Evaluation and Management of Hematuria

Primary Care - Clinics in Office Practice

Volumn 37, Issue 3, 2010, Pages 461-472

  Jimbo, Masahito ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

Author keywords

Gross hematuria; Hematuria; Management; Microscopic hematuria; Urinalysis

Indexed keywords

CREATININE; TUMOR MARKER;

BLOOD EXAMINATION; CLINICAL EVALUATION; COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY; CREATININE BLOOD LEVEL; CYSTOSCOPY; DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING; DISEASE CLASSIFICATION; ECHOGRAPHY; FOLLOW UP; GLOMERULUS FILTRATION RATE; HEMATURIA; HUMAN; INTRAVENOUS UROGRAPHY; LABORATORY TEST; MEDICAL HISTORY; PATIENT ASSESSMENT; PATIENT REFERRAL; PHYSICAL EXAMINATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SCREENING TEST; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY; URINALYSIS; URINE COLOR; URINE CYTOLOGY;

EID: 77955497259     PISSN: 00954543     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.pop.2010.04.006     Document Type: Review

References (53)

1. Sokolosky M.C. Hematuria. Emerg Med Clin North Am 2001, 19:621-632.
2. Cohen R.A., Brown R.S. Microscopic hematuria. N Engl J Med 2003, 348:2330-2338.
3. Grossfeld G.D., Litwin M.S., Wolf J.S., et al. Evaluation of asymptomatic microscopic hematuria in adults: the American Urological Association best practice policy-part I: definition, detection, prevalence, and etiology. Urology 2001, 57:599-603.
4. Woolhandler S., Pels R.J., Bor D.H., et al. Dipstick urinalysis screening of asymptomatic adults for urinary tract disorders. JAMA 1989, 262:1214-1219.
5. Ritchie C.D., Bevan E.A., Collier S.J. Importance of occult haematuria found at screening. Br Med J 1986, 292:681-683.
6. Hiatt R.A., Ordenez J.D. Dipstick urinalysis screening, asymptomatic microhematuria, and subsequent urological cancers in a population-based sample. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 1994, 3:439-443.
7. Thompson I.M. The evaluation of microscopic hematuria: a population-based study. J Urol 1987, 138:1189-1190.
8. Fromm P., Ribak J., Benbassat J. Significance of microhaematuria in young adults. Br Med J 1984, 288:20-22.
9. Mohr D.N., Offord K.P., Owen R.A., et al. Asymptomatic microhematuria and urologic disease: a population-based study. JAMA 1986, 256:224-229.
10. Kryszczuk K., Kelsberg G., Rich J. Should we screen adults for asymptomatic microhematuria?. J Fam Pract 2004, 53:150-153.
11. United States Preventive Services Task Force Screening for bladder cancer in adults Available at:, Accessed March 1, 2010. http://www.ahrq.gov/clinic/3rduspstf/bladder/blacanrs.htm.
12. American Cancer Society Bladder cancer screening Available at:, Accessed March 1, 2010. http://www.cancer.org/docroot/CRI/content/CRI_2_4_3X_Can_bladder_cancer_be_found_early_44.asp%3Fsitearea%3D.
13. Bard R.H. The significance of asymptomatic microhematuria in women and its economic implications: a ten-year study. Arch Intern Med 1988, 148:2629-2632.
14. Britton J.P., Dowell A.C., Whelan P. Dipstick hematuria and bladder cancer in men over 60: results of a community study. Br Med J 1989, 299:1010-1012.
15. Britton J.P., Dowell A.C., Whelan P., et al. A community study of bladder cancer screening by the detection of occult urinary bleeding. J Urol 1992, 148:788-790.
16. Carson C.C., Segura J.W., Greene L.F. Clinical importance of microhematuria. JAMA 1979, 241:149-150.
17. Davides K.C., King L.M., Jacobs D. Management of microscopic hematuria: twenty-year experience with 150 cases in a community hospital. Urology 1986, 28:453-455.
18. Fracchia J.A., Motta J., Miller L.S., et al. Evaluation of asymptomatic microhematuria. Urology 1995, 46:484-489.
19. Greene L.F., O'Shaughnessy E.J., Hendricks E.D. Study of five hundred patients with asymptomatic microhematuria. JAMA 1956, 161:610-612.
20. Golin A.L., Howard R.S. Asymptomatic microscopic hematuria. J Urol 1980, 124:389-391.
21. Jones D.J., Langstaff R.J., Holt S.D., et al. The value of cystourethroscopy in the investigation of microscopic haematuria in adult males under 40 years: a prospective study of 100 patients. Br J Urol 1988, 62:541-545.
22. Mariani A.J., Mariani M.C., Macchioni C., et al. The significance of adult hematuria: 1,000 hematuria evaluations including a risk-benefit and cost-effectiveness analysis. J Urol 1989, 141:350-355.
23. Messing E.M., Young T.B., Hunt V.B., et al. The significance of asymptomatic microhematuria in men 50 or more years old: findings of a home screening study using urinary dipsticks. J Urol 1987, 137:919-922.
24. Messing E.M., Young T.B., Hunt V.B., et al. Urinary tract cancers found by homescreening with hematuria dipsticks in healthy men over 50 years of age. Cancer 1989, 164:2361-2367.
