6.10 - Environmental Effects on Crack Growth in Composites

Comprehensive Structural Integrity

Volumn 6, Issue , 2007, Pages 428-470

  Arnold, J C ^a  

^a SWANSEA UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

BMC; Bulk moulding compound; Carbon fiber; CF; Composites; Crack growth; DETA; DGEBA; Diethylene triamine; Diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A; DMC; Dough moulding compound; Environmental effects; Environmental stress corrosion cracking; Environmental stress cracking; ESC; ESCC; Failure; GFRP; Glass fiber reinforced polyester; Glass mat thermoplastic; GMT; PAI; PAN; PEEK; PEI; Permeation; Poly(aryl ether ether ketone); Polyacrylonitrile; Polyamide imide; Polyether imide; Polymers; Polyphenylene sulfide; Polypropylene; PP; PPS; Sheet moulding compound; SMC; Solubility; Tetraglycidyl ether of diamino diphenyl methane; TGDDM; Ultraviolet radiation; UV

Indexed keywords

CALIFORNIUM; CARBON FIBERS; COMPOSITE MATERIALS; COMPUTER SYSTEM RECOVERY; CRACK PROPAGATION; CRACKING (CHEMICAL); CRACKS; ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT; ETHERS; GALVANIC CORROSION; GLASS; KETONES; MOLDING; PERMEATION; POLYACRYLONITRILES; POLYAMIDEIMIDES; POLYETHER ETHER KETONES; POLYETHERIMIDES; POLYMERS; POLYPROPYLENES; PREDICTIVE ANALYTICS; RADIATION EFFECTS; REINFORCED PLASTICS; REINFORCEMENT; SHEET MOLDING COMPOUNDS; SOLUBILITY; STRESS CORROSION CRACKING; SULFIDE CORROSION CRACKING; SULFUR COMPOUNDS; SWELLING; ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION;

DETA; DGEBA; DIETHYLENE TRIAMINE; DIGLYCIDYL ETHER OF BISPHENOL-A; ENVIRONMENTAL STRESS; ENVIRONMENTAL STRESS CRACKINGS; ESCC; GFRP; GLASS FIBER-REINFORCED POLYESTERS; GLASS MAT THERMOPLASTICS; POLY(ARYL ETHER ETHER KETONE); POLYPHENYLENE SULFIDES; TGDDM;

POLYMER MATRIX COMPOSITES;

EID: 77955272935     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-008043749-1/00318-8     Document Type: Chapter

References (134)

1. Aktas L., Hamidi Y., Altan M.C. Effect of moisture on the mechanical properties of resin transfer molded composites. Part II: Desorption. J. Mater. Proc. Manuf. Sci. 2002, 10:255-267.
2. Alvarez V.A., Fraga A.N., Va'zquez A. Effects of the moisture and fiber content on the mechanical properties of biodegradable polymer-sisal and fiber biocomposites. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2004, 91:4007-4016.
3. Amara K.H., Tounsi A., Benzair B. Transverse cracking and elastic properties reduction in hygrothermal aged cross-ply laminates. Mat. Sci. Eng. A 2005, 396:369-375.
4. Arnold J.C. Craze initiation criteria during ESC of amorphous polymers. Plast. Rubb. Comp. Proc. Appl. 1998, 27:139-147.
5. Arnold J.C. Environmental effects on crack growth in non-metals: Polymers. Comprehensive Structural Integrity 2003, vol. 6:281-319. Elsevier, Oxford. I. Milne (Ed.).
6. Arnold J.C., O'Brien F., Moody M. All-polymer composites from recycled woven polypropylene fabrics and polyethylene film. Polym. Eng. Sci. 2006, (in press).
7. Arslanian Y., Hogg P.J. Measurement of stress corrosion crack growth in sheet moulding compounds. High temperature and Environmental Effects on Polymeric Composites 1993, 7-22. American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia. C.E. Harris, T.S. Gates (Eds.).
