Re-advance of Scottish ice into the Solway Lowlands (Cumbria, UK) during the Main Late Devensian deglaciation

Quaternary Science Reviews

Volumn 29, Issue 19-20, 2010, Pages 2544-2570

  Livingstone, Stephen J ^a   Evans, David J A ^a   Ó Cofaigh, Colm ^a  

^a DURHAM UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

DEGLACIATIONS; GLACIAL GEOMORPHOLOGY; ICE FLOW; LATE STAGE; PROGLACIAL LAKES; SATURATED SEDIMENTS; STRATIGRAPHIC CORRELATION;

GEOCHRONOLOGY; GEOMORPHOLOGY; GLACIAL GEOLOGY; ICE CONTROL; LANDFORMS; RHENIUM COMPOUNDS; SEDIMENTOLOGY; SEDIMENTS; STRATIGRAPHY;

ICE;

DEGLACIATION; DEVENSIAN; ESKER; GEOMORPHOLOGY; ICE FLOW; LOWLAND ENVIRONMENT; PROGLACIAL ENVIRONMENT; STRATIGRAPHY; TILL;

CUMBRIA; ENGLAND; SCOTLAND; UNITED KINGDOM;

EID: 77955559384     PISSN: 02773791     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.quascirev.2010.04.007     Document Type: Article

References (130)

