Trends in US movie tobacco portrayal since 1950: A historical analysis

Tobacco Control

Volumn 19, Issue 3, 2010, Pages 179-184

  Jamieson, Patrick E ^a   Romer, Dan ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; AUDIOVISUAL EQUIPMENT; HISTORY; HUMAN; REGRESSION ANALYSIS; SMOKING; SMOKING CESSATION;

HISTORY, 20TH CENTURY; HISTORY, 21ST CENTURY; HUMANS; MOTION PICTURES AS TOPIC; REGRESSION ANALYSIS; SMOKING; SMOKING CESSATION;

EID: 77955248514     PISSN: 09644563     EISSN: 14683318     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1136/tc.2009.034736     Document Type: Article

References (46)

1. US Department of Health and Human Services. Centers for disease control and prevention, national center for chronic disease prevention and health promotion. The health consequences of smoking: a report of the surgeon general, 2004. http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/library/smokingconsequences/index.html (accessed 6 Nov 2009).
2. World Health Organization. Tobacco key facts, 2008. http://www.who.int/topics/tobacco/facts/en/index.html (accessed 6 Nov 2009).
3. Johnston LD, O'Malley PM, Bachman JG, et al. Teen smoking resumes decline: monitoring the future, 2007. http://www.monitoringthefuture.org/pressreleases/07cigpr.pdf (accessed 6 Nov 2009).
4. Sargent JD, Beach ML, Adachi-Mejia AM, et al. Exposure to movie smoking: its relation to smoking initiation among US adolescents. Pediatrics 2005;116:1183-1191.
5. Sargent JD, Gibson JJ, Heatherton TF. Comparing the effects of entertainment media and tobacco marketing on youth smoking. Tob Control 2009;18:47-53.
6. Office of National Drug Control Policy. Substance use in popular movies and music 2002, 2002. http://www.mediacampaign.org/publications/movies/movie_partIII.html (accessed 23 Sep 2008).
7. Distefan JM, Gilpin EA, Sargent JD, et al. Do movie stars encourage adolescents to start smoking? evidence from California. Preventive Medicine 1999;28:1-11.
8. Distefan JM, Pierce JP, Gilpin EA. Do favorite movie stars influence adolescent smoking initiation? Am J Public Health 2004;94:1239-1244.
9. Tickle JJ, Sargent JD, Dalton MA, et al. Favourite movie stars, their tobacco use in contemporary movies, and its association with adolescent smoking. Tob Control 2001;10:16-22.
10. Dalton MA, Sargent JD, Beach ML, et al. Effect of viewing smoking in movies on adolescent smoking initiation: a cohort study. Lancet 2003;362:281-285.
11. Titus-Ernstoff L, Dalton MA, Adachi-Mejia AM, et al. Longitudinal study of smoking in movies and initiation of smoking by children. Pediatrics 2008;121:15-21.
12. Charlesworth A, Glantz SA. Smoking in movies increases adolescent smoking: a review. Pediatrics 2005;116:1516-1528.
13. Wellman RJ, Sugarman DB, DiFranza JR, et al. The extent to which tobacco marketing and tobacco use in films contribute to children's use of tobacco. Arch Pediatr and Adolesc Med 2006;160:1285-1296.
14. National Cancer Institute. The Role of the Media in Promoting and Reducing Tobacco Use. Tobacco Control Monograph No. 19. NIH Pub. No. 07-6242. Bethesda, MD, US: US Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, 2008.
15. Barnes B. A film year full of escapism, flat in attendance: The New York Times, 1 January 2008. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/02/movies/02year.html?_r=1&scp=1&sq=barnes%20%20%22a%20film%20year%20full%20of%20escapism%22&st=cse (accessed Mar 2010).
16. Stockwell TF, Glantz SA. Tobacco use is increasing in popular films. Tob Control 1997;6:282-284.
17. Kacirk KW, Glantz SA. Smoking in movies in 2000 exceeded rates in the 1960's. Tob Control 2001;10:397-378.
18. Glantz SA, Kacirk KW, McCulloch C. Back to the future: smoking in movies in 2002 compared with 1950 levels. Am J Public Health 2004;94:261-263.
19. Everett SA, Schnuth RL, Tribble JL. Tobacco and alcohol use in top grossing American films. J Community Health 1998;23:317-324.
20. Dalton MA, Tickle JJ, Sargent JD, et al. The incidence and context of tobacco use in popular movies from 1988-1997. Preventive Medicine 2002;34:516-523.
21. The American Lung Association of Sacramento-Emigrant Trails. The thumbs up! thumbs down! annual ten year report on tobacco in the movies: 1994-2003, 2004.
