Late Cretaceous high-K volcanism in the eastern Pontide orogenic belt: Implications for the geodynamic evolution of NE Turkey

International Geology Review

Volumn 52, Issue 2-3, 2010, Pages 142-186

  Eyüboǧlu, Yener ^a  

^a GUMUSHANE UNIVERSITY   (Turkey)

Author keywords

Analcime; Back arc basin; Eastern Pontides; Isotope; Neotethys; Palaeotethys; Shoshonite; Slab break off; Turkey

Indexed keywords

ANDESITE; BACKARC BASIN; BIOTITE; CRETACEOUS; ENRICHMENT; GEODYNAMICS; IGNEOUS GEOCHEMISTRY; ISOTOPIC RATIO; MAGMATISM; OROGENIC BELT; PYROCLASTIC DEPOSIT; SHOSHONITE; SUBDUCTION; VOLCANIC ROCK; VOLCANISM;

PONTIDES; TURKEY;

CONIACIAN;

EID: 76449095471     PISSN: 00206814     EISSN: 19382839     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/00206810902757164     Document Type: Article

References (102)

1. Adamia, S.A., Lordkipanidze, M.B., and Zakariadze, G.S., 1977, Evolution of an active continental margin as exemplified by the Alpine History of the Caucasus: Tectonophysics, v. 40, p. 183-189.
2. Adamia, S.A., Chkhotua, T., Kekelia, M., Lordkipanidze, M., Shavishvili, I., and Zakariadze, G., 1981, Tectonics of the Caucasus and adjoining regions: Implications for the evolution of the Tethys ocean: Journal of Structural Geology, v. 3, p. 437-447.
3. Akal, C., 2003, Mineralogy and geochemistry of melilite leucitites, Balikçihisar, Afyon, Turkey: Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 12, p. 215-239.
4. Alp, D., 1972, Geology of the Amasya Region [Unpublished Ph.D. thesis]: İstanbul,İstanbul Üniversitesi Fen Fakültesi Monografileri (Tabii İlimler Kismi), v. 22, (101 p., in Turkish).
5. Alpaslan, M., Boztuǧ , D., Frei, R., Temel, A., and Kurt, M.A., 2006, Geochemical and Pb-Sr-Nd isotopic composition of the ultrapotassic volcanic rocks from the extensionrelated Çamardi-Ulukişla basin, Nig?de province, Central Anatolia, Turkey: Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, v. 27, p. 613-627.
6. Altherr, R., Meyer, H.P., Holl, A., Volker, F., Alibert, C., McCulloch, M.T., and Majer, V., 2004, Geochemical and Sr-Nd-Pb isotopic characteristics of Late Cenozoic leucite lamproites from the east European Alpine Belt (Macedonia and Yugoslavia): Contributions Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 147, p. 58-73.
7. Armstrong, J.T., 1988, Quantitative analysis of silicate and oxide matenals: comparison of Monte Carlo, ZAF and phi (rho z) procedures, in Proceedings, 23rd Annual Conference of the Microbeam Analysis Society, San Francisco Press, p. 239-246.
8. Aydar, E., 1998, Early Miocene to Quaternary evolution of volcanism and the basin formation in western Anatolia: A review: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 85, p. 69-82.
9. Barton, M., 1979, A comperative study of some minerals occurring in the potassium-rich alkaline rocks of the Leucite Hills, Wyoming, the Vico Volcano, Western Italy, and the Toro Ankole region, Uganda: Neues Jahrbuch fur Mineralogie Abhandlungen, v. 137, p. 113-134.
10. Bektaş, O., 1984, Upper cretaceous shoshonitic volcanism and its geotectonic significance in the eastern Pontides (NE Turkey): Journal of Black Sea University, v. 3, p. 53-62.
11. ---, 1986, Paleostress trajectories and polyphase rifting in arc-back arc of the eastern Pontides: Bulletin of Mineral Research Exploration, v. 103-104, p. 26-39.
12. Bektaş, O., and Çapkinoǧlu, Ş., 1997, Neptunian dikes and block tectonics in the eastern Pontide magmatic arc, NE Turkey: Implications for the kinematics of the Mesozoic basins: Geosound, v. 30, p. 451-461.
