Late Cretaceous to Paleocene oroclinal bending in the central Pontides (Turkey)

Tectonics

Volumn 29, Issue 4, 2010, Pages

  Meijers, Maud J M ^a,b   Kaymakci, Nuretdin ^c   Van Hinsbergen, Douwe J J ^a,d   Langereis, Cor G ^a   Stephenson, Randell A ^e   Hippolyte, Jean Claude ^f  

^a UTRECHT UNIVERSITY   (Netherlands)

^b UNIVERSITY OF AMSTERDAM   (Netherlands)

^c MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY   (Turkey)

^d UNIVERSITY OF OSLO   (Norway)

^e UNIVERSITY OF ABERDEEN   (United Kingdom)

^f AIX MARSEILLE UNIVERSITY   (France)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

GEOMAGNETISM; OPTICAL RESONATORS; ROTATION; TECTONICS;

BLACK SEA; COUNTER CLOCKWISE ROTATION; DEFORMATION FRONT; EOCENE ROCKS; EURASIA; FOLD-AND-THRUST BELTS; GEOLOGICAL PROCESS; LATE CRETACEOUS; OLIGOCENE; OROCLINE; PALEOCENE; PALEOZOIC; RELIABILITY CRITERION; STRUCTURAL TRENDS; TURKISHS; VERTICAL-AXIS ROTATION;

BENDING (DEFORMATION);

BASIN EVOLUTION; BENDING; CRETACEOUS; DEFORMATION; EOCENE-OLIGOCENE BOUNDARY; FOLD AND THRUST BELT; PALEOCENE; PALEOMAGNETISM; PLATE CONVERGENCE; TETHYS;

PONTIDES; TURKEY;

EID: 77955545434     PISSN: 02787407     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/2009TC002620     Document Type: Article

References (91)

