The who and where of HIV in rural Malawi: Exploring the effects of person and place on individual HIV status

Health and Place

Volumn 16, Issue 5, 2010, Pages 996-1006

  Feldacker, Caryl ^a,b   Emch, Michael ^b,c   Ennett, Susan ^a  

^a IL   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA AT CHAPEL HILL   (United States)

^c University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill   (United States)

Author keywords

Ecological drivers; HIV AIDS; Malawi; Political economy; Spatial methods

Indexed keywords

ACCESSIBILITY; ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROME; DEMOGRAPHIC SURVEY; HEALTH GEOGRAPHY; HEALTH RISK; HEALTH SERVICES; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS; POLITICAL ECONOMY; REGRESSION ANALYSIS; RURAL SOCIETY;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ARTICLE; CONTROLLED STUDY; DEMOGRAPHY; EXPLORATORY RESEARCH; FEMALE; GENDER; HEALTH CARE ACCESS; HEALTH CENTER; HEALTH ECONOMICS; HIGH RISK POPULATION; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; INFECTION RISK; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALAWI; MALE; MIGRATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RURAL AREA; RURAL POPULATION; SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT; URBAN AREA;

MALAWI;

HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS;

EID: 77955312028     PISSN: 13538292     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2010.06.004     Document Type: Article

References (79)