13. Bektaş, O., Eyüboǧlu, Y., Bozkurt, E., Sen, C., and Rojay, B., 2007, Reversely zoned Alaskan-type mafic-ultramafic cumulates in the eastern Pontide Magmatic arc, NE Turkey, in European Geosciences Union 2007: Vienna, Austria, Geophyscal Research Abstracts, v. 9, p. 01036.
14. Bektaş, O., and Gedik, I., 1988, A new formation with leucite-bearing shoshonitic volcanism in the Kop area (Everekhanlari Formation) and its relationship with the evolution of the Eastern Pontian Arc (NE Turkey): Geological Bulletin of Turkey, v. 31, p. 11-20.
15. Bektaş, O., Pelin, S., and Korkmaz, S., 1984, Mantle uprising and polygenetic ophiolite fact in the back-arc basin of the Eastern Pontides, in TJK Ketin Symposium: Ankara, Turkey, p. 175-188.
16. Bektaş, O., Şen, C., Atici, Y., and Köprü başi, N., 1999, Migration of the Upper Cretaceous subduction-related volcanism toward the back-arc basin of the eastern Pontide magmatic arc (NE Turkey): Geological Journal, v. 34, p. 95-106.
17. Bektaş, O., Van, A., and Boynukalin, S., 1987, Jurassic volcanism and its geotectonics in the eastern Pontides (NE Turkey): Geological Bulletin of Turkey, v. 30, p. 9-18.
18. Bektaş, O., Yilmaz, C., Tasli, K., Akdaǧ , K., and Özgür, S., 1995, Cretaceous rifting of the eastern Pontide carbonate platform (NE Turkey): The formation of carbonates breccias and turbidites as evidences of a drowned platform: Geologia, v. 57, no. (1-2), p. 233-244.
19. Benito, R., Lopez-Ruiz, J., Cebria, J.M., Hertogen, J., Doblas, M., Oyarzun, R., and Demaiffe, D., 1999, Sr and O isotopic constraints on source and crustal contamination in the high-K calc-alkaline and shoshonitic Neogene volcanic rocks of SE Spain: Lithos, v. 46, p. 773-802.
20. Boynton, W.V., 1984, Cosmochemistry of rare earth elements: Meteorite studies, in Henderson, P., ed., Rare Earth Element Geochemistry: Amsterdam, Elsevier, p. 63-114.
21. Burchfiel, B.C., 1980, East European Alpide system and the Carpathian orocline as an example of collision tectonics: Tectonophysics, v. 63, p. 31-66.
22. Channell, J.E.T., Tüysüz, O., Bektaş, O., and Şengör, A.M.C., 1996, Jurassic-Cretaceous paleomagmatism and paleogeography of the Pontides (Turkey): Tectonics, v. 15, p. 201-212.
23. Chen, F., Hegner, E., and Todt, W., 2000, Zircon ages, Nd isotopic and chemical compositions of orthogneisses from the Black Forest, Germany-evidence for a Cambrian magmatic arc: International Journal of Earth Science, v. 88, p. 791-802.
24. Chen, F., Li, Q.-L., Li, X.-H., Wang, F., Wang, X.-L., and Siebel, W., 2007, Nd-Hf isotopic composition and basement age of the Baoshan block in the Yunnan Tethyan belt, SW China: Evidence from Early Paleozoic and Early Mesozoic granites: International Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 96, p. 1179-1194.
25. Chen, F., Siebel, W., Satir, M., Terzioǧlu, N., and Saka, K., 2002, Geochronology of the Karadere basement (NW Turkey) and implications for the geological evolution of the Istanbul zone: International Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 91, p. 469-481.
26. Chorowicz, J., Dhont, D., and Adiyaman, Ö., 1998, Black-Sea Pontid Relationship: Interpretation in terms of subduction, in Proceedings, Third International Turkish Geology Symposium, Abstracts: Ankara, Turkey, METU, 258 p.
27. Cloos, M., 1982, Flow mélanges: Numerical modeling and geologic constraints on their origin in the Franciscan subduction complex: Geological Society of American Bulletin, v. 93, p. 30-345.
28. Çoban, H., and Flower, M.F.J., 2006, Mineral phase compositions in silica-undersaturated 'leucite' lamproites from Bucak area, Isparta, SW Turkey: Lithos, v. 89, p. 275-299.