1. Altuner, D., A. Koçyiǧit, A. Farinacci, U. Nicosia, and M. A. Conti (1991), Jurassic-lower Cretaceous stratigraphy and paleogeographic evolution of the southern part of north-western Anatolia (Turkey), Geol. Rom., 27, 13-80.
2. Bozkurt, E., J. A. Winchester, E. Yiǧitbaş, and C. J. Ottley (2008), Proterozoic ophiolites and maficultramafic complexes marginal to the Istanbul Block: An exotic terrane of Avalonian affinity in NW Turkey, Tectonophysics, 461, 240-251, doi:10.1016/j.tecto. 2008.04.027.
3. Boztu-, D., and R. C. Jonckheere (2007), Apatite fission track data from central Anatolian granitoids (Turkey): Constraints on Neo-Tethyan closure, Tectonics, 26, TC3011, doi:10.1029/2006TC001988. (Pubitemid 47351084)
4. Boztuǧ, D., Ö. Güney, M. Heizler, R. C. Jonckheere, M. Tichomirowa, and N. Otlu (2009a), 207Pb-206Pb, 40Ar-39Ar and fission-track geothermochronology quantifying cooling and exhumation history of the Kaman-Kirşehir region intrusions, central Anatolia, Turkey, Turk. J. Earth Sci., 18, 85-108.
5. Boztuǧ,D.,R. C. Jonckheere,M.Heizler, L.Ratschbacher, Y. Harlavan, and M. Tichomirova (2009b), Timing of post-obduction granitoids from intrusion through cooling to exhumation in central Anatolia, Turkey, Tectonophysics, 473, 223-233, doi:10.1016/j. tecto.2008.05.035.
6. Butler, R. F. (1992), Paleomagnetism: Magnetic Domains to Geologic Terranes, 238 pp., Blackwell Sci., Boston.
7. Carey, S. W. (1958), The tectonic approach to continental drift, in Continental Drift-A Symposium, edited by S. W. Carey, pp. 177-363, Univ. of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia.
8. Channell, J. E. T., O. Tüysüz, O. Bektaş, and A. M. C.Şengör (1996), Jurassic-Cretaceous paleomagnetism and paleogeography of the Pontides (Turkey), Tectonics, 15, 201-212, doi:10.1029/95TC02290. (Pubitemid 26469121)
9. Cogné, J.-P., N. Halim, Y. Chen, and V. Courtillot (1999), Resolving the problem of shallow magnetizations of Tertiary age in Asia: Insights from paleomagnetic data from the Qiangtang, Kunlun, and Qaidam Blocks (Tibet, China), and a new hypothesis, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 17,715-17,734.
10. Creer, K. M. (1962), The dispersion of the geomagnetic field due to secular variation and its determination for remote times from paleomagnetic data, J. Geophys. Res., 67, 3461-3476, doi:10.1029/ JZ067i009p03461.
11. Creer, K. M., E. Irving, and A. E. M. Nairn (1959), Paleomagnetism of the Great Whin Sill, Geophys. J. R. Astron. Soc., 2, 306-323.
12. Dupont-Nivet, G., D. J. J. van Hinsbergen, and T. H. Torsvik (2010), Persistently low Asian paleolatitudes: Implications for the Indo-Asia collision history, Tectonics, doi:10.1029/2009TC002437, in press.
13. Evans, I., and S. A. Hall (1990), Paleomagnetic constraints on the tectonic evolution of the Sakarya Continent, northwestern Anatolia, Tectonophysics, 182, 357-372, doi:10.1016/0040-1951(90)90172-5.
14. Eyüboǧlu, Y. (2010), Late Cretaceous high-K volcanism in the eastern Pontide orogenic belt: Implications for the geodynamic evolution of NE Turkey, Int. Geol. Rev., 52, 142-186, doi:10.1080/ 00206810902757164.
15. Gautier, P., E. Bozkurt, E. Hallot, and K. Dirik (2002), Dating the exhumation of a metamorphic dome: Geological evidence for pre-Eocene unroofing of the Ni-de Massif (central Anatolia, Turkey), Geol . Mag. , 139, 559-576, doi :10.1017/ S0016756802006751.
16. Gautier, P., E. Bozkurt, V. Bosse, E. Hallot, and K. Dirik (2008), Coeval extensional and lateral underflow during Late Cretaceous core complex development in the Ni-de Massif, central Anatolia, Turkey, Tectonics, 27, TC1003, doi:10.1029/2006TC002089.
17. Genç, S. C., and Y. Yilmaz (1995), Evolution of the Triassic continental margin, northwest Anatolia, Tectonophysics, 243, 193-207, doi:10.1016/0040-1951(94)00198-I.
18. Gerdjikov, I. (2005), Alpine metamorphism and granitoid magmatism in the Strandja Zone: New data from the Sakar unit, SE Bulgaria, Turk. J. Earth Sci., 14, 167-183.
19. Gong, Z., C. G. Langereis, and T. A. T. Mullender (2008), The rotation of Iberia during the Aptian and the opening of the Bay of Biscay, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 273, 80-93, doi:10.1016/j. epsl.2008.06.016.
20. Görür, N. (1988), Timing of opening of the Black Sea Basin, Tectonophysics, 147, 247-262, doi:10.1016/ 0040-1951(88)90189-90198