1. Allen J.R.L. Current Ripples 1968, North-Holland, Amsterdam, 433 pp.
2. Allen J.R.L. A classification of climbing-ripple cross-lamination. Journal of the Geological Society 1973, 129(5):537-541.
3. Allen J.R.L. Sedimentary Structures - Their Character and Physical Basis 1984, Elsevier, Amsterdam.
4. Alley R.B. Deforming bed origin for southern Laurentide till sheets?. Journal of Glaciology 1991, 37:67-76.
5. Alley R.B., Cuffey K.M., Evenson E.B., Strasser J.C., Lawson D.E., Larson G.J. How glaciers entrain and transport basal sediment: Physical constraints. Quaternary Science Reviews 1997, 16:1017-1038.
6. Arthurton R.S., Wadge A.J. Geology of the country around Penrith. Memoir of the British Geological Survey 1981, HMSO, London.
7. Bagnold B., Wadge A.J. The flow of cohesionless grains in fluids. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 1956, A249:235-297.
8. Banerjee I., McDonald B.C. Nature of esker sedimentation. Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists Special Publication 1975, No. 23. A.V. InJopling, B.C. McDonald (Eds.).
9. Benn D.I. Fabric signature of subglacial till deformation, Brei{eth}amerkurjökull, Iceland. Sedimentology 1995, 42(5):279-292.
10. Benn D.I., Evans D.J.A. The interpretation and classification of subglacially deformed materials. Quaternary Science Reviews 1996, 15:23-52.
11. Benn D.I., Evans D.J.A. Glaciers and Glaciation 1998, Arnold, London.
12. Boothroyd J.C., Ashley G.M. Processes, bar morphology, and sedimentary structures on braided outwash fans, North-eastern Gulf of Alaska. Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists Special Publication 1975, No. 23:193-222. A.V. Jopling, B.C. McDonald (Eds.).
13. Boulton G.S., Clark C.D. The Laurentide ice sheet through the last glacial cycle: the topology of drift lineations as a key to the dynamic behaviour of former ice sheets. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences 1990, 81:327-347.
14. Boulton G.S., Clark C.D. A highly mobile Laurentide ice sheet revealed by satellite images of glacial lineations. Nature 1990, 346:813-817.
15. Boulton G.S. Theory of glacial erosion, transport and deposition as a consequence of subglacial sediment deformation. Journal of Glaciology 1996, 42:43-62.
16. Boulton G.S. The origin of till sequences by subglacial sediment deformation beneath mid-latitude ice sheets. Annals of Glaciology 1996, 22:75-84.
17. Bridgland, D.R. 1986. Clast lithological anlysis. Quaternary Research Association Technical Guide No. 3.
18. Carruthers R.G. On Northern glacial drift: some peculiarities and their significance. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society 1939, 95:299-333.
19. Cheel R.J., Rust B.R. Coarse-grained facies of glacio-marine deposits near Ottawa, Canada. Research in Glacial, Glaciofluvial, and Glaciolacustrine systems: Guelph, Ontario, Canada, University of Guelph, Guelph Symposium on Geomorphology, Proceedings 1982, 279-295. A.R. Davidson, W. Nickling, B.D. Fahley (Eds.).
20. Clemmensen L.B., Houmark-Nielsen M. Sedimentary features of a Weichselian glaciolacustrine delta. Boreas 1981, 10:229-245.
21. Collinson J.D., Thompson D.B. Sedimentary Structures 1989, Unwin Hyman, London.
22. Cook J.H. Kame-complexes and perforation deposits. American Journal of Science 1946, 24:573-583.
23. Charlesworth J.K. The glacial geology of the southern uplands of Scotland, west of Annandale and upper Clydesdale. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 1926, 55:1-23.
24. Clark C.D. Reconstructing the evolutionary dynamics of former ice sheets using multi-temporal evidence, Remote Sensing and GIS. Quaternary Science Reviews 1997, 16:1067-1092.
25. Clark C.D. Glaciodynamic context of subglacial bedform generation and preservation. Annals of Glaciology 1999, 28:23-32.
26. Cohen J.M. Deltaic sedimentation in glacial lake Blessington, County Wicklow, Ireland. Moraines and Varves 1979, 357-367. A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam. C. Schluchter (Ed.).
27. Davies B.J., Roberts D.H., Ó Cofaigh C., Bridgland D.R., Riding J.B., Phillips E.R., Teasdale D.A. Interlobate ice-sheet dynamics during the Last Glacial Maximum at Whitburn Bay, County Durham, England. Boreas 2009, 38:555-578.
28. Dixon E.E.L., Maden J.M., Trotter F.M., Hollingworth S.E., Tonks L.H. Geology of the Carlisle, Longtown and the Silloth District. Memoir of the British Geological Survey 1926, HMSO, London.