29. Continelli, S., and Peccerillo, A., 1992, Petrology and geochemistry of potassic and ultrapotassic magmatism in central Italy: Petrogenesis and inferences on the evolution of the mantle sources: Lithos, v. 28, p. 221-240.
30. Cvetkovic, V., Prelevic, D., Downes, H., Javanovic, M., Vaselli, O., and Pecskay, Z., 2004, Origin of geodynamic significance of Tertiary postcollisional basaltic magmatism in Serbia (central Balkan Peninsula): Lithos, v. 73, p. 161-186.
31. Daly, R.A., 1910, Origin of the alkaline rocks: Geological Society of American Bulletin, v. 21, p. 87-115.
32. DePaolo, D.J., and Wasserburg, G.J., 1979, Petrogenetic mixing models and Nd-Sr isotopic pattern: Geochimica Cosmochimica Acta, v. 43, p. 615-627.
33. Doglioni, C., Agostini, S., Crespi, M., Innocenti, F., Manetti, P., Riguzzi, F., and Savascin, Y., 2002, On the extension in western Anatolia and Aegean Sea: Journal of the Virtual Explorer, v. 8, p. 161-176.
34. Dewey, J.F., Pitman, W.C., Ryan, W.B.F., and Bonnin, J., 1973, Plate tectonics and evolution of the Alpine system: Geological Society of American Bulletin, v. 84, p. 3137-3180.
35. Dilek, Y., and Altunkaynak, S., 2007, Cenozoic crustal evolution and mantle dynamics of post-collisional magmatism in western Anatolia: International Geology Review, v. 49, p. 431-453, DOI: 10.2747/0020-6814.49.5.431. (Pubitemid 46860145)
36. Dilek, Y., and Thy, P., 2002, Age and petrogenesis of plagiogranite intrusions in the Ankara Mélange, central Turkey: Island Arc, v. 15, p. 44-57.
37. Edgar, A.D., 1979, Shackanite and related-analcite-bearing lavas in British Columbia: Discussion, Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 16, p. 1298-1299.
38. Einsele, G., 1992, Sedimentary basins: Evolution, facies and sediment budget: Berlin and Heidelberg, Springer-Verlag, 628 p.
39. Eyüboǧlu, Y., 2000, Geology and geochemical characteristics of the area between Tirebolu-Doǧankent (Giresun), NE Turkey [Unpublished Msc thesis]: Trabzon, Karadeniz Technical University.
40. ---, 2006, Description and geotectonic important of the Alaskan-Type mafic-ultramafic Rocks in the Eastern Pontide Magmatic Arc (NE Turkey) [Unpublished Ph.D. thesis]: Trabzon, Karadeniz Technical University.
41. Eyüboǧlu, Y., Bektaş, O., and Pul, D., 2007, Mid-Cretaceous Olistostromal Ophiolitic Melange Developped in the Back-Arc Basin of the Eastern Pontide Magmatic Arc (NE Turkey): International Geology Review, v. 49, no. (12), p. 1103-1126.
42. Eyüboǧlu, Y., Bektaş, O., and Şen, C., 2005a, Hornblende and phlogopite-bearing ultramafic cumulates: Evidence for subduction-related ultramafic magmatism in the Eastern Pontides, Amasya Area, NE Turkey: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 69, s. 10.
43. Eyüboǧlu, Y., Bektaş, O., Şeren, A., Nafiz, M., Jacoby, W.R., and Özer, R., 2006, Threedirectional extensional deformation and formation of the Liassic rift basins in the eastern Pontides (NE Turkey): Geological Carpathian, v. 57, no. (5), p. 337-346.
44. Eyüboǧlu, Y., Tüysüz, N., and Korkmaz, S., 2005b, Two Cycles of the Upper Cretaceous volcanism in the Northern Part of the Eastern Pontide Magmatic Arc: A new Approach to Exploration Volcanogenic Massive Sulfides, Harsit Valley (Giresun, NE Turkey): DMG, Aachen, Germany.
45. Foley, S.F., Venturelli, G., Green, D.H., and Toscani, L., 1987, The ultrapotassic rocks: Characteristics, classification, and constraints for petrogenetic models: Earth-Science Reviews, v. 24, p. 81-134.
46. Francalanci, L., Civetta, L., Innocenti, F., and Manetti, P., 1990, Tertiary-Quaternary alkaline magmatism of the Aegean-Western Anatolian area: A petrological study in the light of new geochemical and isotopic data, in Proceedings, International Earth Sciences Congress on Aegean Regions (IESCA): Izmir, Turkey, DEU, p. 385-396.