8. Autran M., Pauliard R., Gautier L., Mortaigne B., Mazeas F., Davies P. Influence of mechanical stresses on the hydrolytic aging of standard and low styrene unsaturated polyester composites. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2002, 84:2185-2195.
9. Aylor D.M. The effect of a seawater environment on the galvanic corrosion behavior of graphite/epoxy composites coupled to metals. High Temperature and Environmental Effects on Polymeric Composites 1993, 81-94. American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia. C.E. Harris, T.S. Gates (Eds.).
10. Green Composites 2004, Woodhead, Cambridge. C. Baillie (Ed.).
11. Bair H.E., Falcowe D.R., Johnson G.E., Hellman M.Y. Hydrolysis of PC to yield BPA. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 1981, 26:1777-1786.
12. Bao L.R., Yee A.F. Moisture diffusion and hygrothermal aging in bismaleimide matrix carbon fiber composites. Part I: Uni-weave composites. Compos. Sci. Technol. 2002, 62:2099-2110.
13. Bao L.R., Yee A.F. Moisture diffusion and hygrothermal aging in bismaleimide matrix carbon fiber composites. Part II: Woven and hybrid composites. Compos. Sci. Technol. 2002, 62:2111-2119.
14. Bao L.R., Yee A.F. Effect of temperature on moisture absorption in a bismaleimide resin and its carbon fiber composites. Polymer 2002, 43:3987-3997.
15. Barton A.F.M. CRC Handbook of Solubility Parameters and Other Cohesion Parameters 1983, CRC Press, Boca Raton.
16. Bergeret A., Pires I., Foulc M.P., Abadie B., Ferry L., Crespy A. The hygrothermal behavior of glass-fiber-reinforced thermoplastic composites: A prediction of the composite lifetime. Polym. Test. 2001, 20:753-763.
17. Beuhler F.U., Seferis J.C. Effect of reinforcement and solvent content on moisture absorption in epoxy composite materials. Composites: Part A 2000, 31:741-748.
18. Browning C.E. Mechanisms of elevated temperature property losses in high performance structural epoxy resin matrix materials after exposures to high humidity environments. Polym. Eng. Sci. 1978, 18:16-24.
19. Bullions T.A., Jungk J.M., Loos A.C., McGrath J.E. Moisture sorption effects on carbon fiber-reinforced phenylethynl-terminated Ultem (TM) composites. J. Thermoplast. Compos. Mater. 2000, 13:460-480.
20. Bullions T.A., Loos A.C., McGrath J.E. Moisture sorption effects on and properties of a carbon fiber-reinforced phenylethynl-terminated poly(etherimide). J. Compos. Mater. 2003, 37:791-809.
21. Burcham L.J., Vanlandingham M.R., Eduljee R.F., Gillespie J.W. Moisture effects on the behavior of graphite/polyimide composites. Polym. Compos. 1996, 17:682-690.
22. Cabrera N., Alcock B., Peijs T., Schimanski T., Klompen E., Loos J. All-polypropylene composites for ultimate recyclability 2001, Proceedings, EcoComp, ESCM, London.
23. Cai L.W., Weitsman Y. Non-Fickian moisture diffusion in polymeric composites. J. Compos. Mater. 1994, 28:130-154.
24. Chen P.E. Strength properties of discontinuous fiber composites. Polym. Eng. Sci. 1971, 11:51-59.
25. Chen F., Birley A.W. Blistering of GRP laminates in water. 1: Characterisation and classification of blistering. Plast. Rubber Compos. Process. Appl. 1991, 15:161-168.
26. Chen F., Birley A.W. Blistering of GRP laminates in water. 2: Further study of the factors affecting blistering. Plast. Rubber Compos. Process. Appl. 1991, 15:169-176.
27. Clark G., Saunders D.S., Van Blaricum T.J., Richmond M. Moisture absorption in graphite/epoxy laminates. Compos. Sci. Technol. 1990, 39:355-375.
28. Czigany T., Mohd Ishak Z.A., Heitz T., Karger-Kocsis J. Effects of hygrothermal aging on the fracture and failure behavior in short glass fiber-reinforced, toughened poly(butylene terephthalate) composites. Polym. Comp. 1996, 17:900-909.
