Clay mineral cycles identified by diffuse spectral reflectance in Quaternary sediments from the Northwind Ridge: implications for glacial-interglacial sedimentation patterns in the Arctic Ocean

Polar Research

Volumn 29, Issue 2, 2010, Pages 176-197

  Yurco, Lyanne N ^a   Ortiz, Joseph D ^b   Polyak, Leonid ^c   Darby, Dennis A ^d   Crawford, Kevin A ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MIAMI   (United States)

^b KENT STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^d OLD DOMINION UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Arctic Ocean Quaternary palaeoclimate; Arctic Oscillation; Clay mineral provenance; Diffuse spectral reflectance; Glacial interglacial cycles; R mode factor analysis

Indexed keywords

AIR-SEA INTERACTION; CLAY MINERAL; CLIMATE OSCILLATION; CLIMATE VARIATION; FACTOR ANALYSIS; FINE GRAINED SEDIMENT; GLACIAL-INTERGLACIAL CYCLE; ICE COVER; ICE SHEET; MARINE SEDIMENT; PALEOCLIMATE; PROVENANCE; QUATERNARY; SEA ICE; SEA LEVEL CHANGE; SEDIMENT CORE; SEDIMENTATION; SPECTRAL REFLECTANCE;

ARCTIC OCEAN; NORTHWIND RIDGE;

EID: 77955085211     PISSN: 08000395     EISSN: 17518369     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-8369.2010.00160.x     Document Type: Article

References (112)

1. Aagaard K. The Beaufort undercurrent. The Alaskan Beaufort Sea: ecosystems and environments 1984, 47-71. Barnes PW. eds., Pp., New York, Academic Press
2. Aagaard K, Swift JH, Carmack EC. Thermohaline circulation in the Arctic Mediterranean seas. Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans 1985, 90:4833-4846.
3. Adler R, Polyak L, Ortiz J, Kaufman D, Channell JET, Xuan C, Fornaciari E, Grottoli A, Sellen E. Sediment record from the western Arctic Ocean with an improved Late Quaternary age resolution: HOTRAX core HLY0503-8JPC, Mendeleev Ridge. Global and Planetary Change 2009, 68:18-29.
4. Ambaum MHP, Hoskins BJ, Stephenson DB. Arctic Oscillation or North Atlantic Oscillation? Journal of Climate 2001, 14:3495-3507.
5. Cruise to the Chukchi Borderland, Arctic Ocean. EOS, Transactions of the American Geophysical Union 1993, 74:253-254. Arctic Summer West Scientific Party
6. Balsam WL, Deaton BC. Sediment dispersal in the Atlantic Ocean: evaluation by visible light spectra. Reviews in Aquatic Sciences 1991, 4:411-447.
7. Bigg GR, Wadley MR. The origin and flux of icebergs released into the last glacial maximum Northern Hemisphere oceans: the impact of ice sheet topography. Journal of Quaternary Science 2001, 16:565-573.
8. Bischof J, Clark D, Vincent J. Pleistocene palaeoceanography of the central Arctic Ocean: the sources of ice rafted debris and the compressed sedimentary record. Palaeoceanography 1996, 11:743-756.
9. Bischof JA, Darby DA. Mid to Late Pleistocene ice drift in the western Arctic Ocean: evidence for a different circulation in the past. Science 1997, 277:74-78.
10. Bradley RS, England JH. The Younger Dryas and the sea of ancient ice. Quaternary Research 2008, 70:1-10.
11. Byrkjedal O, Kvamsto NG, Meland M, Jansen E. Sensitivity of last glacial maximum climate to sea ice conditions in the Nordic seas. Climate Dynamics 2006, 26:473-487.
12. Campbell JS, Clark DL. Pleistocene turbidites of the Canada Abyssal Plain of the Arctic Ocean. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology 1977, 47:657-670.