47. Francalanci, L., Innocenti, F., Manetti, P., and Savaşçin, M.Y., 2000, Neogene alkaline volcanism of the Afyon-Isparta area, Turkey: Petrogenesis and geodynamic implications: Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 70, p. 285-312.
48. Giannetti, B., and Masi, U., 1989, Trace element behavior during weathering of leucite in potassic rocks from the Roccafonmina volcano (Campania, southern Italy) and environmental implications: Lithos, v. 22, p. 317-324.
49. Gill, J.B., 1981, Orogenic Andesites and Plate Tectonics: Berlin Heidelberg New York and Springer-Verlag, 390 p.
50. Güleç, N., 1991, Crust-Mantle interaction in Western Turkey: Implications from Sr and Nd isotope geochemistry of the Tertiary and Quaternary volcanics: Geological Magazine, v. 128, p. 417-435.
51. Harker, A., 1954, Petrology for Students: Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 283 p.
52. Hart, S.R., 1984, A large-scale isotope anomaly in the southern hemisphere mantle: Nature, v. 309, p. 753-757.
53. Hastie, A.R., Kerr, A.C., Pearce, J.A., and Mitchell, S.F., 2007, Classification of Altered Volcanic Island Arc Rocks using Immobile Trace Elements: Development of the Th-Co Discrimination Diagram: Journal of Petrology, v. 48, no. (12), p. 2341-2357.
54. Hawkesworth, C.J., Hergt, J.M., McDermott, F., and Ellam, R.M., 1991, Destructive margin magmatism and the contributions from the mantle wedge and subducted crust: Australian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 38, p. 577-594.
55. Hsü, K.J., 1968, Principles of mélange and their bearing on the Franciscan-Knoxville paradox: Geological Society of American Bulletin, v. 79, p. 1063-1074.
56. Kelemen, P.B., Shimizu, N., and Dunn, T., 1993, Relative depletion of niobium in some arc magmas and the continental crust: partitioning of K, Nb, La and Ce during melt/rock reaction in the upper mantle: Earth and Plenetary Science Letters, v. 120, p. 111-134.
57. Keller, J., 1983, Potassic lavas in the orogenic volcanism of the Mediterranean area: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 18, p. 321-335.
58. Kepezhiskas, P.K., Defant, M.J., and Drummond, M.S., 1996, Progressive enrichment of island arc mantle by melt-peridotite interaction inferred from Kamchatka xenoliths: Geochemica et Comochimica Acta, v. 60, p. 1217-1229.
59. Kiliç, N., 2003, Maden (Bayburt) yöresinin jeolojisi ve Kretase yaşli kireçtaşlarinin mikrofasiyes özellikleri [Unpublished MSc thesis]: Trabzon, Karadeniz Technical University.
60. Kuno, H., 1959, Origin of Cenozoic petrographic provinces of Japan and surroundings areas: Bulletin of Volcanology, v. 20, p. 37-76.
61. Lddings, J.P., 1895, Absarokite-shoshonite-banakite series: Journal of Geology, v. 3, p. 935-959.
62. Larsen, E.S., and Buie, B.F., 1938, Potash analcime and pseudoleucite from the Harword Mountains of Montana: American Mineralogist, v. 23, p. 837-849.
63. Le Maitre, R.W., Bateman, P., Dudek, A., Keller, J., Lameyre Le Bas, M.J., Sabine, P.A., Schimid, R., Sorenson, H., Streckeisen, A., Woolley, A.R., and Zanettin, B., 1989, A Classification of Igneous Rocks and Glossary of Terms: Oxford, Blackwell.
64. Ludwig, K.R., 2001, Isoplot/Ex, rev., 2.49: A Geochronological Toolkit for Microsoft Excel, Berkeley Geochronological Center, Special Publication no. 1a, 58 p.
65. Luhr, J.F., and Kyser, T.K., 1989, Primary igneous analcime: The Colima minettes: American Mineralogist, v. 74, p. 216-223.
