Maternal socialization and child temperament as predictors of emotion regulation in Turkish preschoolers

Infant and Child Development

Volumn 19, Issue 3, 2010, Pages 275-296

  Yagmurlu, Bilge ^a   Altan, Ozge ^a  

^a KOÇ UNIVERSITY   (Turkey)

Author keywords

Emotion regulation; Emotion socialization; Inhibition; Parenting; Temperament; Turkish children

Indexed keywords

EID: 77955566653     PISSN: 15227227     EISSN: 15227219     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/icd.646     Document Type: Article

References (84)

1. Aiken, L.S., & West, S.G. (1991). Multiple regression: Testing and interpreting interactions. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications.
2. Ayduk, O.N., Downey, G., & Feldman, S. (2000). Regulating the interpersonal self: Strategic self-regulation for coping with rejection sensitivity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79, 776-792.
3. Batum, P., & Yagmurlu, B. (2007). What counts in externalizing behaviors? The contributions of emotions and behavior regulation. Current Psychology, 25(4), 272-294.
4. Belsky, J., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M., & Ijzendoorn, M. (2007). For better and for worse: Differential susceptibility to environmental influences. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 16, 300-304.
5. Blair, K.A., Denham, S.A., Kochanoff, A., & Whipple, B. (2004). Playing it cool. Temperament, emotion regulation, and social behavior in preschoolers. Journal of School Psychology, 42(6), 419-443.
6. Calkins, S.D., Smith, C.L., Gill, K.L., & Johnson, M.C. (1998). Maternal interactive style across contexts: Relations to emotional, behavioral and physiological regulation during toddlerhood. Social Development, 7, 350-369.
7. Cassano, M., Perry-Parrish, C., & Zeman, J. (2007). Influence of gender on parental socialization of children's sadness regulation. Social Development, 16, 210-231.
8. Chang, L., Schwartz, D., Dodge, K.A., & McBride-Chang, C. (2003). Harsh parenting in relation to child emotion regulation and parenting. Journal of Family Psychology, 17, 598-606.
9. Chaplin, T.M., Cole, P.M., & Zahn-Waxler, C. (2005). Parental socialization of emotion expression: Gender differences and relations to child adjustment. Emotion, 5, 80-88.
10. Cheah, C.S.L., Rubin, K.H., & Fox, N.A. (2001). Emotion regulation, parenting, and the display of social reticence in preschoolers. Early Education and Development, 12, 97-115.
11. Chess, S., & Thomas, A. (1986). Temperament in clinical practice. NY: Guilford Press.
12. Cole, P.M., Zahn-Waxler, C., Fox, N.A., Usher, B.A., & Welsh, J.D. (1996). Individual differences in emotion regulation and behavior problems in preschool children. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 105(4), 518-529.
13. Denham, S.A. (1993). Maternal emotional responsiveness and toddlers' social-emotional competence. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 34(5), 715-728.
14. Denham, S.A. (1998). Emotional development in young children. New York: The Guilford Press.
15. Denham, S.A., Bassett, H.H., & Wyatt, T. (2007). The socialization of emotional competence. In J.E. Grusec & P.D. Hastings (Eds.), Handbook of socialization. Theory and research (pp. 614-637). New York: The Guilford Press.
16. Denham, S.A., Blair, K.A., DeMulder, E., Levitas, J., Sawyer, K., & Auerbach-Major, S. (2003). Preschool emotional competence: Pathway to social competence. Child Development, 74, 238-256.
17. Denham, S.A., Blair, K.A., Schmidt, M., & DeMulder, E. (2002). Compromised emotional competence: Seeds of violence sown early? American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 72, 70-82.
18. Denham, S.A., Renwick, S.M., & Holt, R.W. (1991). Working and playing together: Prediction of preschool social-emotional competence from mother-child interaction. Child Development, 62, 242-249.
19. Dennis, T. (2006). Emotional self-regulation in preschoolers: The interplay of child approach reactivity, parenting, and control capacities. Developmental Psychology 42(1), 84-97.
20. Eisenberg, N., Cumberland, A., Spinrad, T.L., Fabes, R.A., Shepard, S.A., Reiser, M. et al. (2001). The relations of regulation and emotionality to children's externalizing and internalizing problem behavior. Child Development, 72(4), 1112-1134.