13. Clark DL, Whitman RR, Morgan KA, Mackay SD. Stratigraphy and glacio marine sediments of the Amerasian Bascentral Arctic Ocean. Geological Society of America Special Paper 181 1980, Boulder, CO, Geological Society of America
14. Clark RN, Swayze GA, Wise R, Livo KE, Hoefen TM, Kokaly RF, Sutley SJ. USGS Digital Spectral Library splib05a. USGS Open-File Report 03-395 2003, Denver, CO, US Geological Survey
15. Colony R, Thorndike AS. An estimate of the mean field of Arctic sea ice motion. Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans 1984, 89:10 623-10 629.
16. Comiso JC, Parkinson CL, Gersten R, Stock L. Accelerated decline in the Arctic sea ice cover. Geophysical Research Letters 2008, 35. L01703, doi: 10.1029/2007GL031972
17. Curry R, Mauritzen C. Dilution of the northern North Atlantic Ocean in recent decades. Science 2005, 308:1772-1774.
18. Dalrymple RW, Maass OC. Clay mineralogy of late Cenozoic sediments in the CESAR cores, Alpha Ridge, central Arctic Ocean. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 1987, 24:1562-1569.
19. Darby DA. Kaolinite and other clay minerals in Arctic Ocean sediments. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology 1975, 45:272-279.
20. Darby DA. Sources of sediment found in sea ice from the western Arctic Ocean, new insights into processes of entrainment and drift patterns. Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans 2003, 108:3275.
21. Darby DA, Bischof JF. A Holocene record of changing Arctic Ocean ice drift analogous to the effects of the Arctic Oscillation. Palaeoceanography 2004, 19(1). article no. PA1027
22. Darby D, Bischof J, Cutter G, de Vernal A, Hillaire-Marcel C, Dwyer G, McManus J, Osterman L, Polyak L, Poore R. New record of pronounced changes in Arctic Ocean circulation and climate. EOS, Transactions of the American Geophysical Union 2001, 82:603-607.
23. Darby DA, Bischof J, Spielhagen R, Marshall S, Herman S. Arctic ice export events and their potential impact on global climate during the late Pleistocene. Paleoceanography 2002, 17(2):1-15. 17
24. Darby DA, Naidu AS, Mowatt TC, Jones G. Sediment composition and sedimentary processes in the Arctic Ocean. The Arctic seas-climatology, oceanography, geology, and biology 1989, 657-720. Herman Y, ed., Pp., New York, Van Nostrand Reinhold
25. Darby DA, Polyak L, Bauch H. Past glacial and interglacial conditions in the Arctic Ocean and marginal seas-a review. Progress in Oceanography 2006, 71:129-144.
26. Darby DA, Zimmerman P. Ice-rafted detritus events in the Arctic during the last glacial interval and the timing of the Innuitian and Laurentide Ice Sheet calving events. Polar Research 2008, 27:114-127.
27. Davis JC. Statistics and data analysis in geology 1986, 2nd, edn., New York, John Wiley & Sons
28. Deconinck J-F, Gillot P-Y, Steinberg M, Strasser A. Syn-depositional, low temperature illite formation at the Jurassic-Cretaceous boundary (Purbeckian) in the Jura Mountains (Switzerland and France); K/Ar and delta 18O evidence. Bulletin de la Societe Geologique de France 2001, 172:343-348.
29. Deser C, Teng H. Evolution of Arctic sea ice concentration trends and the role of atmospheric circulation forcing, 1979-2007. Geophysical Research Letters 2008, 35. L02504, doi: 10.1029/2007GL032023
30. Dethleff D, Rachold V, Tintelnot M, Antonow M. Sea-ice transport of riverine particles from the Laptev Sea to Fram Strait based on clay mineral studies. International Journal of Earth Sciences 2000, 89:496-502.