1. Adimora A.A., Schoenbach V.J. Contextual factors and the black-white disparity in heterosexual HIV transmission. Epidemiology 2002, 13:707-712.
2. Armour L. Trying to survive in times of poverty and AIDS: women and multiple-partner sex in Malawi. Aids Care-Psychological and Socio-Medical Aspects of AIDS/HIV 2006, 18:404.
3. Barden-O'Fallon J.L., deGraft-Johnson J., Bisika T., Sulzbach S., Benson A., Tsui A.O. Factors associated with HIV/aids knowledge and risk perception in rural Malawi. Aids and Behavior 2004, 8:131-140.
4. Bello G.A., Chipeta J., Aberle-Grasse J. Assessment of trends in biological and behavioural surveillance data: is there any evidence of declining HIV prevalence or incidence in Malawi?. British Medical Journal 2006, 82:i9.
5. Benefo K.D. Determinants of Zambian men's extra-marital sex: a multi-level analysis. Archives of Sexual Behavior 2008, 37:517-529.
6. Benson, T., 2002. Correlates of poverty measures in Malawi-an application of poverty mapping at the sub-district scale. In: Conference on Understanding Poverty and Growth in Sub-Saharan Africa, Centre for the Study of African Economies, St. Catherine's College, Oxford, UK, pp. 18-19.
7. Benson T., Chamberlin J., Rhinehart I. An investigation of the spatial determinants of the local prevalence of poverty in rural Malawi. Food Policy 2005, 30:532-550.
8. Campbell C., Jovchelovitch S. Health, community and development: towards a social psychology of participation. Journal of Community and Applied Social Psychology 2000, 10:255-270.
9. Chimbiri A.M. The condom is an 'intruder' in marriage: evidence from rural Malawi. Social Science and Medicine 2007, 64:1102-1115.
10. Chirwa W.C. Migrant labour, sexual networking and multi-partnered sex in Malawi. Health Transition Review 1997, 7:5-15.
11. Coffee M.P., Garnett G.P., Mlilo M., Voeten H., Chandiwana S., Gregson S. Patterns of movement and risk of HIV infection in rural Zimbabwe. Journal of Infectious Diseases 2005, 191:S159-S167.
12. Columbia University, 2008. Poverty Mapping Project: The Center for International Earth Science Information Network.
13. Craddock S. Disease, social identity, and risk: rethinking the geography of AIDS. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 2000, 25:153-168.
14. Diez Roux A.V. Estimating neighborhood health effects: the challenges of causal inference in a complex world. Social Science and Medicine 2004, 58:1953-1960.
15. Doyal L. What Makes Women Sick: Gender and the Political Economy of Health 1995, Rutgers University Press.
16. Doyal L., Pennell I. The Political Economy of Health 1979, Pluto Press.
17. Dunkle K.L., Jewkes R.K., Brown H.C., Gray G.E., McIntryre J.A., Harlow S.D. Transactional sex among women in Soweto, South Africa: prevalence, risk factors and association with HIV infection. Social Science and Medicine 2004, 59:1581-1592.
18. Elbers C., Lanjouw J.O., Lanjouw P. Micro-level estimation of poverty and inequality. Econometrica 2003, 71:355-364.
19. Entwisle B. Putting people into place. Demography 2007, 44:687-703.
20. ESRI, 2008. ArcGIS, 9.2 ed., ESRI.
21. Farmer P. Infections and Inequalities: The Modern Plagues 1999, University of California Press.
22. Farmer P.E., Nizeye B., Stulac S., Keshavjee S. Structural violence and clinical medicine. PLoS Medicine 2006, 3(10):e449. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0030449.
23. Fotheringham, A.S., 2005. GWR, 3.0 ed.
24. Fotheringham A.S., Brunsdon C., Charlton M. Geographically Weighted Regression: The Analysis of Spatially Varying Relationships 2002, Wiley.
25. Gabrysch S., Edwards T., Glynn J.R. The role of context: neighbourhood characteristics strongly influence HIV risk in young women in Ndola, Zambia. Tropical Medicine and International Health 2008, 13:162-170.
26. Girdler-Brown B. Eastern and Southern Africa. International Migration 1998, 36:513-551.
27. Heard N.J., Larsen U., Hozumi D. Investigating access to reproductive health services using GIS: proximity to services and the use of modern contraceptives in Malawi. African Journal of Reproductive Health 2004, 164-179.
28. Hobfoll S.E. Ecology, community, and AIDS prevention. American Journal of Community Psychology 1998, 26:133-144.
29. Holtgrave D.R., Crosby R.A. Social capital, poverty, and income inequality as predictors of gonorrhea, syphilis, Chlamydia and AIDS case rates in the United States. Sexually Transmitted Infections 2003, 79(1):62-64.
30. Kaler A. My girlfriends could fill a yanu-yanu bus: rural Malawian men's claims about their own serostatus. Demographic Research 2003, 349-372.
31. Kandala N.B., Magadi M.A., Madise N.J. An investigation of district spatial variations of childhood diarrhoea and fever morbidity in Malawi. Social Science and Medicine 2006, 62:1138-1152.
32. Kathewera-Banda M.G.-C.F., Hendriks S., Kachika T., Mitole Z., White S. Sexual violence and women's vulnerability to HIV transmission in Malawi: a rights issue. International Social Science Journal 2005, 57:649-660.
33. Kawachi I., Kennedy B.P. Socioeconomic determinants of health: health and social cohesion: why care about income inequality?. British Medical Journal 1997, 314:1037.
34. Kazembe L.N., Muula A.S., Simoonga C. Joint spatial modeling of common morbidities of childhood fever and diarrhoea in Malawi. Health and Place 2009, 15:165-172.
35. Kelly R.J., Gray R.H., Sewankambo N.K., Serwadda T., Wabwire-Mangen F., Lutalo T., Wawer M.J. Age differences in sexual partners and risk of HIV-1 infection in rural Uganda. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 2003, 32:446-451.
36. Kim J.C., Watts C.H. Gaining a foothold: tackling poverty, gender inequality, and HIV in Africa. British Medical Journal 2005, 331:0.
37. Kleinschmidt I., Pettifor A., Morris N., MacPhail C., Rees H. Geographic distribution of human immunodeficiency virus in South Africa. American Journal of Tropical Medicine 2007, 77:1163-1169.
38. Kohler H.P., Behrman J.R., Watkins S.C. Social networks and HIV/AIDS risk perceptions. Demography 2007, 44:1-33.
39. Krieger N. Embodying inequality: a review of concepts, measures, and methods for studying health consequences of discrimination. International Journal of Health Services 1999, 29:295-352.