66. Marroni, M., Molli, G., Montanini, A., and Tribuzio, R., 1998, The association of continental crust rocks with ophiolites in the Northern Apennines (Italy): Implications for the continent-ocean transition in the western Tethys: Tectonophysics, v. 292, p. 43-66.
67. Morimoto, N., Fabries, J., Ferguson, A.K., Ginzburg, I.V., Ross, M., Seifert, F.A., Zussman, J., Aoki, K., and Gottardi, G., 1988, Nomenclature of the pyroxenes: American Mineralogist, v. 73, p. 1123-1133.
68. Morrison, G.W., 1980, Characteristics and tectonic setting of the shoshonite rock association: Lithos, v. 13, p. 97-108.
69. Muller, D., Rock, N.M.S., and Groves, D.I., 1992, Geochemical discrimination between shoshonitic and potassic volcanic rocks in different tectonic settings: a pilot study: Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 46, p. 259-289.
70. Okay, A.I., and Şahintürk, Ö., 1997, Geology of the eastern pontides, in Robinson, A.G., ed. Regional and Petroleum Geology of the Black Sea and Surrounding Region: AAPG Memoir, v. 68, p. 291-311.
71. Önen, P., 2003, Neotethyan ophiolitic rocks of the Anatolides of NW Turkey and comparison with Tauride ophiolites: Journal of Geological Society (London), v. 160 (Part 6), p. 947-962.
72. Patino, L.C., Carr, M.J., and Feigenson, M.D., 2000, Local and regional variations in Central American arc lavas controlled by variations in subducted sediment input: Contributions Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 138, p. 265-283.
73. Pearce, T.H., 1970, The analcite-bearing volcanic rocks of the Crownest Formation, Alberta: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 7, p. 46-66.
74. ---, 1993, Analcime phenocrysts in igneous rocks: primary or Secondary?-Discussion: American Mineralogist, v. 78, p. 225-229.
75. Pearce, J.A., 1983, Role of the sub-continental lithosphere in magma genesis at active continental margins, in Hawkesworth, C.J., and Nory, M.C., eds., Continental Basalts and mantle xenoliths: Nantwich, UK, Shiva, p. 230-249.
76. Peccerillo, A., Poli, G., and Serri, G., 1988, Petrogenesis of orenditic and kamafugitic rocks from central Italy: Canadian Mineralogist, v. 26, p. 45-65.
77. Prelevic, D., Foley, S.F., Cvetkovic, V., and Romer, R.L., 2004, The analcime problem and its impact on the geochemistry of ultrapotassic rocks from Serbia: Mineralogical Magazine, v. 68, no. (4), p. 633-648.
78. Prelevic, D., Foley, S.F., Romer, R.L., Cvetkovic, V., and Downes, H., 2005, Tertiaty ultrapotassic volcanism in Serbia: Constraints on petrogenesis and Mantle Source Characteristics: Journal of Petrology, v. 46, no. (7), p. 1443-1487.
79. Prelevic, D., Foley, S.F., and Cvetkovic, V., 2007, A review of petrogenesis of Mediterranean Tertiary lamproites: A perspective from the Serbian ultrapotassic province: Geological Society of America Special Paper 418, p. 113-129.
80. Raymond, L.A., 1984, Classification of melanges, in Raymond, L.A., ed.Melanges: Their Nature, Origin and Significance: Geological Society of America Special Paper 198, p. 7-20.
81. Raymond, L.A., and Terranova, T., 1984, Prologue: The melange problem: A review, in Raymond, L.A., ed.Melanges: Their Nature, Origin and Significance: Geological Society of America Bulletin Special Paper, 198, p. 1-5.
82. Reading, H.G., 1980, Characteristics and recognition of strike-slip fault systems: International Association of Sedimentologists Special Publication, v. 4, p. 7-26.
83. Ringwood, A.E., 1990, Slab-mantle interactions: Petrogenesis of intraplate magmas and structure of the upper mantle: Chemical Geology, v. 82, p. 187-207.
84. Rittmann, A., 1933, Die geologisch bedingte evolution und differentiation des soma-Vesuv magmas: Zeitsch für Vulkanol, v. 15, p. 8-94.