31. Grim RE. Clay mineralogy 1968, 2nd, edn., New York, McGraw Hill
32. Herman S, Darby DA, Cook MS, Keigwin LD. The century-scale history of the Arctic Oscillation based on detrital Fe grain provenance of Russian sea ice origins in the Arctic off Alaska. EOS, Transactions of the American Geophysical Union 2006, 87. Fall Meeting Supplement, abstract OS52B-06 MCS 310
33. Hakkinen S, Proshutinsky A. Freshwater content variability in the Arctic Ocean. Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans 2004, 109. C03051, doi: 10.1029/2003JC001940
34. Han L. Estimating chlorophyll-a concentration using first-derivative spectra in coastal water. International Journal of Remote Sensing 2005, 26:5235-5244.
35. Hill DE, Tedrow JCF. Weathering and soil formation in the Arctic environment. American Journal of Science 1961, 259:84-101.
36. Hölemann JA, Schirmacher M, Kassens H, Prange A. Geochemistry of surficial and ice-rafted sediments from the Laptev Sea (Siberia). Estuarine, Coastal Shelf Science 1999, 49:45-59.
37. Holland MM, Bitz CM, Eby M, Weaver AJ. The role of ice-ocean interactions in the variability of the North Atlantic thermohaline circulation. Journal of Climate 2001, 14:656-675.
38. Hunkins K, Thorndike EM, Mathieu G. Nepheloid layers and bottom currents in the Arctic Ocean. Journal of Geophysical Research 1969, 74:6995-7008.
39. Jakobsson M, Gardner JV, Vogt P, Mayer LA, Armstrong A, Backman J, Brennan R, Calder B, Hall JK, Kraft B. Multibeam bathymetric and sediment profiler evidence for ice grounding on the Chukchi Borderland, Arctic Ocean. Quaternary Research 2005, 63:150-160.
40. Jakobsson M, Lovlie R, Al-Hanbali H, Arnold E, Backman J, Morth M. Manganese color cycles in Arctic Ocean sediments constrain Pleistocene chronology. Geology 2000, 28:23-26.
41. Jakobsson M, Macnab R, Mayer L, Anderson R, Edwards M, Hatzky J, Schenke H-W, Johnson P. An improved bathymetric portrayal of the Arctic Ocean: implications for ocean modeling and geological, geophysical and oceanographic analyses. Geophysical Research Letters 2008, 35. L07602, doi: 10.1029/2008GL033520
42. Jakobsson M, Polyak L, Edwards MH, Kleman J, Coakley BJ. Glacial geomorphology of the central Arctic Ocean: Chukchi Borderland and the Lomonosov Ridge. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 2008, 33:526-545.
43. Jones EP. Circulation in the Arctic Ocean. Polar Research 2001, 20:139-146.
44. Kalinenko VV. Clay minerals in sediments of the Arctic seas. Lithology and Mineral Resources 2001, 36:362-372.
45. Kim J-H, Rimbu N, Lorenz SJ, Lohmann G, Nam S-I, Schouten S, Rühlemann C, Schneider RR. North Pacific and North Atlantic sea-surface temperature variability during the Holocene. Quaternary Science Reviews 2004, 23:2141-2154.
46. Knies J, Vogt C. Freshwater pulses in the eastern Arctic Ocean during Saalian and Early Weichselian ice-sheet collapse. Quaternary Research 2003, 60:243-251.
47. Kwok R. Recent changes in Arctic Ocean sea lee motion associated with the North Atlantic Oscillation. Geophysical Research Letters 2000, 27:775-778.
48. Kwok R, Rothrock DA. Variability of Fram Strait ice flux and North Atlantic Oscillation. Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans 1999, 104:5177-5189.
49. Löwemark L, Jakobsson M, Mörth M, Backman J. Arctic Ocean manganese contents and sediment colour cycles. Polar Research 2008, 27:105-113.
50. Macquaker JHS, Keller MA, Taylor KG. Sequence stratigraphic analysis of the lower part of the pebble shale unit, Canning River, northeastern Alaska. The oil and gas resource potential of the 1002 Area, Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, Alaska. USGS Open-File Report 98-34 1999, SS1-SS15. ANWR Assessment Team, Pp., Denver, CO, US Geological Survey
51. Mangerud J, Jakobsson M, Alexanderson H, Astakhov V, Clarke GKC, Henriksen M, Hjort C, Krinner G, Lunkka J, Moller P, Murray A, Nikolskaya O, Saarnisto M, Svendsen JI. Ice-dammed lakes and rerouting of the drainage of northern Eurasia during the last glaciation. Quaternary Science Reviews 2004, 23:1313-1332.