40. Krieger N. Monitoring socioeconomic inequalities in sexually transmitted infections, tuberculosis, and violence: geocoding and choice of area-based socioeconomic measures-the public health disparities geocoding project (US). Public Health Reports 2003, 118:240-260.
41. Lachaud J.P. HIV prevalence and poverty in Africa: micro-and macro-econometric evidences applied to Burkina Faso. Journal of Health Economics 2007, 26:483-504.
42. Lindstrom C., Lindstrom M. Social capital, GNP per capita, relative income, and health: an ecological study of 23 countries. International Journal of Health Services 2006, 36:679-696.
43. Luke N. Age and economic asymmetries in the sexual relationships of adolescent girls in sub-Saharan Africa. Studies in Family Planning 2003, 34:67-86.
44. Luke N. Confronting the 'sugar daddy' stereotype: age and economic asymmetries and risky sexual behavior in urban Kenya. International Family Planning Perspectives 2005, 31:6-14.
45. Luke N., Kurz K.M. Cross-Generational and Transactional Sexual Relations in Sub-Saharan Africa: Prevalence of Behavior and Implications for Negotiating Safer Sexual Practices 2002, Population Services International, Washington, DC.
46. Macintyre S., Ellaway A., Cummins S. Place effects on health: how can we conceptualise, operationalise and measure them?. Social Science and Medicine 2002, 55:125-139.
47. Masanjala W. The poverty-HIV/AIDS nexus in Africa: a livelihood approach. Social Science and Medicine 2007, 64:1032-1041.
48. McLeroy K.R., Bibeau D., Steckler A., Glanz K. An ecological perspective on health promotion programs. Health Education and Behavior 1988, 15:351.
49. MEASURE DHS, 2008. Geographic Information Methodology-Collecting Geographic Data.
50. Ministry of Health, 2007. Malawi National Health Accounts (NHA) 2002-2004 with Subaccounts for HIV and AIDS, Reproductive and Child Health. In: Department of Health Planning and Policy Development (Ed.), Lilongwe, Malawi.
51. Minkler M. Personal responsibility for health? A review of the arguments and the evidence at century's end. Health Education and Behavior 1999, 26:121.
52. Minkler M., Wallace S.P., McDonald M. The political economy of health: a useful theoretical tool for health education practice. International Quarterly of Community Health Education 1994, 15:111-125.
53. Morris M., Kretzschmar M. Concurrent partnerships and the spread of HIV. AIDS 1997, 11:641-648.
54. Mtika M.M. Political economy, labor migration, and the AIDS epidemic in rural Malawi. Social Science and Medicine 2007, 64:2454-2463.
55. National Statistical Office Malawi Malawi Demographic and Health Survey 2004 2005, NSO and ORC Macro, Calverton, MD.
56. Oakes J.M. The (mis) estimation of neighborhood effects: causal inference for a practicable social epidemiology. Social Science and Medicine 2004, 58:1929-1952.
57. ORC Macro, 1996. Sampling Manual, DHS-III. Basic Documentation. ORC Macro, Calverton, Maryland.
58. ORC Macro HIV Testing Laboratory Manual: Demographic and Health Surveys 2005, ORC Macro, Calverton, MD.
59. Parker R.G., Easton D., Klein C.H. Structural barriers and facilitators in HIV prevention: a review of international research. AIDS 2000, 14:S22-S32.
60. PEPFAR, 2007. Country Profile, Malawi.
61. Porter G. Living in a walking world: rural mobility and social equity issues in sub-Saharan Africa. World Development 2002, 30:285-300.
62. Quinn T.C., Overbaugh J. HIV/AIDS in women: an expanding epidemic. Science 2005, 308:1582-1583.
63. Ruger J.P., Kim H.J. Global health inequalities: an international comparison. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 2006, 60:928-936.
64. Sayles J.N., Pettifor A., Wong M.D., MacPhail C., Lee S.J., Hendriksen E., Rees H.V., Coates T. Factors associated with self-efficacy for condom use and sexual negotiation among South African youth. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 2006, 43:226-233.
65. Schatz E. 'Take your mat and go'! Rural Malawian women's strategies in the HIV/AIDS era. Culture Health and Sexuality 2005, 7:479-492.
66. Smith K.P. Perceptions of risk and strategies for prevention: responses to HIV/AIDS in rural Malawi. Social Science and Medicine 2005, 60:649-660.
67. STATA, 2007. 9.2.
68. Stokols D., Allen J., Bellingham R.L. The social ecology of health promotion: implications for research and practice. American Journal of Health Promotion 1996, 10:247-251.
69. Swidler A., Watkins S.C. Ties of dependence: AIDS and transactional sex in rural Malawi. Studies in Family Planning 2007, 38(3):147-162.
70. Tanser F. New approaches to spatially analyse primary health care usage patterns in rural South Africa. Tropical Medicine and International Health 2001, 6:826-838.
71. Tanser F., Barnighausen T., Cooke G.S., Newell M.L. Localized spatial clustering of HIV infections in a widely disseminated rural South African epidemic. International Journal of Epidemiology 2009.
72. Tanser F., Lesueur D., Solarsh G., Wilkinson D. HIV heterogeneity and proximity of homestead to roads in rural South Africa: an exploration using a geographical information system. Tropical Medicine and International Health 2000, 5:40-46.
73. Tawfik L., Watkins S.C. Sex in Geneva, sex in Lilongwe, and sex in Balaka. Social Science and Medicine 2007, 64:1090-1101.
74. UNAIDS, 2007. Malawi 2008 country Progress Report, viewed on February 10, 2009. Available from: http://www.unaids.org/en/CountryResponses/Countries/malawi.asp.
75. UNAIDS, 2008. Rural HIV/AIDS, viewed on April 23, 2009. Available from: http://www.unaids.org/en/CountryResponses/Countries/malawi.asp.
76. UNICEF, 2008. Country Page: Malawi, viewed on January 3, 2010. Available from: http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/malawi_statistics.html.
77. Watkins S.C. Navigating the AIDS epidemic in rural Malawi. Population and Development Review 2004, 30:673-705.
78. Wellings K., Collumbien M., Slaymaker E., Singh S., Hodges Z., Patel D., Bajos N. Sexual behaviour in context: a global perspective. Lancet 2006, 368:1706-1728.
79. Whiteside A., De Waal A. 'That's resources you see!': political economy, ethics and the HIV/AIDS epidemic. New Political Economy 2004, 9:581-594.