29. Dyke A.S. Landscapes of cold-centred Late Wisconsinan ice caps, Arctic Canada. Progress in Physical Geography 1993, 17:223-247.
30. Eastwood T., Hollingworth S.E., Rose W.C.C., Trotter F.M. Geology of the Country Around Cockermouth and Caldbeck. Memoir of the Geological Survey of Great Britain 1968, HMSO, 298pp.
31. Evans D.J.A. A gravel outwash/deformation till continuum, Skalafellsjokull, Iceland. Geografiska Annaler 2000, 82A(4):499-512.
32. Evans D.J.A., Twigg D.R. The active temperate glacial landsystem: a model based on Brei{eth}amerkurjökull and Fjallsjökull, Iceland. Quaternary Science Reviews 2002, 21:2143-2177.
33. Evans D.J.A., Ó Cofaigh C. Depositional evidence for marginal oscillations of the Irish Sea ice stream in southeast Ireland during the last glaciation. Boreas 2003, 32:76-101.
34. Evans D.J.A., Benn D.I. A Practical Guide to the Study of Glacial Sediments 2004, Arnold, London.
35. Evans D.J.A., Hiemstra J.F. Till deposition by glacier submarginal, incremental thickening. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 2005, 30:1633-1662.
36. Evans D.J.A., Phillips E.R., Hiemstra J.F., Auton C.A. Subglacial till: formation, sedimentary characteristics and classification. Earth Science Reviews 2006, 78:115-176.
37. Evans D.J.A., Livingstone S.J., Vieli A., Ó Cofaigh C. The palaeoglaciology of the central sector of the British and Irish Ice Sheet: reconciling glacial geomorphology and preliminary ice sheet modelling. Quaternary Science Reviews 2009, 28:735-757.
38. Evans W.B., Arthurton R.S. North-west England. Geological Society, London, Special Reports 1973, vol. 4:28-36. G.F. Mitchell, L.F. Penny, F.W. Shotton, R.G. West (Eds.).
39. Eyles N., McCabe A.M. The Late Devensian (<22,000 BP) Irish Sea Basin: the sedimentary record of a collapsed ice sheet margin. Quaternary Science Reviews 1989, 8:307-351.
40. Goodchild J.G. Glacial phenomena of the Eden Valley and the western part of the Yorkshire-Dale District. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London 1875, 31:55-99.
41. Goodchild J.G. Ice work in Edenside and some of the adjoining part of North West England. Transactions of the Cumberland and Westmorland Advancement of Literature and Science 1887, 12:111-167.
42. Gorrell G., Shaw J. Deposition in an esker, bead and fan complex, Lanark, Ontario, Canada. Sedimentary Geology 1991, 72:285-314.
43. Greenwood S.L., Clark C.D. Subglacial bedforms of the Irish Ice Sheet. Journal of Maps 2008, 332-357.
44. Gustavson T.C., Ashley G.M., Boothroyd J.C. Depositional sequences in glaciolacustrine deltas. Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists Special Publication 1975, No. 23:264-280. A.V. Jopling, B.C. McDonald (Eds.).
45. Haeberli W. Correspondence: ice motion on deformable sediments. Journal of Glaciology 1981, 27:365-366.
46. Hart J.K., Boulton G.S. The interrelation of glacitectonic and glaciodepositional processes within the glacial environment. Quaternary Science Review 1991, 10:335-350.
47. Hicock S.R., Dreimanis A. Sunnybrook drift indicates a grounded early Wisconsin glacier in the Lake Ontario basin. Geology 1989, 17:169-172.
48. Hiemstra J.F., Evans D.J.A., Scourse J.D., McCarroll D., Furze M.F.A., Rhodes E. New evidence for a grounded Irish Sea glaciation of the Isles of Scilly. Quaternary Science Reviews 2006, 25:299-309.
49. Hollingworth S.E. Glaciation of West Edenside and adjoining areas and the drumlins of Edenside and the Solway Plain. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London 1931, 87:281-357.
50. Holmes C.D. Kames. American Journal of Science 1947, 245:240-249.
51. Hooyer T.S., Iverson N.R. Diffusive mixing between shearing granular layers: constraints on bed deformation from till contacts. Journal of Glaciology 2000, 46:641-651.
52. Huddart D., 1970. Aspects of glacial sedimentation in the Cumberland Lowland. Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, University of Reading.
53. Huddart D. A relative glacial chronology from the tills of the Cumberland lowland. Proceedings of the Cumberland Geological Society 1971, 3:21-32.
54. Huddart D. Textural distinction between the Main Glaciation and Scottish Re-advance tills in the Cumberland Lowland. Geological Magazine 1971, 108:317-324.
55. Huddart D. The origin of esker sediments near Thursby, Cumberland. Proceedings of the Cumberland Geological Society 1973, 3:59-69.
56. Huddart D., Tooley M.J., Carter P. The coasts of North West England. Geological Journal Special Issue 1977, 7. Seel House Press, Liverpool. C. Kidson, M.J. Tooley (Eds.).