29. Davies P. Delamination. Advanced Composites 1990, Kluwer, Boston, Chapter 9. I.K. Partridge (Ed.).
30. Devi L.U., Joseph K., Nair K.C.M., Thomas S. Ageing studies of pineapple leaf fiber-reinforced polyester composites. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2004, 94:503-510.
31. Dillard D.A., Wang J.Z., Kamke F.A., Ward T.C., Wilkes G.L. The effects of transient moisture conditions on the viscoelastic behavior of fibers and composites. Durability of Polymer Based Composites for Structural Applications 1991, 355-363. Elsevier, London. A.H. Cardon, G. Verchery (Eds.).
32. Drozdov A.D., Christiansen J.deC., Gupta R.K., Shah A.P. Model for anomalous moisture diffusion through a polymer-clay nanocomposite. J. Polym. Sci. B: Polym. Phys. 2003, 41:476-492.
33. Flory P.J., Rehner J. Statistical mechanics of cross-linked polymer networks. II: Swelling. J. Chem. Phys. 1943, 11:521-526.
34. Fredrickson G.H., Bicerano J. Barrier properties of oriented disk composites. J. Chem. Phys. 1999, 110:2181-2188.
35. French M.A., Pritchard G. Strength retention of glass/carbon hybrid laminates in aqueous media. Durability of Polymer Based Composites for Structural Applications 1991, 345-354. Elsevier, London. A.H. Cardon, G. Verchery (Eds.).
36. Friedrich K. Stress corrosion crack-propagation in glass-fiber reinforced thermoplastic PET. J. Mater. Sci. 1981, 16:3292-3302.
37. Fujii Y., Murakami A., Kato K., Yoshika T., Maekawa Z., Hamada H. Study of the stress corrosion cracking of GFRP: Effect of the toughness of the matrix resin on the fatigue damage and stress corrosion cracking of GFRP. J. Mater. Sci. 1994, 29:4279-4285.
38. Gatward C.H., Hogg P.J., Hull D., Price J.N. Environmental stress corrosion cracking of glass-fiber reinforced polyesters. Composite Structures 1985, 712-732. Kluwer, Boston. I.H. Marshall (Ed.).
39. Gautier L., Mortaigne B., Bellenger V., Verdu J. Osmotic cracking nucleation in hydrothermal-aged polyester matrix. Polymer 2000, 41:2481-2490.
40. Gautier L., Mortaigne B., Bellenger V., Verdu J. Osmotic cracking in unsaturated polyester matrices under humid environment. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2001, 79:2517-2526.
41. Gent A.N. Hypothetical mechanism of crazing in glass plastics. J. Mater. Sci. 1970, 5:925-932.
42. George J., Bhagawan S.S., Thomas S. Effects of environment on the properties of low-density polyethylene composites reinforced with pineapple-leaf fiber. Compos. Sci. Technol. 1998, 58:1471-1485.
43. Ghorbel I., Akele N., Thominette F., Spiteri P., Verdu J.J. Hydrolytic aging of polycarbonate 2 - hydrolysis kinetics. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 1995, 55:173-179.
44. Gorassi G., Tammaro L., Tortora M., Vittoria V., Kaempfer D., Reichart P., Mulhaupt R. Transport properties of organic vapors in nanocomposites of isotactic polypropylene. J. Polym. Sci. Part B: Polym. Phys. 2003, 41:1798-1805.
45. Gorassi G., Tortora M., Vittoria V., Kaempfer D., Mulhaupt R. Transport properties of organic vapors in nanocomposites of organophilic layered silicate and syndiotactic polypropylene. Polymer 2003, 44:3679-3685.
46. Guerrica-Echevarria G., Eguizabal J.I., Nazabal A.J. Solvent sorption and its influence on the mechanical properties of talc-filled polypropylene. J. Macromol. Sci. Phys. 2000, B39:441-457.
