Encoding in the visual word form area: An fMRI adaptation study of words versus handwriting

Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience

Volumn 22, Issue 8, 2010, Pages 1649-1661

  Barton, Jason J S ^a   Fox, Christopher J ^a   Sekunova, Alla ^a   Iaria, Giuseppe ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADAPTATION; ADULT; ARTICLE; BRAIN REGION; CONTROLLED STUDY; FEMALE; FUNCTIONAL MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; FUSIFORM GYRUS; HANDWRITING; HUMAN; HUMAN EXPERIMENT; LEFT HEMISPHERE; MALE; NORMAL HUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RIGHT HEMISPHERE; TASK PERFORMANCE; VISUAL WORD FORM AREA; WORD RECOGNITION; BLOOD; BRAIN MAPPING; IMAGE PROCESSING; LINGUISTICS; METHODOLOGY; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; PATTERN RECOGNITION; PHOTOSTIMULATION; PHYSIOLOGY; PSYCHOMOTOR PERFORMANCE; TIME; VASCULARIZATION; VISUAL CORTEX;

OXYGEN;

ADAPTATION, PHYSIOLOGICAL; ADULT; BRAIN MAPPING; FEMALE; HANDWRITING; HUMANS; IMAGE PROCESSING, COMPUTER-ASSISTED; MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; MALE; OXYGEN; PATTERN RECOGNITION, VISUAL; PHOTIC STIMULATION; PSYCHOMOTOR PERFORMANCE; TIME FACTORS; VISUAL CORTEX; VOCABULARY; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 77955508257     PISSN: 0898929X     EISSN: 15308898     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1162/jocn.2009.21286     Document Type: Article

References (79)