57. Huddart D. Fluvioglacial systems in Edenside. The Quaternary of Cumbria: Field Guide 1981, 151-167. Quaternary Research Association, London, 128 pp. J. Boardman (Ed.).
58. Huddart D. Flow tills and ice-walled lacustrine sediments, the Petteril valley, Cumbria, England. Tills and Related Deposits 1983, Balkema, Rotterdam. E.B. Evenson, C.H. Schluchter, J. Rabasssa (Eds.).
59. Huddart D. The glacial history and deposits of the North and West Cumbrian Lowlands. Glacial Deposits in Britain and Ireland 1991, 151-167. Balkema Press, Rotterdam. J. Ehlers, P.L. Gibbard, J. Rose (Eds.).
60. Huddart D. The late Quaternary glacigenic sequence: landforms and environments in coastal Cumbria. The Quaternary of Cumbria: Field Guide 1994, 59-77. Quaternary Research Association, Oxford. J. Boardman, J. Walden (Eds.).
61. Field Guide to the Cumberland Lowland 1972, Quaternary Research Association, Cambridge. D. Huddart, M.J. Tooley (Eds.).
62. Huddart D., Glasser N.F. Quaternary of Northern England. Geological Conservation Review Series 2002, No. 25. Joint Nature Conservation Committee, Peterborough, 745pp.
63. Jackson, I., 1979. The sand and gravel resources of the country around Brampton, Cumbria: description of 1:25,000 resources sheet NY 55 and part of NY 56. Mineral Assessment Report for the Institute of Geological Sciences, No. 45.
64. Jopling A.V., Walker R.G. Morphology and origins of ripple-drift cross lamination, with examples from the Pleistocene of Massachusetts. Journal of Sedimentary Research 1968, 38(4):971-984.
65. Kneller B. Beyond the turbidite paradigm: physical models for deposition of turbidites and their implications for reservoir prediction. Geological Society Special Publication 1995, vol. 94:31-49. A.J. Hartley, D.J. Prosser (Eds.).
66. Kovach W.L. Multivariate data analysis. Technical Guide 1995, No. 5:1-38. Quaternary Research Association, Cambridge. D. Maddy, J.S. Brew (Eds.).
67. Lawson D.E. Distinguishing characteristics of diamictons at the margin of the Matanuska Glacier, Alaska. Annals of Glaciology 1981, 2:78-83.
68. Lawson D.E. Mobilisation, movement and deposition of active subaerial sediment flows, Matanuska Glacier, Alaska. Journal of Geology 1982, 90:279-300.
69. Livingstone S.J., Ó Cofaigh C., Evans D.J.A. Glacial geomorphology of the central sector of the last British-Irish Ice Sheet. Journal of Maps 2008, 358-377.
70. Livingstone S.J., Ó Cofaigh C., Evans D.J.A. A major ice drainage pathway of the last British-Irish Ice Sheet: the Tyne Gap, northern England. Journal of Quaternary Science 2010, 25:354-370.
71. Livingstone, S.J., Ó Cofaigh, C., Evans, D.J.A., Palmer, A. Glaciolacustrine sedimentation in the Solway Lowlands (Cumbria, UK): evidence for a major glacial oscillation during Late Devensian deglaciation. Boreas, in press-a.
72. Livingstone, S.J., Ó Cofaigh, C., Evans, D.J.A., Hopkins, J. The Brampton kame belt and Pennine Escarpment meltwater channel system (Cumbria, UK): Morphology, sedimentology and formation. Proceedings of the Geologists Association, in press-b.
73. Lowe D.R. Sediment gravity flows; II, Depositional models with special reference to the deposits of high-density turbidity currents. Journal of Sedimentary Research 1982, 52(1):279-297.
74. Marren P.M. Sedimentology of proglacial rivers in eastern Scotland during the Late Devensian. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences 2001, 92:149-171.
75. McCabe A.M., Clark P.U. Ice-sheet variability around the North Atlantic Ocean during the last deglaciation. Nature 1998, 392:373-377.
76. McCabe A.M., Knight J., McCarron S. Evidence for Heinrich event 1 in the British Isles. Journal of Quaternary Science 1998, 13:549-568.
77. McCabe A.M., Clark P.U., Clark J., Dunlop P. Radiocarbon constraints on readvances of the British-Irish Ice Sheet in the northern Irish Sea Basin during the last deglaciation. Quaternary Science Reviews 2007, 26:1204-1211.
78. McCarroll D., Rijsdijk K.F. Deformationstyles as a key for interpreting glacial depositional environments. Journal of Quaternary Science 2003, 18(6):473-489.
79. McDonald B.C., Shilts W.W. Interpretation of faults in glaciofluvial sediments. Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists Special Publication 1975, No. 23:123-131. A.V. Jopling, B.C. McDonald (Eds.).
80. Merritt J.W., Auton C.A. An outline of the lithostratigraphy and depositional history of Quaternary deposits in the Sellafield District, West Cumbria. Proceedings of the Yorkshire Geological Society 2000, 53(2):129-154.