47. Han M.H., Nairn J.A. Hygrothermal aging of polyimide matrix composite laminates. Composites: Part A 2003, 34:979-986.
48. Hansen J.P. The universality of the solubility parameter. Ind. Eng. Chem. Prod. Res. Dev. 1969, 8:2.
49. Hildebrand J.H., Scott R.L. The Solubility of Non-Electrolytes 1950, Van-Nostrand, New York.
50. Hine P.J., Ward I.M., Teckoe J. The hot compaction of woven polypropylene tapes. J. Mater. Sci. 1998, 33:2725-2733.
51. Hodzic A., Kim J.K., Lowe A.E., Stachurski Z.H. The effects of water aging on the interphase region and interlaminar fracture toughness in polymer-glass composites. Compos. Sci. Technol. 2004, 64:2185-2195.
52. Hogg P.J. A model for stress corrosion crack growth in glass reinforced plastics. Compos. Sci. Technol. 1990, 39:23-42.
53. Imielinska K., Guillaumat L. The effect of water immersion ageing on low-velocity impact behaviour of woven aramid-glass fibre/epoxy composites. Compos. Sci. Technol. 2004, 64:2271-2278.
54. Ishai O. Environmental effects on deformation, strength and degradation of unidirectional glass-fiber reinforced plastics. 2: Experimental study. Polym. Eng. Sci. 1975, 15:491-499.
55. Jacques C.H.M., Wyzgoski M.G. Prediction of ESC from solubility considerations. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 1979, 23:1153-1166.
56. Jang B.Z. Advanced Polymer Composites 1994, ASM International, Cleeveland.
57. Jiang T., Wang Y.H., Yeh J.T., Fan Z.Q. Study on solvent permeation resistance properties of nylon 6/clay nanocomposite. Eur. Polym. J. 2005, 41:459-466.
58. Jones F.R. Handbook of Polymer-Fiber Composites 1994, Longman, London.
59. Jones F.R. Durability of reinforced plastics in liquid environments. Reinforced Plastics Durability 1999, 70-110. Woodhead, Cambridge. G. Pritchard (Ed.).
60. Joseph P.V., Rabello M.S., Mattoso L.H.C., Joseph K., Thomas S. Environmental effects on the degradation behavior of sisal fiber reinforced polypropylene composites. Compos. Sci. Technol. 2002, 62:1357-1372.
61. Junior C.Z.P., de Carvalho L.H., Fonseca V.M., Monteiro S.N., d'Almeida J.R.M. Accelerated aging of hybrid Ramie-Cotton resin matrix composites in boiling water. Polym. Plast. Tech. Eng. 2004, 43:1365-1375.
62. Kalfon E., Harel H., Marom G., Drukker E., Green A.K., Kressel I. Delamination of laminated composites under the combined effect of nonuniform heating and absorbed moisture. Polym. Compos. 2005, 26:770-777.
63. Kambour R.P., Gruner G.L., Romagosa C.E. Bisphenol-A polycarbonate immersed in organic media: Swelling and response to stress. Macromolecules 1974, 7:248-253.
64. Karbhari V.M., Rivera J., Zhang J. Low-temperature hygrothermal degradation of ambient cured E-glass/vinylester composites. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2002, 86:2255-2260.
65. Kawagoe M., Doi Y., Fuwa N., Yasuda T., Takata K. Effects of absorbed water on the interfacial fracture between two layers of unsaturated polyester and glass. J. Mater. Sci. 2001, 31:5161-5167.
66. Kawagoe M., Takeshima A., Nomiya M., Qiu J., Morita M., Mizuno H., Kitano H. Microspectroscopic evaluations of the interfacial degradation by absorbed water in a model composite of an aramid fiber and unsaturated polyester. Polymer 1999, 40:1373-1380.
67. Kawaguchi T., Nishimura H. Hot water resistance of glass-fiber and glass-bead reinforced thermoplastics. Polym. Comp. 2003, 24:181-191.
68. Kawaguchi T., Pearson R.A. The effect of particle-matrix adhesion on the mechanical behavior of glass filled epoxies. Part 2: A study on fracture toughness. Polymer 2003, 44:4239-4247.