1. Alajouanine, T., Lhermitte, F., & de Ribaucourt-Ducarne, B. (1960). Les alexies agnosiques et aphasiques. In Les grandes activités du lobe occipital (pp. 235-260). Paris: Masson.
2. Arguin, M., & Bub, D. N. (1993). Single-character processing in a case of pure alexia. Neuropsychologia, 31, 435-458.
3. Baker, C. I., Liu, J., Wald, L. L., Kwong, K. K., Benner, T., & Kanwisher, N. (2007). Visual word processing and experiential origins of functional selectivity in human extrastriate cortex. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A., 104, 9087-9092.
4. Behrmann, M., Nelson, J., & Sekuler, E. B. (1998). Visual complexity in letter-by-letter reading: "Pure" alexia is not pure. Neuropsychologia, 36, 1115-1132.
5. Behrmann, M., Plaut, D. C., & Nelson, J. (1998). A literature review and new data supporting an interactive account of letter-by-letter reading. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 15, 7-51. (Pubitemid 128528963)
6. Beversdorf, D., & Heilman, K. (1998). Progressive ventral posterior cortical degeneration presenting as alexia for music and words. Neurology, 50, 657-659.
7. Binder, J., & Mohr, J. (1992). The topography of callosal reading pathways. A case control analysis. Brain, 115, 1807-1826.
8. Black, S., & Behrmann, M. (1994). Localization in alexia. In Localization and neuroimaging in neuropsychology edited by Andrew Kertesz (pp. 331-376). New York: Academic Press.
9. Bub, D., Black, S., & Howell, J. (1989). Word recognition and orthographic context effects in a letter-by-letter reader. Brain and Language, 36, 357-376.
10. Büchel, C., Price, C., & Friston, K. (1998). A multimodal language region in the ventral visual pathway. Nature, 394, 274-277. (Pubitemid 28335038)
11. Callan, A. M., Callan, D. E., & Masaki, S. (2005). When meaningless symbols become letters: Neural activity change in learning new phonograms. Neuroimage, 28, 553-562.
12. Campbell, R., Landis, T., & Regard, M. (1986). Face recognition and lipreading. A neurological dissociation. Brain, 109, 509-521.
13. Cohen, L., & Dehaene, S. (2004). Specialization within the ventral stream: The case for the visual word form area. Neuroimage, 22, 466-476.
14. Cohen, L., Dehaene, S., Naccache, L., Lehericy, S., Dehaene-Lambertz, G., Henaff, M. A., et al. (2000). The visual word form area: Spatial and temporal characterization of an initial stage of reading in normal subjects and posterior split-brain patients. Brain, 123, 291-307.
15. Cohen, L., Lehericy, S., Chochon, F., Lemer, C., Rivaud, S., & Dehaene, S. (2002). Language-specific tuning of visual cortex? Functional properties of the visual word form area. Brain, 125, 1054-1069.
16. Cohen, L., Martinaud, O., Lemer, C., Lehericy, S., Samson, Y., Obadia, M., et al. (2003). Visual word recognition in the left and right hemispheres: Anatomical and functional correlates of peripheral alexias. Cerebral Cortex, 13, 1313-1333.
17. Coltheart, M. (1981). The MRC psycholinguistic database. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 33A, 497-505.
18. Coslett, H., Saffran, E., Greenbaum, S., & Schwartz, H. (1993). Reading in pure alexia. Brain, 116, 21-37.
19. Damasio, A., & Damasio, H. (1983). The anatomic basis of pure alexia. Neurology, 33, 1573-1583.
20. Dehaene, S., Cohen, L., Sigman, M., & Vinckier, F. (2005). The neural code for written words: A proposal. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 9, 335-341. (Pubitemid 40910332)
21. Dehaene, S., Jobert, A., Naccache, L., Ciuciu, P., Poline, J. B., Le Bihan, D., et al. (2004). Letter binding and invariant recognition of masked words: Behavioral and neuroimaging evidence. Psychological Science, 15, 307-313.
22. Dehaene, S., Naccache, L., Cohen, L., Bihan, D. L., Mangin, J. F., Poline, J. B., et al. (2001). Cerebral mechanisms of word masking and unconscious repetition priming. Nature Neuroscience, 4, 752-758.
23. Devlin, J. T., Jamison, H. L., Gonnerman, L. M., & Matthews, P. M. (2006). The role of the posterior fusiform gyrus in reading. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 18, 911-922.
24. Devlin, J. T., Jamison, H. L., Matthews, P. M., & Gonnerman, L. M. (2004). Morphology and the internal structure of words. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A., 101, 14984-14988.
25. Epelbaum, S., Pinel, P., Gaillard, R., Delmaire, C., Perrin, M., Dupont, S., et al. (2008). Pure alexia as a disconnection syndrome: New diffusion imaging evidence for an old concept. Cortex, 44, 962-974.
26. Erdem, S., & Kansu, T. (1995). Alexia without either agraphia or hemianopia in temporal lobe lesion dd to herpes simplex encephalitis. Journal of Neuro-ophthalmology, 15, 102-104.
27. Farah, M. J., & Wallace, M. A. (1991). Pure alexia as a visual impairment: A reconsideration. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 8, 313-334.
28. Fiez, J. A., Balota, D. A., Raichle, M. E., & Petersen, S. E. (1999). Effects of lexicality, frequency, and spelling-to-sound consistency on the functional anatomy of reading. Neuron, 24, 205-218.