21. Eisenberg, N., & Fabes, R.A. (1992). Emotion, self-regulation, and social competence. In M. Clark (Ed.), Review of personality and social psychology (Vol. 14, pp. 119-150). Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications.
22. Eisenberg, N., Fabes, R.A., Guthrie, I.K., & Reiser, M. (2000). Dispositional emotionality and regulation: Their role in predicting quality of social functioning. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78, 136-157.
23. Eisenberg, N., Fabes, R.A., & Murphy, B. (1995). The relations of shyness and low sociability to regulation and emotionality. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68, 505-517.
24. Eisenberg, N., Fabes, R.A., & Murphy, B.C. (1996). Parents' reactions to children's negative emotions: Relations to children's social competence and comforting behaviors. Child Development, 67, 2227-2247.
25. Eisenberg, N., Gershoff, E.T., Fabes, R.A., Shepard, S.A., Cumberland, A.J., Guthrie, I.K. et al. (2001). Mothers' emotional expressivity and children's behavior problems and social competence: Mediation through children's regulation. Developmental Psychology, 37, 475-490.
26. Eisenberg, N., Liew, J., & Pidada, S.U. (2004). The longitudinal relations of regulation and emotionality to quality of Indonesian children's socioemotional functioning. Developmental Psychology, 40(5), 790-804.
27. Eisenberg, N., Losoya, S., Guthrie, I.K., Murphy, B., Shepard, S.A., Padgett S. J. et al. (2001). Parental socialization of children's dysregulated expression of emotion and externalizing problems. Journal of Family Psychology, 15, 183-205.
28. Eisenberg, N., Pidada, S., & Liew, J. (2001). The relations of regulation and negative emotionality to Indonesian children's social functioning. Child Development, 72(6), 1747-1763.
29. Erol, N., Simsek, Z., Oner, O., & Munir, K. (2005). Behavioral and emotional problems among Turkish children at ages 2 to 3 years. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 44, 80-87.
30. Fabes, R.A., & Eisenberg, N. (1999). Regulation, emotionality, and preschoolers' socially competent peer interactions. Child Development, 70, 432-442.
31. Fabes, R.A., Eisenberg, N., & Bernzweig, J. (1990). Coping with Negative Emotions Scale (CCNES): Description and scoring. Tempe, AZ: Arizona State University. Unpublished Manuscript.
32. Fabes, R.A., Leonard, S.A., Kupanoff, K., & Martin, C.L. (2001). Parental coping with children's negative emotions: Relations with children's emotional and social responding. Child Development, 72, 907-920.
33. Fivush, R., Brotman, M., Buckner, J., & Goodman, S. (2000). Gender differences in parent-child emotion narratives. Sex Roles, 42, 233-253.
34. Fox, N.A. (1989). Psychophysiological correlates of emotional reactivity during the first year of life. Developmental Psychology, 25(3), 364-372.
35. Fox, N.A., Henderson, H.A., Marshall, P.J., Nichols, K.E., & Ghera, M.M. (2005). Behavioral inhibition: Linking biology and behavior within a developmental frame-work. Annual Review in Psychology, 56, 235-262.
36. Garner, P.W. (2006). Prediction of prosocial and emotional competence from maternal behavior in African American preschoolers. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 12(2), 179-198.
37. Garner, P.W., & Estep, K.M. (2001). Emotion competence, emotion socialization, and young children's peer-related social competence. Early Education and Development, 12, 29-48.
38. Gilissen, R., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M.J., van Ijzendoorn, M.H., & van der Veer, R. (2008). Parent-child relationship, temperament, and physiological reactions to fear-inducing film clips: Further evidence for differential susceptibility. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 99, 182-195.
39. Gottman, J.M., Katz, L.F., & Hooven, C. (1996). Parental meta-emotion philosophy and the emotional life of families: Theoretical models and preliminary data. Journal of Family Psychology, 10(3), 243-268.
40. Grusec, J.E., & Kuczynski, L. (1980). Direction of effect in socialization: A comparison of the parent's versus the child's behavior as determinants of disciplinary techniques. Developmental Psychology, 16(1), 1-9.
41. Hane, A.A., Cheah, C., Rubin, K.H., & Fox, N.A. (2008). The role of maternal behavior in the relation between shyness and social reticence in early childhood and social withdrawal in middle childhood. Social Development, 17, 795-811.