85. Robert, U., Foden, J., and Varne, R., 1992, The Dodecanesa Province, SE Aegean: A model for tectonic control on potassic magmatism: Lithos, v. 28, p. 241-260.
86. Rojay, B., Altiner, D., Altiner, S.O., Önen, P., James, S., and Thirlwall, M.F., 2004, Geodynamic significance of the Cretaceous pillow basalts from North Anatolian ophiolitic mélange belt (central Anatolia, Turkey): Geochemical and paleontological constraints: Geodinamica Acta, v. 17, no. (5), p. 349-361.
87. Saribudak, M., 1989, New results and a palaeomagnetic overview of the Pontides in northern Turkey: Geophysical Journal International, v. 99, no. (3), p. 521-531.
88. Şengör, A.M.C., Yilmaz, Y., and Ketin, I., 1981, Remnants of a pre-Late Jurassic ocean in northern Turkey: fragments of a Permian-Triassic Paleotethys: Geological Society of American Bulletin, v. 91, p. 599-609.
89. Şengör, A.M.C., and Yilmaz, Y., 1981, Tethyan evolution of Turkey: A plate tectonic approach: Tectonophysics, v. 75, p. 181-241.
90. Smedley, P.M., 1986, The relationship between calc-alkaline volcanism and within-plate continental rift volcanism: Evidence from Scottish Paleozoic lavas: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 76, p. 113-128.
91. Smith, J.V., and Brown, W.L., 1988, Feldspar Minerals: Second Revised and Extended Edition: Berlin Heidelberg, New York, London, Paris, Tokyo, Springer Verlag.
92. Sun, S.S., and McDonough, W.F., 1989, Chemical and isotopic systematic of ocean basalts: Implications for mantle composition and process, In Saunders, A.D., and Norry, M.J., eds. Magmatism in the Ocean Basins, Geological Society (London), v. 42, p. 313-345.
93. Tankut, A., Dilek, Y., and Önen, P., 1998, Petrology and geochemistry of the Neo-Tethyan volcanism as revealed in the Ankara mélange, Turkey: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 85, p. 265-284.
94. Tatsumi, Y., Hamilton, D., and Nesbitt, R.W., 1986, Chemical characteristics of fluid phase released from a subducted lithosphere and origin of arc magmas: Evidence from highpressure experiments and natural rocks: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 29, p. 293-309.
95. Tüysüz, O., 1996, Geology of Amasya and surroundings, in Proceedings, 11th International Petroleum Congress and Exhibition of Turkey, Ankara, Turkish Association of Petroleum Geologists, p. 32-48 (in Turkish with English abstract).
96. Ustaömer, T., and Robertson, A.H.F., 1995, Paleotethyan Tectonic Evolution of the North Tethyan Margin in the Central Pontides, N Turkey, inProceedings, 2nd International Symposium on the Geology of the Black Sea Region, Ankara, Mineral Resarch and Exploration Institute, p. 24-33.
97. Van der Voo, R., 1968, Jurassic, Cretaceous and Eocene pole positions from northeastern Turkey: Tectonophysics, v. 6, no. (3), p. 251-269.
98. Washington, H.S., 1914, The analcite basalts of Sardinia: Journal of Geology, v. 22, p. 742-753.
99. Wilkinson, J.F.G., 1965, Some feldspars, nephelines and analcimes from the Square Top Intrusion, Nundle, N.S.W: Journal of Petrology, v. 6, p. 420-444.
100. Williams, H., Turner, F.J., and Gilbert, C.M., 1982, Petrography: An Introduction to the study of rocks in thin sections (2nd Edition): San Francisco, W.H. Freeman, 626 p.
101. Winchester, J.A., and Floyd, P.A., 1977, Geochemical discrimination of different magma series and their differentiation products using immobile elements: Chemical Geology, v. 20, p. 325-343.
102. Yilmaz, Y., Tüysüz, O., Yiǧitbaş, E., Genç, Ş.C., and Şengör, A.M.C., 1997, Geology and tectonic evolution of the Pontides: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Studies in Geology, v. 68, p. 183-226.