52. Martinson DG, Pisias NG, Hays JD, Imbrie J, Moore TC, Shackleton NJ. Age dating and the orbital theory of the ice ages: development of a high-resolution 0 to 300,000-year chronostratigraphy. Quaternary Research 1987, 27:1-29.
53. McCave Kiefer T, Thornalley DJR, Elderfield H. Deep flow in the Madagascar-Mascarene Basin over the last 150 000 years. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A 2005, 363:81-99.
54. McManus DA, Kelley JC, Creager JS. Continental shelf sedimentation in an Arctic environment. Geological Society of America Bulletin 1969, 80:1961-1984.
55. Moore DM, Reynolds RC. X-ray diffraction and the identification and analysis of clay minerals 1997, Oxford, Oxford University Press
56. Mørup S, Saksager O, Madsen MB, Bentzon MD, Koch CJW. Weathering of basalt in an Arctic climate. Hyperfine Interactions 1990, 57:2269-2273.
57. Mysak L. Patterns of Arctic circulation. Science 2001, 293:1269-1270.
58. Naidu AS, Burrell DC, Hood DW. Clay mineral composition and geologic significance of some Beaufort Sea sediments. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology 1971, 41:691-694.
59. Naidu AS, Mowatt TC. Sources and dispersal patterns of clay minerals in surface sediments from the continental shelf areas off Alaska. Geological Society of America Bulletin 1983, 94:841-854.
60. Nørgaard-Pedersen N, Mikkelsen N, Kristoffersen Y. Arctic Ocean record of last two glacial-interglacial cycles off North Greenland/Ellesmere Island-implications for glacial history. Marine Geology 2007, 244:93-108.
61. Nørgaard-Pedersen N, Spielhagen RF, Erlenkeuser H, Grootes PM, Heinemeier J, Knies J. Arctic Ocean during the Last Glacial Maximum: Atlantic and polar domains of surface watermass distribution and ice cover. Palaeoceanography 2003, 18:1063.
62. Ortiz J, Polyak L, Adler R, Jakobsson M, Darby D. Late Pleistocene sediment provenance on the Mendeleev Ridge, Arctic Ocean, from XRF elemental analysis and diffuse spectral reflectance measurements. EOS, Transactions of the American Geophysical Union 2007, 88. Fall Meeting Supplement, abstract PP51A-0184
63. Ortiz JD, Polyak L, Grebmeier JM, Darby D, Eberl DD, Naidu S, Nof D. Provenance of Holocene sediment on the Chukchi-Alaskan margin based on combined diffuse spectral reflectance and quantitative X-ray diffraction analysis. Global and Planetary Change 2009, 68:73-84.
64. Ortiz JD, Polyak L, Jakobsson M, Darby D. Quaternary Inferences on central Arctic Ocean circulation and sediment provenance based on diffuse spectral reflectance analysis. EOS, Transactions of the American Geophysical Union 2006, 87. Fall Meeting Supplement, abstract OS53B-1098
65. Parrish JT, Droser ML, Bottjer DJ. A Triassic upwelling zone: the Shublik Formation, Arctic Alaska, U.S.A. Journal of Sedimentary Research 2001, 71:272-285.
66. Petschick R, Kuhn G, Gingele F. Clay mineral distribution in surface sediments of the South Atlantic: sources, transport, and relation to oceanography. Marine Geology 1996, 130:203-229.
67. Pfirman S, Haxby WF, Colony R, Rigor I. Variability in Arctic sea ice drift. Geophysical Research Letters 2004, 31. L16402, doi: 10.1029/2004GL020063
68. Phillips R, Grantz A. Quaternary history of sea ice and palaeoclimate in the Amerasia basArctic Ocean, as recorded in the cyclical strata of Northwind Ridge. Geological Society of America Bulletin 1997, 109:1101-1115.