69. Kefalas V.A. Solvent crazing as a stress-induced surface absorption and bulk plasticisation effect. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 1995, 58:711-717.
70. Kelly A., Tyson W.R. Tensile properties of fibre-reinforced metals. J. Mech. Phys. Solids 1965, 13:329.
71. Kirchheim R. Sorption and partial molar volume of small molecules in glassy polymers. Macromolecules 1992, 25:6952-6960.
72. Komai K., Minoshima K., Shiroshita S. Hygrothermal degradation and fracture process of advanced fiber-reinforced plastics. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 1991, 143:155-166.
73. Kootsookos A., Mouritz A.P. Seawater durability of glass- and carbon-polymer composites. Compos. Sci. Technol. 2004, 64:1503-1511.
74. Kotsikos G., Evans J.T., Gibson A.G., Hale J.M. Environmentally enhanced fatigue damage in glass fibre reinforced composites characterised by acoustic emission. Composites: Part A 2000, 31:969-977.
75. Lagrange A., Melennec C., Jacquemet R. Influence of various stress states of the moisture diffusion of composites in distilled water and in natural sea-water. Durability of Polymer Based Composites for Structural Applications 1991, 385-392. Elsevier, London. A.H. Cardon, G. Verchery (Eds.).
76. Launikitis M.B. Vinyl ester resins. Handbook of Composites 1982, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, Section 3. G. Lubin (Ed.).
77. Lee M.C., Peppas N.A. Water transport in graphite epoxy composites. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 1993, 47:1349.
78. Lees J.K. Shear lag analysis of short fibre composite materials. Polym. Eng. Sci. 1968, 8:195.
79. Lekatou A., Faidi S.E., Ghidaoui D., Lyon S.B., Newman R.C. Effect of water and its activity on transport properties of glass/epoxy particulate composites. Composites: Part A 1997, 28A:223-236.
80. Lin J.J., Chiu H.T. Hydrolysis of Kevlar fibers. Polym. Polym. Compos. 2001, 9:239-245.
81. Lin W.S., Pramanick A., Sain M. Development of TTMSP to predict the performance of discontinuous natural fiber-polymer composites. Sci. Eng. Compos. Mater. 2004, 11:201-208.
82. Lipatov Y.S. Interfaces and interphases in thermoplastic Matrix composites. Interfaces in Polymer, Ceramic and Metal Matrix Composites 1988, 227-237. Elsevier, Amsterdam. H. Ishida (Ed.).
83. Ma C.C.M., Yur S.W. Environmental-effects on the water-absorption and mechanical-properties of carbon-fiber reinforced pps and peek composites. Part 2. Polym. Eng. Sci. 1991, 31:34-39.
84. Mahieux C.A., Lehmann D., desLigneris A. Experimental determination of the effects of industrial oil immersion on polymer-based composites. Polym. Test. 2002, 21:751-756.
85. Mai Y.W. ESC of glassy polymers and solubility parameters. J. Mater. Sci. 1986, 21:904-916.
86. Manson J.A., Sperling L.H. Polymer Blends and Composites 1976, Plenum, New York.
87. Marcovich N.E., Reboredo M.M., Aranguren M.I. Moisture diffusion in polyester-woodflour composites. Polymer 1999, 40:7313-7320.
88. Matthews F.L., Rawlings R.D. Composite Materials: Engineering and Science 1994, Chapman & Hall, London.
89. Meyer R.W. Handbook of Polyester Molding Compounds and Molding Technology 1987, Chapman & Hall, London.
90. Michaels A.S., Vieth W.R., Barrie W.R. Diffusion of gases in polyethylene terephthalate. J. Appl. Phys. 1963, 34:13.
91. Mohantya A.K., Misra M., Hinrichsen G. Biofibers, biodegradable polymers and biocomposites: An overview. Macromol. Mater. Eng. 2000, 276-277:1-24.