21. Görür, N. (1997), Cretaceous syn-to postrift sedimentation on the southern continental margin of the western Black Sea Basin, in Regional and Petroleum Geology of the Black Sea and Surrounding Region, edited by A. G. Robinson, pp. 227-240, Am. Assoc. of Pet. Geol., Tulsa, Okla.
22. Görür, N., F. Y. Oktay, İ. Seymen, and A. M. C. Şengör (1984), Paleotectonic evolution of the Tuzgölü Basin Complex, central Turkey: Sedimentary record of a Neo-Tethyan closure, in The Geological Evolution of the Eastern Mediterranean, edited by J. E. Dixon and A. H. F. Robertson, pp. 467-482, Geol. Soc. of London, London.
23. Hankard, F., J.-P. Cogné, V. Kravchinksy, L. Carporzen, A. Bayasgalan, and P. Lkhagvadorj (2007a), New Tertiary paleomagnetic poles from Mongolia and Siberia at 40, 30, 20, and 13Ma: Clues on the inclination shallowing problem in central Asia, J. Geophys. Res., 112, B02101, doi:10.1029/2006JB004488. (Pubitemid 46994521)
24. Hankard, F., J. P. Cogné, X. Quidelleur, A. Bayasgalan, and P. Lkhagvadorj (2007b), Paleomagnetism and K-Ar dating of Cretaceous basalts from Mongolia, Geophys. J. Int., 169, 898-908, doi:10.1111/ j.1365-246X.2007.03292.x.
25. Hetzel, R., and T. Reischmann (1996), Intrusion age of Pan-African augen gneisses in the southern Menderes Massif and the age of cooling after Alpine ductile extensional deformation, Geol. Mag., 133, 565-572, doi:10.1017/ S0016756800007846.
26. Hippolyte, J.-C., C. Müller, N. Kaymakci, and E. Sangu (2010), Nannoplankton dating in the Black Sea inverted margin of central Pontides (Turkey) reveals two episodes of rifting, in Sedimentary Basin Tectonics From the Black Sea and Caucasus to the Arabian Platform, Geol. Soc. London Spec. Publ. Ser., vol.340, edited by M. Sosson et al., pp. 113-136, Geol. Soc. of London, London.
27. Hrouda, F. (1982), Magnetic anisotropy of rocks and its application in geology and geophysics, Surv. Geophys., 5, 37-82, doi:10.1007/BF01450244.
28. Isik, V. (2009), The ductile shear zone in granitoid of the Central Anatolian Crystalline Complex, Turkey: Implications for the origins of the Tuzgölü Basin during the Late Cretaceous extensional deformation, J. Asian Earth Sci., 34, 507-521, doi:10.1016/j. jseaes.2008.08.005.
29. Işseven, T., and O. Tüysüz (2006), Palaeomagnetically defined rotations of fault-bounded continental blocks in the North Anatolian Shear Zone, north central Anatolia, J. Asian Earth Sci., 28, 469-479, doi:10.1016/j.jseaes.2005.11.012. (Pubitemid 44804234)
30. Jelinek, V. (1981), Characterization of the magnetic fabric of rocks, Tectonophysics, 79, T63-T67, doi:10.1016/0040-1951(81)90110-4.
31. Jelinek, V. (1984), On a mixed quadratic invariant of the magnetic-susceptibility tensor, Z. Geophys., 56, 58-60.
32. Kaymakci, N. (2000), Tectono-stratigraphical evolution of the Çankiri Basin (central Anatolia, Turkey), Geol. Ultraiectina, 190, 1-247.
33. Kaymakci, N., C. E. Duermeijer, C. Langereis, S. H. White, and P. M. Van Dijk (2003), Palaeomagnetic evolution of the Cankiri Basin (central Anatolia, Turkey): Implications for oroclinal bending due to indentation, Geol. Mag., 140, 343-355, doi:10.1017/S001675680300757X. (Pubitemid 36901203)
34. Kaymakci, N., Y. Özçelik, S. H. White, and P. M. Van Dijk (2009), Tectono-stratigraphy of the Çankiri Basin: Late Cretaceous to early Miocene evolution of the Neotethyan suture zone in Turkey, in Collision and Collapse at the Africa-Arabia-Eurasia Subduction Zone, edited by D. J. J. Van Hinsbergen, M. A. Edwards, and R. Govers, pp. 67-106, Geol. Soc. of London, London.
35. Keskin, M., Ş. C. Genç, and O. Tüysüz (2008), Petrology and geochemistry of post-collisional Middle Eocene volcanic units in north-central Turkey: Evidence for magma generation by slab breakoff following the closure of the northern Neotethys Ocean, Lithos, 104, 267-305, doi:10.1016/j.lithos.2007.12.011.
36. King, R. F. (1955), The remanent magnetism of artificially deposited sediments, Geophys. J. Int., 7, 115-134, doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.1955.tb06558.x.
37. Kirschvink, J. L. (1980), The least squares line and plane and the analysis of paleomagnetic data, Geophys. J. R. Astron. Soc., 62, 699-718.