81. Miall A.D. A review of the braided-river depositional environment. Earth Science Reviews 1977, 13:1-62.
82. Miall A.D. Architectural-element analysis: a new method of facies analysis applied to fluvial deposits. Earth Science Reviews 1985, 22:261-308.
83. Nemec W. Aspects of sediment movement on steep delta slopes. International Association if Sedimentologists Special Publication 1990, vol. 10:29-73. A. Colella, D.B. Prior (Eds.).
84. Nemec W., Lønne I., Blikra L. The Kregnes moraine in Gauldalen, west-central Norway: anatomy of a Younger Dryas proglacial delta in a palaeofjord basin. Boreas 1999, 28:454-476.
85. Paul M.A. Supraglacial landsystem. Glacial Geology 1983, 81-90. Pergamon Press, Oxford. N. Eyles (Ed.).
86. Pennington W. Quaternary geology. Yorkshire Geological Society Occasional Publication 1978, vol. 3:207-225. F. Mosley (Ed.).
87. Phillips E., Merritt J., Auton C., Golledge N. Microstructures in subglacial and proglacial sediments: understanding faults, folds and fabrics, and the influence of water on the style of deformation. Quaternary Science Reviews 2007, 26:1499-1524.
88. Piotrowski J.A., Kraus A.M. Response of sediments to ice sheet loading in northwestern Germany: effective stresses and glacier-bed stability. Journal of Glaciology 1997, 43:495-502.
89. Piotrowski J.A., Mickelson D.M., Tulaczyk S., Krzyszkowski D., Junge F. Were deforming subglacial beds beneath past ice sheets really widespread?. Quaternary International 2001, 86:139-150.
90. Plink-Björklund P., Ronnert L. Depositional processes and internal architecture of Late Weichselian ice-margin submarine fan and delta settings, Swedish west coast. Sedimentary Geology 1999, 46:215-234.
91. Postma G., Roep T.B., Ruegg G.J.H. Sandy. gravelly mass-flow deposits in an ice-marginal lake (Saalian, Leuvenumsche Beek Valley, Veluwe, The Netherlands), with emphasis on plug-flow deposits. Sedimentary Geology 1983, 134:59-82.
92. Powell R.D. Glacimarine processes at grounding-line fans and their growth to ice-contact deltas. Geological Society, London, Special Publications 1990, vol. 53. pp. 53-73.
93. Punkari M. Modelling of the dynamics of the Scandinavian ice sheet using remote sensing and GIS methods. Glaciotectonics and Mapping Glacial Deposits 1993, 232-250. Balkema, Rotterdam. J.S. Aber (Ed.).
94. Reineck H.E., Singh I.B. Depositional Sedimentary Environments 1975, Springer Verlag, Berlin.
95. Rijsdijk K.F., Owen G., Warren W.P., McCarroll D., van der Meer J.J.M. Clastic dykes in over-consolidated tills: evidence for subglacial hydrofracturing at Killiney Bay, eastern Ireland. Sedimentary Geology 1999, 129:111-126.
96. Roberts D.H., Dackombe R.V., Thomas G.S.P. Palaeo-ice streaming in the central sector of the British-Irish Ice Sheet during the Last Glacial Maximum: evidence from the northern Irish Sea Basin. Boreas 2007, 36:115-129.
97. Rooney S.T., Blankenship D.D., Alley R.B., Bentley C.R. Till beneath Ice Stream B. 2, structure and continuity. Journal of Geophysical Research 1987, 92(B9):8913-8920.
98. Russell H.A.J., Arnott R.W.C. Hydraulic-jump and hyperconcentrated flow deposits of a glacigenic subaqueous fan: Oak Ridge moraine, southern Ontario, Canada. Journal of Sedimentary Research 2003, 73(6):887-905.
99. Rust B.R. Fabric and structure in glaciofluvial gravels. Special Publication 1975, vol. 23:239-248. A.V. Jopling, B.C. McDonald (Eds.).
100. Rust B.R., Romanelli R. Late Quaternary subaqueous deposits near Ottawa, Canada. Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, Special Publication 1975, vol. 23:177-192. A.V. Jopling, B.C. McDonald (Eds.).
101. Salt K.E., Evans D.J.A. Scottish Landform Example 32: Superimposed subglacially streamlined landforms of southwest Scotland. Scottish Geographical Journal 2004, 120:133-147.
102. Scourse J.D., Austin W.E.N., Bateman R.M., Catt J.A., Evans C.D.R., Robinson J.E., Young J.R. Sedimentology and micropalaeontology of glacimarine sediments from the central and southwestern Celtic Sea. Geological Society Special Publication 1990, vol. 53:329-347. London. J.A. Dowdeswell, J.D. Scourse (Eds.).
103. Shanmugan G. 50 years of the turbidite paradigm (1950s-1990s): deep-water processes and facies models - a critical perspective. Marine and Petroleum Geology 2000, 17(2):285-342.
104. Sissons J.B. Some aspects of glacial drainage channels in Britain. Part I. Scottish Geographical Magazine 1960, 76:131-146.