29. Fiset, D., Arguin, M., Bub, D., Humphreys, G. W., & Riddoch, M. J. (2005). How to make the word-length effect disappear in letter-by-letter dyslexia: Implications for an account of the disorder. Psychological Science, 16, 535-541. (Pubitemid 41186746)
30. Friston, K. J., Rotshtein, P., Geng, J. J., Sterzer, P., & Henson, R. N. (2006). A critique of functional localisers. Neuroimage, 30, 1077-1087.
31. Gaillard, R., Naccache, L., Pinel, P., Clemenceau, S., Volle, E., Hasboun, D., et al. (2006). Direct intracranial, fMRI, and lesion evidence for the causal role of left inferotemporal cortex in reading. Neuron, 50, 191-204.
32. Gauthier, I., Tarr, M. J., Moylan, J., Skudlarski, P., Gore, J. C., & Anderson, A. W. (2000). The fusiform "face area" is part of a network that processes faces at the individual level. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 12, 495-504.
33. Gauthier, I., Wong, A. C., Hayward, W. G., & Cheung, O. S. (2006). Font tuning associated with expertise in letter perception. Perception, 35, 541-559.
34. Gobbini, M. I., & Haxby, J. V. (2007). Neural systems for recognition of familiar faces. Neuropsychologia, 45, 32-41.
35. Greenblatt, S. (1973). Alexia without agraphia or hemianopia. Brain, 96, 307-316.
36. Grill-Spector, K., Henson, R., & Martin, A. (2006). Repetition and the brain: Neural models of stimulus-specific effects. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 10, 14-23. (Pubitemid 43049768)
37. Grill-Spector, K., & Malach, R. (2001). fMR-adaptation: A tool for studying the functional properties of human cortical neurons. Acta Psychologica, 107, 293-321.
38. Haxby, J. V., Hoffman, E. A., & Gobbini, M. I. (2000). The distributed human neural system for face perception. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 4, 223-233.
39. Henderson, V., Friedman, R., Teng, E., & Weiner, J. (1985). Left hemisphere pathways in reading: Inferences from pure alexia without hemianopia. Neurology, 35, 962-968.
40. Hillis, A. E., Newhart, M., Heidler, J., Barker, P., Herskovits, E., & Degaonkar, M. (2005). The roles of the "visual word form area" in reading. Neuroimage, 24, 548-559.
41. Horikoshi, T., Asari, Y., Watanabe, A., Nagaseki, Y., Nukui, H., Sasaki, H., et al. (1997). Music alexia in a patient with mild pure alexia: Disturbed visual perception of non-verbal meaningful figures. Cortex, 33, 187-194.
42. Howard, D., Patterson, K., Wise, R., Brown, W. D., Friston, K., Weiller, C., et al. (1992). The cortical localization of the lexicons. Positron emission tomography evidence. Brain, 115, 1769-1782.
43. Ingles, J. L., & Eskes, G. A. (2008). A comparison of letter and digit processing in letter-by-letter reading. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 14, 164-173.
44. James, K. H., James, T. W., Jobard, G., Wong, A. C., & Gauthier, I. (2005). Letter processing in the visual system: Different activation patterns for single letters and strings. Cognitive, Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience, 5, 452-466.
45. Jobard, G., Crivello, F., & Tzourio-Mazoyer, N. (2003). Evaluation of the dual route theory of reading: A metanalysis of 35 neuroimaging studies. Neuroimage, 20, 693-712. (Pubitemid 37268098)
46. Joubert, S., Beauregard, M., Walter, N., Bourgouin, P., Beaudoin, G., Leroux, J. M., et al. (2004). Neural correlates of lexical and sublexical processes in reading. Brain and Language, 89, 9-20.
47. Kanwisher, N., McDermott, J., & Chun, M. (1997). The fusiform face area: A module in human extrastriate cortex specialized for face perception. Journal of Neuroscience, 17, 4302-4311.
48. Kleinschmidt, A., & Cohen, L. (2006). The neural bases of prosopagnosia and pure alexia: Recent insights from functional neuroimaging. Current Opinion in Neurology, 19, 386-391. (Pubitemid 44246414)
49. Koutstaal, W., Wagner, A. D., Rotte, M., Maril, A., Buckner, R. L., & Schacter, D. L. (2001). Perceptual specificity in visual object priming: Functional magnetic resonance imaging evidence for a laterality difference in fusiform cortex. Neuropsychologia, 39, 184-199.
50. Krekelberg, B., Boynton, G. M., & van Wezel, R. J. (2006). Adaptation: From single cells to BOLD signals. Trends in Neurosciences, 29, 250-256.
51. Kronbichler, M., Bergmann, J., Hutzler, F., Staffen, W., Mair, A., Ladurner, G., et al. (2007). Taxi vs. taksi: On orthographic word recognition in the left ventral occipitotemporal cortex. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 19, 1584-1594.
52. Kronbichler, M., Hutzler, F., Wimmer, H., Mair, A., Staffen, W., & Ladurner, G. (2004). The visual word form area and the frequency with which words are encountered: Evidence from a parametric fMRI study. Neuroimage, 21, 946-953. (Pubitemid 38314956)
53. Kronbichler, M., Klackl, J., Richlan, F., Schurz, M., Staffen, W., Ladurner, G., et al. (2009). On the functional neuroanatomy of visual word processing: Effects of case and letter deviance. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 21, 1-8.