92. Mohd Ishak Z.A., Ishiaku U.S., Karger-Kocsis J. Microstructure-related fracture behavior of injection molded short fiber reinforced polyarylamide in dry and wet states. J. Mater. Sci. 1998, 33:3377-3389.
93. Mohd Ishak Z.A., Lim N.C. Effect of moisture absorption on the tensile properties of short glass-fiber-reinforced poly(butylene terephthalate). Polym. Eng. Sci. 1995, 34:1645-1655.
94. Mohd Ishak Z.A., Yow B.N., Ng B.L., Khalil H.P.S.A., Rozman H.D. Hygrothermal aging and tensile behavior of injection-molded rice husk-filled polypropylene composites. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2001, 81:742-753.
95. Mukherjee N., Aditya P.K. A micromechanical model to study hygrothermal shocks at the fiber-matrix interface. J. Reinf. Plast. Compos. 2002, 21:1271-1283.
96. Mulheron M., Jones F.R., Bailey J.E. Moisture induced thermal strains in glass-fiber reinforced plastic composites. Compos. Sci. Technol. 1986, 25:119-131.
97. Owen J. Out, out bad pox!. Good Old Boat Mag. 1999, 2(5):32-34.
98. Pauchard V., Grosjean F., Campion-Boulhart H., Chateauminois A. Application of a stress-corrosion-cracking model to an analysis of the durability of glass/epoxy composites in wet environments. Compos. Sci. Technol. 2002, 62:493-498.
99. Pehlivan H., Ozmihci F., Tihminhoglu F., Balkose D., Ulku S. Water and water vapor sorption studies in polypropylene-zeolite composites. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2003, 90:3069-3075.
100. Pothan L.A., Thomas S. Effect of hybridization and chemical modification on the water-absorption behavior of banana fiber-reinforced polyester composites. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2004, 91:3856-3865.
101. Price J.N., Hull D. Propagation of stress corrosion cracks in aligned glass fiber composite materials. J. Mater. Sci. 1983, 18:2798-2809.
102. Qui Q., Kumosa M. Corrosion of E-glass fibers in acidic environments. Compos. Sci. Technol. 1997, 57:497-507.
103. Racich J.L., Koutsky J.A. Nodular structure in epoxy resins. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 1976, 20:2111-2129.
104. Robeson L.M., Crisafulli S.T. Microcavity formation in engineering polymers exposed to hot water. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 1983, 28:2925-2936.
105. Rong M.Z., Zhang M.Q., Liu Y., Zhang Z.W., Yang G.C., Zeng H.M. Mechanical properties of sisal reinforced composites in response to water absorption. Polym. Polym. Compos. 2002, 10:407-426.
106. Rosen B.W. Fiber Composite Materials 1964, ASM.
107. Rouison D., Couturier M., Sain M., MacMillan B., Balcom B.J. Water absorption of hemp fiber/unsaturated polyester composites. Polym. Compos. 2005, 26:509-525.
108. Roy S., Weiqun X., Patel S., Case S. Modeling of moisture diffusion in the presence of biaxial damage in polymer matrix composite laminates. Int. J. Solids. Struct. 2000, 38:7627-7641.
109. Sala G. Composite degradation due to fluid absorption. Composites: Part B 2000, 31:357-373.
110. Sapalidis S.N., Hogg P.J., Youd S.J. High temperature acidic stress corrosion of glass fiber composites. Part I: Effect of fiber type. J. Mater. Sci. 1997, 32:309-316.
111. Sekine H., Beaumont P.W.R. On a simple power law for macroscopic crack propagation rate due to stress-corrosion cracking in unidirectional GFRP composites. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 2000, 285:298-302.
112. Sengupta P.K., Mukhopahyay D., Xavier S.F. Studies of polymer crystallinity in interphase regions. Interfacial Phenomena in Composite Materials 1989, 111-117. Butterworth-Heinemann, Boston. F.R. Jones (Ed.).
113. Spearing S.M., Beaumont P.W.R. Towards a predictive design methodology based on the physical modelling of the fracture of fiber composites. Appl. Compos. Mater. 1998, 5:69-94.