22. Polansky JR, Glantz S. First-run smoking presentations in U.S. movies 1999-2006, 2007. San Francisco, CA, USA: Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education, University of California, San Francisco, 2007. http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/67c514kh (accessed Mar 2010).
23. Hazan AR, Lipton HL, Glantz SA. Popular films do not reflect current tobacco use. Am J Public Health 1994;84:998-1000.
24. Titus K, Polansky JR, Glantz SA. Smoking Presentation Trends In U.S. Movies: 1991-2008. San Francisco, California, USA: Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education, University of California, San Francisco; 2009. http://www.repositories.cdlib.org/ctcre/tcpmus/Movies2008 (accessed Mar 2010).
25. Teti TS, Glantz SA. Smoking in movies remained high in 1997. Tob Control 1998;7:441.
26. Bandura A. Social cognitive theory of mass communication. In: Zillman J, ed. Media effects: advances in theory and research Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum, 2002:121-153.
27. Gerbner G, Gross L, Morgan M, et al. Living with television: the dynamics of the cultivation process. In: Bryant J, Zillman D, eds. Perspectives on media effects. Mahwah, N.J: Erlbaum, 1986:17-40.
28. Krippendorff K. Content analysis: an introduction to its methodology: Second Edn. Thousand Oaks, California: Sage, 2004.
29. Walker J, ed. Halliwell's film guide 2004. 19th ed. New York, N.Y.: HarperResource, 2004.
30. CDC MMWR. Achievements in public health, 1990-1999: Tobacco use - United States, 1900-1999; Figure 1, 1999. http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm4843a2.htm (accessed Mar 2010).
31. CDC. Total and per capita adult yearly consumption of manufactured cigarettes and percentage changes in per capita consumption. 2004. http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/tables/economics/consumption, (accessed 19 Oct 2009).
32. United States Department of Agriculture. Tobacco Outlook: Electronic Outlook Report from the Economic Research Service. Table 2 - per capita consumption of tobacco products in the United States, 1996-2006. http://www.usda.mannlib.cornell.edu/usda/ers/TBS/2000s/2007/TBS-04-24-2007.pdf (accessed Mar 2010).
33. Mekemson C, Glik D, Titus K, et al. Tobacco use in popular movies during the past decade. Tob Control 2004;13:400-402.
34. World Health Organization. Smoke-free movies; from evidence to action. 2009.
35. Borio G. Tobacco timeline: chapter 7: the twentieth century, 1950-1999 ethe battle is joined, 2007. http://www.tobacco.org/resources/history/Tobacco_History20-2.html (accessed 13 Sep 2009).
36. Tanski SE, Stoolmiller M, Dal Cin D, et al. Movie character smoking and adolescent smoking: who matters more, good guys or bad guys? Pediatrics 2009;124: 135-143.
37. Sargent JD. Comparison of trends for adolescent smoking and smoking in movies, 1990-2007. JAMA 2009;301:2211-2212.
38. Worth K, Dal Cin S, Sargent J. Prevalence of smoking among major movie characters: 1996-2004. Tob Control 2006;15:442-446.
39. Worth K, Tanski S, Sargent JD. Trends in top box office movie tobacco use 1996-2004 (no.16) 2006.
40. Variety. Domestic film box office. http://www.variety.com, 2006 (accessed Apr 2008).
41. Motion Picture Association of America. Theatrical market statistics, 2008. http://www.mpaa.org/2008_Theat_Stats.pdf (accessed 17 Feb 2009).
42. Motion Picture Association of America. Film rating board to consider smoking as a factor, 2007. http://www.mpaa.org/press_releases/mpaa%20statement%20smoking%20as%20a%20rating%20factor%20_2_.pdf (accessed 4 Nov 2009).
43. Polansky JR, Titus K, Glantz SA. One year later: are MPA's tobacco labels protecting audiences? 2008. http://escholarship.org/uc/item/81b5417b (accessed 5 Nov 2009).
44. Polansky J, Titus K, Glantz SA. Two years later: Are MPAA's tobacco labels protecting movie audiences? 2009. http://escholarship.org/uc/item/5sr9w2s1 (accessed 5 Nov 2009).
45. Pechmann C, Shih C. Smoking scenes in movies and antismoking advertisements before movies: effects on youth. J Marketing 1999;63:1-13.
46. Edwards CA, Harris WC, Cook DR, et al. Out of the smokescreen: does anti smoking advertisment affect young women's perception of smoking and their intention to smoke? Tob Control 2004;13:277-282.