54. Landis, T., & Regard, M. (1988). Hemianopsia and agnosia. Klinische Monatsblätter für Augenheilkunde, 192, 525-528.
55. Lin, Z. (2007). fMRI adaptation: Stimulus specific or processing load specific? Journal of Neuroscience, 27, 11453-11454.
56. Marchand, Y., & Friedman, R. B. (2005). Impaired oral reading in two atypical dyslexics: A comparison with a computational lexical-analogy model. Brain and Language, 93, 255-266.
57. Mayall, K., Humphreys, G. W., Mechelli, A., Olson, A., & Price, C. J. (2001). The effects of case mixing on word recognition: Evidence from a PET study. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 13, 844-853.
58. McCandliss, B. D., Cohen, L., & Dehaene, S. (2003). The visual word form area: Expertise for reading in the fusiform gyrus. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 7, 293-299. (Pubitemid 36818922)
59. Mechelli, A., Gorno-Tempini, M. L., & Price, C. J. (2003). Neuroimaging studies of word and pseudoword reading: Consistencies, inconsistencies, and limitations. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 15, 260-271.
60. Molko, N., Cohen, L., Mangin, J. F., Chochon, F., Lehericy, S., Le Bihan, D., et al. (2002). Visualizing the neural bases of a disconnection syndrome with diffusion tensor imaging. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 14, 629-636.
61. Pernet, C., Celsis, P., & Demonet, J. F. (2005). Selective response to letter categorization within the left fusiform gyrus. Neuroimage, 28, 738-744. (Pubitemid 41540380)
62. Polk, T. A., & Farah, M. J. (2002). Functional MRI evidence for an abstract, not perceptual, word-form area. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 131, 65-72.
63. Polk, T. A., Stallcup, M., Aguirre, G. K., Alsop, D. C., D'Esposito, M., Detre, J. A., et al. (2002). Neural specialization for letter recognition. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 14, 145-159.
64. Price, C. J., & Devlin, J. T. (2003). The myth of the visual word form area. Neuroimage, 19, 473-481.
65. Price, C. J., & Devlin, J. T. (2004). The pro and cons of labelling a left occipitotemporal region: "The visual word form area." Neuroimage, 22, 477-479.
66. Price, C. J., Gorno-Tempini, M. L., Graham, K. S., Biggio, N., Mechelli, A., Patterson, K., et al. (2003). Normal and pathological reading: Converging data from lesion and imaging studies. Neuroimage, 20(Suppl. 1), S30-S41.
67. Price, C. J., Wise, R. J., & Frackowiak, R. S. (1996). Demonstrating the implicit processing of visually presented words and pseudowords. Cerebral Cortex, 6, 62-70.
68. Puce, A., Allison, T., Asgari, M., Gore, J., & McCarthy, G. (1996). Differential sensitivity of human visual cortex to faces, letterstrings, and textures: A functional magnetic resonance study. Journal of Neuroscience, 16, 5205-5215.
69. Reinke, K., Fernandes, M., Schwindt, G., O'Craven, K., & Grady, C. L. (2008). Functional specificity of the visual word form area: General activation for words and symbols but specific network activation for words. Brain and Language, 104, 180-189.
70. Rentschler, I., Treutwein, B., & Landis, T. (1994). Dissociation of local and global processing in visual agnosia. Vision Research, 34, 963-971. (Pubitemid 24075830)
71. Saxe, R., Brett, M., & Kanwisher, N. (2006). Divide and conquer: A defense of functional localizers. Neuroimage, 30, 1088-1096; discussion 1097-1089.
72. Simons, J. S., Koutstaal, W., Prince, S., Wagner, A. D., & Schacter, D. L. (2003). Neural mechanisms of visual object priming: Evidence for perceptual and semantic distinctions in fusiform cortex. Neuroimage, 19, 613-626.
73. Tagamets, M. A., Novick, J. M., Chalmers, M. L., & Friedman, R. B. (2000). A parametric approach to orthographic processing in the brain: An fMRI study. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 12, 281-297.
74. Talairach, J., & Tournoux, P. (1988). Co-planar stereotaxic atlas of the human brain. New York: Thieme.
75. Vigneau, M., Jobard, G., Mazoyer, B., & Tzourio-Mazoyer, N. (2005). Word and non-word reading: What role for the visual word form area? Neuroimage, 27, 694-705.
76. Vincent, F., Sadowsky, C., Saunders, R., & Reeves, A. (1977). Alexia without agraphia, hemianopia, or color-naming defect: A disconnection syndrome. Neurology, 27, 689-691.
77. Vinckier, F., Dehaene, S., Jobert, A., Dubus, J. P., Sigman, M., & Cohen, L. (2007). Hierarchical coding of letter strings in the ventral stream: Dissecting the inner organization of the visual word-form system. Neuron, 55, 143-156.
78. Warrington, E., & Shallice, T. (1980). Word-form dyslexia. Brain, 103, 99-112.
79. Xu, B., Grafman, J., Gaillard, W. D., Ishii, K., Vega-Bermudez, F., Pietrini, P., et al. (2001). Conjoint and extended neural networks for the computation of speech codes: The neural basis of selective impairment in reading words and pseudowords. Cerebral Cortex, 11, 267-277.