38. Kissel, C., C. Laj, A. Poisson, and N. Görür (2003), Paleomagnetic reconstruction of the Cenozoic evolution of the eastern Mediterranean, Tectonophysics, 362, 199-217, doi:10.1016/S0040-1951(02)00638-8. (Pubitemid 36175236)
39. Kriachtchevskaia, O., S. Stovba, and R. Stephenson (2010), Cretaceous-Neogene tectonic evolution of the northern margin of the Black Sea from seismic reflection data and tectonic subsidence analysis, in Sedimentary Basin Tectonics From the Black Sea and Caucasus to the Arabian Platform, Geol. Soc. London Spec. Publ. Ser., vol.340, edited by M. Sosson et al., pp. 137-157, Geol. Soc. of London, London.
40. Kröner, A., and A. M. C. Şengör (1990), Archean and Proterozoic ancestry in late Precambrian to early Paleozoic crustal elements of southern Turkey as revealed by single-zircon dating, Geology, 18, 1186-1190, doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1990) 018<1186:AAPAIL>2.3.CO;2.
41. Luterbacher, H. P., et al. (2004), The Paleogene period, in A Geologic Time Scale 2004, edited by F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith, pp. 384-408, Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, U. K.
42. McFadden, P. L., and M. W. McElhinny (1988), The combined analysis of remagnetization circles and direct observations in palaeomagnetism, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 87, 161-172, doi:10.1016/0012-821X(88)90072-6.
43. McFadden, P. L., and M. W. McElhinny (1990), Classification of the reversal test in palaeomagnetism, Geophys. J. Int., 103, 725-729, doi:10.1111/ j.1365-246X.1990.tb05683.x.
44. Nikishin, A. M., M. V. Korotaev, A. V. Ershov, and M.-F. Brunet (2003), The Black Sea Basin: Tectonic history and Neogene-Quaternary rapid subsidence modelling, Sediment. Geol. , 156, 149-168, doi:10.1016/S0037-0738(02)00286-5. (Pubitemid 36144901)
45. Ogg, J. G. (2004), The Jurassic period, in A Geologic Time Scale 2004, edited by F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith, pp. 307-343, Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, U. K.
46. Ogg, J. G., F. P. Agterberg, and F. M. Gradstein (2004), The Cretaceous period, in A Geologic Time Scale 2004, edited by F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith, pp. 344-383, Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, U. K.
47. Okay, A. I., and C. Göncüoǧlu (2004), The Karakaya complex: A review of data and concepts, Turk. J. Earth Sci., 13, 77-95.
48. Okay, A. I., and O. Tüysüz (1999), Tethyan sutures of northern Turkey, in The Mediterranean Basins: Tertiary Extension Within the Alpine Orogen, edited by B. Durand et al., pp. 475-515, Geol. Soc. of London, London.
49. Okay, A. I., A. M. C. Şengör, and N. Görür (1994), Kinematic history of the opening of the Black Sea and its effect on the surrounding regions, Geology, 22, 267-270, doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1994) 022<0267: KHOTOO>2.3.CO;2.
50. Okay, A. I., M. Satir, O. Tüysüz, S. Akyüz, and F. Chen (2001a), The tectonics of the Strandja Massif: Late-Variscan and mid-Mesozoic deformation and metamorphism in the northern Aegean, Int. J. Earth Sci., 90, 217-233, doi:10.1007/s005310000104. (Pubitemid 32646569)
51. Okay, A. I., I. Tansel, and O. Tüysüz (2001b), Obduction, subduction and collision as reflected in the Upper Cretaceous-Lower Eocene sedimentary record of western Turkey, Geol. Mag., 138, 117-142, doi:10.1017/S0016756801005088. (Pubitemid 32325099)
52. Okay, A. I., O. Tüysüz, M. Satir, S. Özkan-Altuner, D. Altuner, S. Sherlock, and R. H. Eren (2006), Cretaceous and Triassic subduction-accretion, HP/LT metamorphism and continental growth in the central Pontides, Turkey, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 118, 1247-1269, doi:10.1130/B25938.1. (Pubitemid 44458089)
53. Okay, A. I., E. Bozkurt, M. Satir, E. Yiǧitbaş, Q. G. Crowley, and C. K. Shang (2008), Defining the southern margin of Avalonia in the Pontides: Geochronological data from the Late Proterozoic and Ordovician granitoids from NW Turkey, Tectonophys i c s , 461, 252-2 6 4 , doi : 1 0 . 1 0 1 6 / j . tecto.2008.02.004.
54. Orbay, N., and A. Bayburdi (1979), Palaeomagnetism of dykes and tuffs from the Mesudiye region and rotation of Turkey, Geophys. J. R. Astron. Soc., 59, 437-444.