42. Havighurst, S.S. (2003). Shaping emotional competence in preschoolers with behavior problems. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
43. Kagan, J., Reznick, J.S., & Snidman, N. (1985). Temperamental inhibition in early childhood. In R. Plomin & J. Dunn (Eds.), The study of temperament: Changes, continuities, and challenges (pp. 53-65). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
44. Kagitcibasi, C. (2007). Family, self and human development across cultures: Theory and applications (2nd ed.). Mahwah, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
45. Kochanska, G. (1993). Toward a synthesis of parental socialization and child temperament in early development of conscience. Child Development, 64, 325-347.
46. Kochanska, G. (1997). Multiple pathways to conscience for children with different temperaments: From toddlerhood to age 5. Developmental Psychology, 33(2), 228-240.
47. Kochanska, G., Aksan, N., & Joy, M.E. (2007). Children's fearfulness as a moderator of parenting in early socialization: Two longitudinal studies. Developmental Psychology, 43, 222-237.
48. Larsen, R.J., & Prizmic, Z. (2004). Affect regulation. In R.F. Baumeister & K.D. Vohs (Eds.), Handbook of self-regulation. Research, theory, and applications. NY: The Guilford Press.
49. Leaper, C., & Friedman, C.K. (2007). The socialization of gender. In J.E. Grusec & P.D. Hastings (Eds.), Handbook of socialization. Theory and research (pp. 561-587). New York: The Guilford Press.
50. Lopez, D.F., & Todd, D.L. (1996). Children's action-control beliefs and emotional regulation in the social domain. Developmental Psychology, 32(2), 299-312.
51. Mathiesen, K.S., & Prior, M. (2006). The impact of temperament factors and family functioning on resilience processes from infancy to school age. European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 3, 357-387.
52. Mullin, B.C., & Hinshaw, S.P. (2007). Emotion regulation and externalizing disorders in children and adolescents. In J.J. Gross (Ed.), Handbook of emotion regulation (pp. 523-541). New York: The Guilford Press.
53. Murphy, B.C., Shepard, S.A., Eisenberg, N., & Fabes, R.A. (2004). Concurrent and across time prediction of young adolescents' social functioning: The role of emotionality and regulation. Social Development, 13, 56-86.
54. Nelson, B., Martin, R.P., Hodge, S., Havill, V., & Kamphaus, R. (1999). Modeling the prediction of elementary school adjustment from preschool temperament. Personality and Individual Differences, 26, 687-700.
55. Paterson, G., & Sanson, A. (1999). The association of behavioral adjustment to temperament, parenting and family characteristics among five-year-old children. Social Development, 8, 293-309.
56. Prior, M., Sanson, A., & Oberklaid, F. (1989). The Australian Temperament Project. In G.A. Kohnstamm, J.E. Bates & M.K. Rothbart (Eds.), Temperament in childhood (pp. 537-556). New York: Wiley.
57. Ramsden, S.R., & Hubbard, J.A. (2002). Family expressiveness and parental emotion coaching: Their role in children's emotion regulation and aggression. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 30, 657-667.
58. Rothbart, M., & Bates, J. (1998). Temperament. In W. Damon (Series ed.), & N. Eisenberg (Vol. ed.), Handbook of child psychology: Vol. 3. Social, emotional, and personality development (5th ed., pp. 105-176). New York: Wiley.
59. Rubin, K., Burgess, K., & Coplan, R.J. (2002). Social withdrawal and shyness. In P.K. Smith & C.H. Hart (Eds.), Blackwell handbook of childhood development (pp. 329-352). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.
60. Rubin, K.H., Burgess, K.B., & Hastings, P.D. (2002). Stability and social-behavioral consequences of toddlers' inhibited temperament and parenting behaviors. Child Development, 73(2), 483-495.
61. Rubin, K.H., Cheah, C.S., Fox, N. (2001). Emotion regulation, parenting and display of social reticence in preschoolers. Early Education and Development, 12, 97-115.
62. Rubin, K.H., Coplan, R.J., Fox, N.A., & Calkins, S.D. (1995). Emotionality, emotion regulation, and preschoolers' social adaptation. Development and Psychopathology, 7, 49-62.
63. Rubin, K.H., Hastings, P.D., Stewart, S.L., Henderson, H.A., & Chen, X. (1997). The consistency and concomitants of inhibition: Some of the children, all of the time. Child Development, 68, 467-483.