105. Sissons J.B. Some aspects of glacial drainage channels in Britain. Part II. Scottish Geographical Magazine 1961, 77:15-36.
106. Sissons J.B. The Quaternary in Scotland - a review. Scottish Journal of Geology 1974, 10:311-337.
107. Smith N.D. Proglacial fluvial environment. Glacial Sedimentary Environments, Short Course 1985, 16:85-134. G.M. Ashley, J. Shaw, N.D. Smith (Eds.).
108. Smith N.D., Ashley G. Proglacial lacustrine environment. Glacial Sedimentary Environments, Short Course 1985, 16:135-207. G.M. Ashley, J. Shaw, N.D. Smith (Eds.).
109. Stokes C.R., Clark C.D. Evolution of late glacial ice-marginal lakes on the northwestern Canadian Shield and their influence on the location of the Dubawnt Lake palaeo-ice stream. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 2004, 215:155-171.
110. Stone P., Lawrence D., Merritt J.W., Millward D. British Regional Geology: Northern England 2010, British Geological Survey, Nottingham, 304 pp. third ed.
111. Sugden D.E., Denton G.H., Marchant D.R. Subglacial meltwater channel systems and ice sheet overriding, Asgard Range, Antarctica. Geografiska Annaler 1991, 73A:109-121.
112. Templ M., Fitzmoser P., Reimann C. Cluster analysis applied to regional geochemical data: problems and possibilities. Applied Geochemistry 2008, 23:2198-2213.
113. Thomas G.S.P. Sedimentation of a sub-aqueous esker-delta at Strabathie, Aberdeenshire. Scottish Journal of Geology 1984, 20:9-20.
114. Thomas G.S.P. The Quaternary of the northern Irish Sea basin. The Geomorphology of North-west England 1985, 143-158. Manchester University Press, Manchester. R.H. Johnson (Ed.).
115. Thomas G.S.P., Chiverrell R.C., Huddart D. Ice-marginal depositional responses to readvance episodes in the Late Devensian deglaciation of the Isle of Man. Quaternary Science Reviews 2004, 23:85-106.
116. Thomas G.S.P., Chiverrell R.C. A model of subaqueous sedimentation at the margin of the Late Midlandian Irish Ice Sheet, Connemara, Ireland, and its implications for regionally high isostatic sea-levels. Quaternary Science Reviews 2006, 25:2868-2893.
117. Trotter F.M. Report from the Cumberland District. Summary of Progress of the Geological Survey of Great Britain for 1921 1922, 46-48.
118. Trotter F.M. Report from the Cumberland District. Summary of Progress of the Geological Survey of Great Britain for 1922 1923, 61-63.
119. Trotter F.M. The Glaciation of East Edenside, the Alston Block and the Carlisle Plain. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London 1929, 85:549-612.
120. Trotter F.M., Hollingworth S.E. The glacial sequence in the North of England. Geological Magazine 1932, 69:374-380.
121. Trotter F.M., Hollingworth S.E. The Geology of the Brampton District. Memoir of the Geological Society 1932, HMSO, London.
122. Tulaczyk S., Scherer R.P., Clark C.D. A ploughing model for the origin of weak tills beneath ice streams: a qualitative treatment. Quaternary International 2001, 86:59-70.
123. Walden J.S. Particle lithology (or mineral and geochemical analysis). A Practical Guide to the Study of Sediments 2004, 115-144. Arnold, London. D.J.A. Evans, D.I. Benn (Eds.).
124. Warren W.P., Ashley G.M. Origins of the Ice-contact Stratified Ridges (Eskers) of Ireland. Journal of Sedimentary Research 1994, 64A:433-449.
125. Williams G.D., Brabham P.J., Eaton G.P., Harris C. Late Devensian glaciotectonic deformation at St Bees, Cumbria: a critical wedge model. Journal of the Geological Society, London 2001, 158:125-135.
126. Wingfield R.T.R. Pleistocene and Holocene. United Kingdom Offshore Regional Report: The Geology of Cardigan Bay and the Bristol Channel. British Geological Survey 1994, 76-93. D.R. Tappin, R.A. Chadwick, A.A. Jackson, R.T.R. Wingfield, N.J.P. Smith (Eds.).
127. Winsemann J., Asprion U., Meyer T., Schramm C. Facies characteristics of Middle Pleistocene (Saalian) ice-marginal subaqueous fan and delta deposits, glacial Lake Leine, NW Germany. Sedimentary Geology 2007, 193:105-129.
128. van der Meer J.J.M., Kjaer K.H., Krüger J. Subglacial water-escape structures and till structures, Sléttjökull, Iceland. Journal of Quaternary Science 1999, 14(3):191-205.
129. van der Meer J.J.M., Kjaer K.H., Krüger J., Rabassa J., Kilfeather A.A. Under pressure: clastic dykes in glacial settings. Quaternary Science Reviews 2009, 28:708-720.
130. van der Wateren F.M. Processes of glaciotectonism. Modern Glacial Environments: Processes, Dynamics and Sediments 1995, 309-335. Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford. J. Menzies (Ed.).