55. Özcan, E., G. Less, and B. Kertész (2007), Late Ypresian to Middle Lutetian orthophragminid record from central and northern Turkey: Taxonomy and remarks on zonal scheme, Turk. J. Earth Sci., 16, 281-318.
56. Pickett, E., and A. H. F. Robertson (2004), Significance of the volcanogenic Nilufer Unit and related components of the Triassic Karakaya Complex for Tethyan subduction/accretion processes in NW Turkey, Turk. J. Earth Sci., 13, 97-143.
57. Rice, S. P., A. H. F. Robertson, and T. Ustaömer (2006), Late-Cretaceous-Early Cenozoic tectonic evolution of the Eurasian active margin in the central and eastern Pontides, northern Turkey, in Tectonic Development of the Eastern Mediterranean Region, edited by A. H. F. Robertson and D. Mountrakis, pp. 413-445, Geol. Soc. of London, London.
58. Roberts, A. P. (1995), Magnetic properties of sedimentary greigite (Fe3S4), Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 134, 227-236, doi:10.1016/0012-821X(95)00131- U.
59. Robinson, A. G. (1997), Introduction: Tectonic elements of the Black Sea region, AAPG Mem., 68, 1-6.
60. Robinson, A., G. Spadini, S. Cloetingh, and J. Rudat (1995a), Stratigraphic evolution of the Black Sea: Inferences from basin modelling, Mar. Pet. Geol., 12, 821-835, doi:10.1016/0264-8172(95)98850-5.
61. Robinson, A. G., C. J. Banks, M. M. Rutherford, and J. P. P. Hirst (1995b), Stratigraphic and structural development of the eastern Pontides, Turkey, J. Geol. Soc., 152, 861-872, doi:10.1144/gsjgs.152.5.0861.
62. Robinson, A. G., J. H. Rudat, C. J. Banks, and L. F. Wiles (1996), Petroleum geology of the Black Sea, Mar. Pet. Geol., 13, 195-223, doi:10.1016/ 0264-8172(95)00042-49
63. Rowan, C. J., A. P. Roberts, and T. Broadbent (2009), Reductive diagenesis, magnetite dissolution, greigite growth and paleomagnetic smoothing in marine sediments: A new view, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 277, 223-235, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2008.10.016.
64. Sagnotti, L., F. Speranza, A. Winkler, M. Mattei, and R. Funiciello (1998), Magnetic fabric of clay sediments from the external northern Apennines (Italy), Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., 105, 73-93, doi:10.1016/S0031-9201(97) 00071-X.
65. Sar-budak, M. (1989), New results and a palaeomagnetic overview of the Pontides in northern Turkey, Geophys. J. Int., 99, 521-531, doi:10.1111/j.1365- 246X.1989.tb02037.x.
66. Sar-budak, M., M. Sanver, A. M. C. Şengör, and N. Görür (1990), Palaeomagnetic evidence for substantial rotation of the Almacik flake within the North Anatolian Fault Zone, NW Turkey, Geophys. J. Int . , 102, 563-568, doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.1990.tb04582.x.
67. Satir, M., and H. Friedrichsen (1986), The origin and evolution of the Menderes Massif, W-Turkey: A rubidium/strontium and oxygen isotope study, Geol. Rundsch., 75, 703-714.
68. Scheepers, P. J. J., and C. G. Langereis (1994), Magnetic fabric of Pleistocene clays from the Tyrrhenian arc: A magnetic lineation induced in the final stage of the middle Pleistocene compressive event, Tectonics, 13, 1190-1200, doi:10.1029/94TC00221.
69. Şenel, M., et al. (2001), Geological map of Turkey, scale 1:500,000, Maden Tetkik ve Arama Gen. Mudurlugu, Ankara, Turkey.
70. Şengör, A. M. C., and Y. Yilmaz (1981), Tethyan evolution of Turkey: A plate tectonic approach, Tectonophysics, 75, 181-241, doi:10.1016/0040-1951 (81)90275-90284
71. Şengör, A. M. C., D. Altuner, A. Cin, T. Ustaömer, and K. J. Hsu (1988), Origin and assembly of the Tethyside orogenic collage at the expense of Gondwana Land, in Gondwana and Tethys, edited by M. G. Audley-Charles and A. Hallam, pp. 119-181, Oxford Univ. Press, Oxford, U. K.
72. Shillington, D. J., N. White, T. A. Minshull, G. R. H. Edwards, S. M. Jones, R. A. Edwards, and C. L. Scott (2008), Cenozoic evolution of the eastern Black Sea: A test of depth-dependent stretching models, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 265, 360-378, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2007.10.033.
73. Sinclair, H. D., S. G. Juranov, G. Georgiev, P. Byrne, and N. P. Mountney (1997), The Balkan thrust wedge and foreland basin of eastern Bulgaria: Structural and stratigraphic development, in Regional and Petroleum Geology of the Black Sea and Surrounding Region, edited by A. G. Robinson, pp. 91-114, Am. Assoc. of Pet. Geol., Tulsa, Okla.