69. Phillips RL, Grantz A. Regional variations in the provenance and abundance of ice-rafted clasts in Arctic Ocean sediments: implications for the configuration of late Quaternary oceanic and atmospheric circulation in the Arctic. Marine Geology 2001, 172:91-115.
70. Pickart RS. Shelfbreak circulation in the Alaskan Beaufort Sea: mean structure and variability. Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans 2004, 109. C04024, doi: 10.1029/2003JC001912
71. Polyak L, Bischof J, Ortiz J, Darby DA, Channell J, Xuan C, Kaufman D, Lovlie R, Schneider D, Adler R. Late Quaternary stratigraphy and sedimentation patterns in the western Arctic Ocean. Global and Planetary Change 2009, 68:4-17.
72. Polyak L, Curry WB, Darby DA, Bischof J, Cronin TM. Contrasting glacial/interglacial regimes in the western Arctic Ocean as exemplified by a sedimentary record from the Mendeleev Ridge. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 2004, 203:73-93.
73. Polyak L, Darby DA, Bischof J, Jakobsson M. Stratigraphic constraints on late Pleistocene glacial erosion and deglaciation of the Chukchi margArctic Ocean. Quaternary Research 2007, 67:234-245.
74. Polyak L, Edwards MH, Coakley BJ, Jakobsson M. Ice shelves in the Pleistocene Arctic Ocean inferred from glaciogenic deep-sea bedforms. Nature 2001, 410:453-457.
75. Polyak L, Niessen F, Gataullin V, Gainanov V. The eastern extent of the Barents-Kara ice sheet during the Last Glacial Maximum based on seismic-reflection data from the eastern Kara Sea. Polar Research 2008, 27:162-174.
76. Polyakov IV, Bekryaev RV, Alekseev GV, Bhatt US, Colony RL, Johnson MA, Maskshtas AP, Walsh D. Variability and trends of air temperature and pressure in the maritime Arctic, 1875-2000. Journal of Climate 2003, 16:2067-2077.
77. Polyakov IV, Johnson MA. Arctic decadal and interdecadal variability. Geophysical Research Letters 2000, 27:4097-4100.
78. Polyakov IV, Proshutinsky AY, Johnson MA. Seasonal cycles in two regimes of Arctic climate. Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans 1999, 104:25 761-25 788.
79. Poore R, Osterman L, Curry W, Phillips R. Late Pleistocene and Holocene meltwater events in the western Arctic Ocean. Geology 1999, 27:759-762.
80. Press WH, Teukolsky SA, Vetterling WT, Flannery BP. Numerical recipes in Fortran 77: the art of scientific computing 1992, 2nd edn, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press
81. Proshutinsky AY, Johnson MA. Two circulation regimes of the wind-driven Arctic Ocean. Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans 1997, 102:12 493-12 514.
82. Reimnitz E, McCormick M, McDougall K, Brouwers E. Sediment export by ice rafting from a coastal polynya, Arctic Alaska, U.S.A. Arctic and Alpine Research 1993, 25:83-98.
83. Rigor IG, Wallace JM, Colony RL. Response of sea ice to the Arctic Oscillation. Journal of Climate 2002, 15:2648-2663.
84. Rodeick C. The origdistribution, and depositional history of gravel deposits on the Beaufort Sea continental shelf, Alaska. USGS Open-File Report 79-234 1979, Denver, CO, US Geological Survey
85. Rudels B, Jones EP, Anderson LG, Kattner G. On the intermediate depth waters of the Arctic Ocean. The polar oceans and their role in shaping the global environment 1994, 33-46. Johannessen OM, eds., Pp., Washington, D.C., American Geophysical Union
86. Rudels B, Jones EP, Schauer U, Eriksson P. Atlantic sources of the Arctic Ocean surface and halocline waters. Polar Research 2004, 23:181-208.