64. Rueda, M.R., Posner, M.I., & Rothbart, M.K. (2004). Attentional control and self-regulation. In K.D. Vohs, & R.F. Baumeister (Eds.), Handbook of self-regulation (pp. 283-300). New York: The Guilford Press.
65. Sanson, A., Hemphill, S.A., & Smart, D. (2004). Connections between temperament and social development: A review. Social Development, 13, 142-170.
66. Sanson, A., & Rothbart, M.K. (1995). Child temperament and parenting. In M. Bornstein (Ed.), Parenting (Vol. 4, pp. 299-321). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
67. Shields, A., & Cicchetti, D. (1997). Emotion regulation among school-age children: The development and validation of a new criterion Q-sort scale. Developmental Psychology, 33(6), 906-916.
68. Shields, A., & Cicchetti, D. (1998). Reactive aggression among maltreated children: The contributions of attention and emotion dysregulation. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 27(4), 381-395.
69. Shields, A., & Cicchetti, D. (1999). Emotion Regulation Checklist. Unpublished manuscript.
70. Shipman, K.L., Schneider, R., Fitzgerald, M.M., Sims, C., Swisher, L., & Edwards, A. (2007). Maternal emotion socialization in maltreating and non-maltreating families: Implications for children's emotion regulation. Social Development, 16(2), 268-285.
71. Snyder, J., Stoolmiller, M., Wilson, M., & Yamamoto, M. (2003). Child anger regulation, parental responses to children's anger displays, and early child antisocial behavior. Social Development, 12, 335-360.
72. Spinrad, T.L., Eisenberg, N., Gaertner, B., Popp, T., Smith, C.L., Kupfer, A., et al. (2007). Relations of maternal socialization and toddlers' effortful control to children's adjustment and social competence. Developmental Psychology, 43, 1170-1186.
73. Spinrad, T.L., Stifter, C.A., Donelan-McCall, N., & Turner, L. (2004). Mothers' regulation strategies in response to toddlers' affect: Links to later emotion self-regulation. Social Development, 13, 40-55.
74. Stright, A.D., Gallagher, K.C., & Kelley, K. (2008). Infant temperament moderates relations between maternal parenting in early childhood and children's adjustment in first grade. Child Development, 79(1), 186-200.
75. Thompson, R.A. (1994). Emotion regulation: A theme in search of definition. In N.A. Fox (Ed.), The development of emotion regulation: Behavioral and biological considerations. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development (Vol. 59, pp. 25-52).
76. Thompson, R.A., & Meyer, S. (2007). Socialization of emotion regulation in the family. In J.J. Gross (Ed.), Handbook of emotion regulation (pp. 249-268). New York: The Guilford Press.
77. Trencosta, C.J., & Izard, C.E. (2007). Kindergarten children's emotion competence as a predictor of their academic competence in first grade. Emotion, 7(1), 77-88.
78. Ulu, I.P., & Fisiloglu, H. (2002). The relationship between Turkish children's perceptions of marital conflict and their internalizing and externalizing problems. International Journal of Psychology, 37, 369-378.
79. Yagmurlu, B., Citlak, B., Dost, A, & Leyendecker, B. (2009). Child socialization goals of Turkish mothers: An investigation of education related within-culture variation. Turkish Journal of Psychology, 24(63), 1-15.
80. Yagmurlu, B., & Sanson, A. (2009). The role of child temperament, parenting and culture in the development of prosocial behaviors. Australian Journal of Psychology, 61(2), 77-88.
81. Yagmurlu, B., Sanson, A., & Koymen, S.B. (2005). Effects of parenting and child temperament on the development of prosocial behavior: The mediating role of theory of mind. Turkish Journal of Psychology, 20, 1-20.
82. Young, S.K., Fox, N.A., & Zahn-Waxler, C. (1999). The relations between temperament and empathy in 2-year-olds. Developmental Psychology, 35(5), 1189-1197.
83. Zahn-Waxler, C., Cole, P.M., & Smith, K.D. (1994). Expressive control during a disappointment: Variations related to preschoolers' behavior problems. Developmental Psychology, 30, 835-846.
84. van der Mark, I.L., van Ijzendoorn, M.H., & Bakermans-Kranenburg, M.J. (2002). Development of empathy in girls during the second year of life: Associations with parenting, attachment, and temperament. Social Development, 11, 451-468.