29A:1023.
242. Zhang G.X., Yukawa H., Watanabe N., Saito Y., Fukaya H., Morinaga M., Nambu T., Matsumoto Y. Analysis of hydrogen diffusion coefficient during hydrogen permeation through pure niobium. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 2008, 33:4419.
243. Peterson D.T., Herro H.M. Hydrogen and deuterium diffusion in vanadium-niobium alloys. Metallurgical Transactions A 1986, 17A:645.
244. Zhang Y., Maeda R., Komaki M., Nishimura C. Hydrogen permeation and diffusion of metallic composites. Journal of Membrane Science 2006, 269:60.
245. Romanenko O.G., Tazhibaeva I.L., Shestakov V.P., Klepikov A.K., Chikhray Y.V., Golossanov A.V., Kolbasov B.N. Hydrogen gas driven permeation through vanadium alloy VCr6Ti5. Journal of Nuclear Materials 1996, 233-237:376.
246. Cantelli R., Mazzolai F.M., Nuovo M. Internal friction due to long-range diffusion of hydrogen in niobium. Physica Status Solidi B 1969, 34:597.
247. Zabel H., Piesl J. The incoherent phase transitions of hydrogen and deuterium in niobium. Journal of Physics F: Metal Physics 1979, 9:1461.
248. Buck H., Alefeld G. Hydrogen in palladium-silver in the neighbourhood of the critical point. Physica Status Solidi (b) 1972, 49:317.
249. Flanagan T.B., Oates W.A. The palladium-hydrogen system. Annual Review of Materials Science 1991, 21:269.