74. Tatar, O., J. D. A. Piper, R. Graham Park, and H. Gursoy (1995), Palaeomagnetic study of block rotations in the Niksar overlap region of the North Anatolian Fault Zone, central Turkey, Tectonophysics, 244, 251-266, doi:10.1016/0040-1951(94)00241-Z.
75. Tauxe, L., and D. V. Kent (1984), Properties of a detrital remanence carried by hematite from study of modern river deposits and laboratory redeposition experiments, Geophys. J. R. Astron. Soc., 76, 543-561.
76. Tauxe, L., and D. V. Kent (2004), A simplified statistical model for the geomagnetic field and the detection of shallow bias in paleomagnetic inclinations: Was the ancient magnetic field dipolar, in Timescales of the Paleomagnetic Field, Geophys. Monogr. Ser., vol.145, edited by J. E. T. Channell et al., pp. 101-115, AGU, Washington, D. C.
77. Torsvik, T. H., R. D. Muller, R. Van der Voo, B. Steinberger, and C. Gaina (2008), Global plate motion frames: Toward a unified model, Rev. Geophys., 46, RG3004, doi:10.1029/2007RG000227.
78. Tüysüz, O. (1999), Geology of the Cretaceous sedimentary basins of the western Pontides, Geol. J., 34, 75-93, doi:10.1002/(SICI)1099- 1034(199901/06) 34:1/2<75::AID-GJ815>3.0.CO;2-S.
79. Tüysüz, O., and U. K. Tekin (2007), Timing of imbrication of an active continental margin facing the northern branch of Neotethys, Karg-Massif, northern Turkey, Cretaceous Res., 28, 754-764, doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2006.11. 006. (Pubitemid 47535056)
80. Vandamme, D. (1994), A new method to determine paleosecular variation, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., 85, 131-142, doi:10.1016/0031-9201(94)90012-4.
81. Van der Voo, R. (1968), Jurassic, Cretaceous and Eocene pole positions from northeastern Turkey, Tectonophysics, 6, 251-269, doi:10.1016/0040-1951(68) 90053-X.
82. Van Velzen, A. J., and J. D. A. Zijderveld (1995), Effects of weathering on single domain magnetite in early Pliocene marls, Geophys. J. Int., 121, 267-278, doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.1995.tb03526.x.
83. Vasiliev, I., C. Franke, J. D. Meeldijk, M. J. Dekkers, C. G. Langereis, and W. Krijgsman (2008), Putative greigite magnetofossils from the Pliocene epoch, Nat. Geosci., 1, 782-786, doi:10.1038/ngeo335.
84. Vincent, S. J., M. B. Allen, A. D. Ismail-Zadeh, R. Flecker, K. A. Foland, and M. D. Simmons (2005), Insights from the Talysh of Azerbaijan into the Paleogene evolution of the South Caspian region, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 117, 1513-1533, doi:10.1130/ B25690.25691.
85. Watson, G. (1983), Large sample theory of the Langevin distributions, J. Stat. Plann. Inference, 8, 245-256, doi:10.1016/0378-3758(83)90043-5.
86. Whitney, D. L., C. Teyssier, Y. Dilek, and A. K. Fayon (2001), Metamorphism of the Central Anatolian Crystalline Complex, Turkey: Influence of orogennormal collision vs. wrench-dominated tectonics on P-T-t paths, J. Metamorph. Geol., 19, 411-432, doi:10.1046/j.0263-4929.2001.00319.x. (Pubitemid 32722622)
87. Yaliniz, K. M., M. C. Güncüoglu, and S. Özkan-Altuner (2000), Formation and emplacement ages of the SSZ-type Neotethyan ophiolites in central Anatolia, Turkey: Palaeotectonic implications, Geol. J., 35, 53-68, doi:10.1002/1099-1034(200004/06) 35:2<53::AID-GJ837>3.0.CO;2-6.
88. Yilmaz, C., and R. Kandemir (2006), Sedimentary records of the extensional tectonic regime with temporal cessation: Gumushane Mesozoic Basin (NE Turkey), Geol. Carpathica, 57, 3-13.
89. Yilmaz, C., C. Şen, and A. S. Özgür (2003), Sedimentological, paleontological and volcanic records of the earliest volcanic activity in the Eastern Pontide Cretaceous volcanic arc (NE Turkey), Geol. Carpathica, 54, 377-384.
90. Zijderveld, J. D. A. (1967), A. C. demagnetization of rocks: Analysis of results, in Methods in Palaeomagnetism, edited by D. W. Collinson, K. M. Creer, and S. K. Runcorn, pp. 254-286, Elsevier, Amsterdam.
91. Zimmerman, A., H. J. Stein, D. Hannah, D. Kozelj, K. Bogdanov, and T. Berza (2008), Tectonic configuration of the Apuseni-Banat-Timok-Srednogorie belt, Balkans-South Carpathians, constrained by high precision Re-Os molybdenite ages, Miner. Deposita, 43, 1-21, doi:10.1007/s00126-007-0149-z. (Pubitemid 350302502)