25. Messing E.M., Young T.B., Hunt V.B., et al. Home screening for hematuria: results of a multiclinic study. J Urol 1992, 148:289-292.
26. Murakami S., Igarashi T., Hara S., et al. Strategies for asymptomatic microscopic hematuria: a prospective study of 1,034 patients. J Urol 1990, 144:99-101.
27. Ahmed Z., Lee J. Asymptomatic urinary abnormalities. Med Clin North Am 1997, 81:641-652.
28. Jemal A., Siegel R., Ward E., et al. Cancer statistics, 2006. CA Cancer J Clin 2006, 56:106-130.
29. Simerville J.A., Phira J.J. Urinalysis: a comprehensive review. Am Fam Physician 2005, 71:1153-1162.
30. Grossfeld G.D., Litwin M.S., Wolf J.S., et al. Evaluation of asymptomatic microscopic hematuria in adults: the American Urological Association best practice policy-part II: patient evaluation, cytology, voided markers, imaging, cystoscopy, nephrology evaluation, and follow-up. Urology 2001, 57:604-610.
31. American Urological Association Guideline on the management of benign prostatic hyperplasia 2003 Available at:, Accessed March 1, 2010. http://www.auanet.org/content/guidelines-and-quality-care/clinical-guidelines/main-reports/bph-management/preface_toc.pdf.
32. Lifshitz E., Kramer L. Outpatient urine culture: does collection technique matter?. Arch Intern Med 2000, 160:2537-2540.
33. Fogazzi G.B., Garigali G. The clinical art and science of urine microscopy. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2003, 12:625-632.
34. Silkensen J.R., Kasiske B.L. Laboratory assessment of kidney disease: clearance, urinalysis, and kidney biopsy. Brenner and Rector's the kidney 2004, 1107-1150. Saunders, Philadelphia. 7th edition. B.M. Brenner (Ed.).
35. Vaughan E.D., Wyker A.W. Effect of osmolality on the evaluation of microscopic hematuria. J Urol 1971, 105:709-711.
36. Rodgers M.A., Hempel S., Aho T., et al. Diagnostic tests used in the investigation of adult haematuria: a systematic review. BJU Int 2006, 98:1154-1160.
37. Badalament R.A., Hermansen D.K., Kimmel M., et al. The sensitivity of bladder wash flow cytometry, bladder wash cytology, and voided cytology in the detection of bladder carcinoma. Cancer 1987, 60:1423-1427.
38. Novicki D.E., Stern J.A., Nemec R., et al. Cost-effective evaluation of indeterminate urinary cytology. J Urol 1998, 160:734-736.
39. Grossfeld G., Carroll P. Evaluation of asymptomatic microscopic hematuria. Urol Clin North Am 1998, 25:661-676.
40. Stevens L.A., Levey A.S. Measurement of kidney function. Med Clin North Am 2005, 89:457-473.
41. Cockcroft D., Gault M. Prediction of creatinine clearance from serum creatinine. Nephron 1976, 16:31-41.
42. Levey A., Bosch J., Lewis J., et al. A more accurate method to estimate glomerular filtration rate from serum creatinine: a new prediction equation. Ann Intern Med 1999, 130:461-470.
43. Levey A.S., Coresh J., Balk E., et al. National Kidney Foundation practice guidelines for chronic kidney disease: evaluation, classification, and stratification. Ann Intern Med 2003, 139:137-147.
44. Kellert M.J. The genitourinary tract: methods of investigation. Grainger & Allison's diagnostic radiology: a textbook of medical imaging 2001, 1489-1497. Churchill Livingstone, New York. 4th edition. R.G. Grainger, D.J. Allison, A. Adam (Eds.).
45. Webb J.A.W., Maisey M.N., Reidy J.F. Renal failure and transplantation. Grainger & Allison's diagnostic radiology: a textbook of medical imaging 2001, 1671-1692. Churchill Livingstone, New York. 4th edition. R.G. Grainger, D.J. Allison, A. Adam (Eds.).
46. Choyke P.L. Radiologic evaluation of hematuria: guidelines from the American College of Radiology's appropriateness criteria. Am Fam Physician 2008, 78:347-352.
47. Fielding J.R., Silverman S.G., Samuel S., et al. Unenhanced helical CT of ureteral stones: a replacement for excretory urography in planning treatment. Am J Roentgenol 1998, 171:1051-1053.
48. Warshauer D.M., McCarthy S.M., Street L., et al. Detection of renal masses: sensitivities and specificities of excretory urography/linear tomography, US, and CT. Radiology 1988, 169:363-365.
49. Clayman R.V., Reddy P., Lange P.H. Flexible fiberoptic and rigid-rod lens endoscopy of the lower urinary tract: a prospective controlled comparison. J Urol 1984, 131:715-716.
50. Pavone-Macaluso M., Lamartina M., Pavone C., et al. The flexible cystoscope. Int Urol Nephrol 1992, 24:239-242.
51. Needham E. Management of acute renal failure. Am Fam Physician 2005, 72:1739-1746.
52. Snyder S., Pendergraph B. Detection and evaluation of chronic kidney disease. Am Fam Physician 2005, 72:1723-1732.
53. Sutton J.M. Evaluation of hematuria in adults. JAMA 1990, 263:2475-2480.