114. Srivatsava V.K., Hogg P.J. Moisture effects on the toughness, mode-I and mode-II of particles filled quasi-isotropic glass-fibre reinforced polyester resin composites. J. Mater. Sci. 1998, 33:1129-1136.
115. Tanaka N. Prediction of solubility parameter from the thermal transition behavior in polymers. Polymer 1992, 33:623-631.
116. Tanaka K., Minoshima K., Grela W., Komai K. Characterization of the aramid/epoxy interfacial properties by means of pull-out test and influence of water absorption. Compos. Sci. Technol. 2002, 62:2169-2177.
117. Tavakkolizadeh M., Saadatmanesh H. Galvanic corrosion of carbon and steel in aggressive environments. J. Compos. Constr. 2001, 5:200-210.
118. Thomas N.L., Windle A.H. Diffusion mechanics of the system PMMA - methanol. Polymer 1981, 22:627-638.
119. Torres-Acosta A.A. Galvanic corrosion of steel in contact with carbon-polymer composites. I: Experiments in mortar. J. Compos. Constr. 2002, 6:112-115.
120. Torres-Acosta A.A., Sen R. Electrochemical behavior of coupled carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) rods in concrete. J. Appl. Electrochem. 2005, 35:529-537.
121. Trewin E. The Advanced Composites Industry - Global Markets, Technology Trends and Applications 2002-2007 2002, Materials Technology Publications, Watford.
122. Tucker W.C., Brown R., Russell L. Blister formation on graphite/polymer composites galvanically coupled with steel in seawater. J. Compos. Mater. 1990, 24:92-102.
123. Updegraff I.H. Unsaturated polyester resins. Handbook of Composites 1982, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, Section 2. G. Lubin (Ed.).
124. Valentin D., Paray F., Guetta B. The hygrothermal behaviour of glass-fiber reinforced PA66 composites. J. Mater. Sci. 1987, 22:46-56.
125. Van den Ende C.A.M., Van den Dolder A., Kema N.V. Comparison of environmental stress corrosion cracking in different glass fiber reinforced thermoset composites. Durability of Polymer Based Composites for Structural Applications 1991, 408-417. Elsevier, London. A.H. Cardon, G. Verchery (Eds.).
126. Van Krevelen D.W. Properties of Polymers 1997, Elsevier, Amsterdam.
127. Walker L., Hu X.Z. Mode I delamination behavior of short fiber reinforced carbon fiber/epoxy composites following environmental conditioning. Compos. Sci. Technol. 2003, 63:531-537.
128. Wan Y.Z., Wang Y.L., Huang Y., He B.M., Han K.Y. Hygrothermal aging behavior of VARTMed three-dimensional braided carbon-epoxy composites under external stresses. Composites: Part A 2005, 36:1102-1109.
129. Wang J.Z., Dave V., Glasser W., Dillard A. The effects of moisture sorption on the creep behavior of fibers. High Temperature and Environmental Effects on Polymeric Composites 1993, 186-200. American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia. C.E. Harris, T.S. Gates (Eds.).
130. Wazzan A.A., Al-Turaif H.A., Daous M.A. Influence of KOH solution on the tensile strength and chemical stability of carbon fiber-reinforced epoxy resin composites. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2005, 96:1682-1690.
131. Weitsman Y.J., Guo Y.J. A correlation between fluid-induced damage and anomalous fluid sorption in polymeric composites. Compos. Sci. Technol. 2002, 62:889-908.
132. Xiang Z.D., Jones F.R. Thermal spike enhanced moisture absorption by polymer-matrix carbon-fiber composites. Compos. Sci. Technol. 1997, 57:451-461.
133. Zhou J.M., Lucas J.P. The effects of a water environment on anomalous absorption behavior in graphite/epoxy composites. Compos. Sci. Technol. 1995, 53:57-64.
134. Zhou J.M., Lucas J.P. Effects of water on a graphite/epoxy composite. J. Thermoplast. Compos. Mater. 1996, 9:316-328.