87. Serreze MC, Maslanik JA, Scambos TA, Fetterer F, Stroeve J, Knowles K, Fowler C, Drobot S, Barry RG, Haran TM. A record minimum Arctic sea ice extent and area in 2002. Geophysical Research Letters 2003, 30. article no. 1110, doi: 10.1029/2002GL016406
88. Shimada K, Kamoshida T, Itoh M, Nishino S, Carmack E, McLaughlin F, Zimmermann S, Proshutinsky A. Pacific Ocean inflow: influence on catastrophic reduction of sea ice cover in the Arctic Ocean. Geophysical Research Letters 2006, 33. L08605, doi: 10.1029/2005GL025624
89. Steele M, Ermold W, Zhang J. Arctic Ocean surface warming trends over the past 100 years. Geophysical Research Letters 2008, 35. L02614, doi: 10.1029/2007GL031651
90. Stein R. Arctic Ocean sediments: processes, proxies, and paleoenvironment 2008, Oxford, Elsevier
91. Stein R, Dittmers KH, Fahl K, Kraus M, Matthiessen J, Niessen F, Pirrung M, Polyakova YI, Schoster F, Steinke T, Fütterer DK. Arctic (palaeo) river discharge and environmental change: evidence from the Holocene Kara Sea sedimentary record. Quaternary Science Reviews 2004, 23:1485-1511.
92. Svendsen JI, Alexanderson H, Astakhob VI, Demidov I, Dowdeswell JA, Funder S, Gataullin V, Henriksen M, Hjort C, Houmark-Nielsen M, Hubberten HW, Ingolfsson O, Jakobsson M, Kjaer KH, Larsen E, Lokrantz H, Lunkka JP, Lysa A, Mangerud J, Matiouchkov A, Murray A, Moller P, Niessen F, Nikolskaya O, Polyak L Saarnisto M, Siegert C, Siegert M, Spielhagen RF, Stein R. Late Quaternary ice sheet history of northern Eurasia. Quaternary Science Reviews 2004, 23:1229-1271.
93. Thompson DWJ, Wallace JM. The Arctic Oscillation signature in the wintertime geopotential height and temperature fields. Geophysical Research Letters 1998, 25:1297-1300.
94. Thompson DWJ, Wallace JM. Annular modes in the extratropical circulation. Part I: month-to-month variability. Journal of Climate 2000a, 13:1000-1016.
95. Thompson DWJ, Wallace JM. Annular modes in the extratropical circulation. Part II: trends. Journal of Climate 2000b, 13:1018-1036.
96. Toracinta ER, Bromwich DH, Wei H. High resolution LGM simulations over the Laurentide Ice Sheet using Polar MM5. 2002, Paper presented at the Twelfth PSU/NCAR Mesoscale Model Users' Workshop, 24-25 June, Boulder, CO, USA
97. van der Zee C, Roberts DR, Rancourt DG, Slomp CP. Nanogoethite is the dominant reactive oxyhydroxide phase in lake and marine sediments. Geology 2003, 31:993-996.
98. Viscosi-Shirley C, Mammone K, Pisias N, Dymond J. Clay mineralogy and multi-element chemistry of surface sediments on the Siberian-Arctic shelf: implications for sediment provenance and grain size sorting. Continental Shelf Research 2003, 23:1175-1200.
99. Viscosi-Shirley C, Pisias N, Mammone K. Sediment source strength, transport pathways and accumulation patterns on the Siberian-Arctic's Chukchi and Laptev shelves. Continental Shelf Research 2003, 23:1201-1225.
100. Vogt C. Regional and temporal variations of mineral assemblages in Arctic Ocean sediments as climatic indicator during glacial/interglacial changes. Reports on Polar Research 251 1997, Bremerhaven, Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research
101. Vogt C. Data report: semiquantitative determination of detrital input to ACEX sites based on bulk sample X-ray diffraction data. Proceedings of the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program 302 2009, Backman J. dinburgh, Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Management International
102. Vogt C, Knies J. Sediment dynamics in the Eurasian Arctic Ocean during the last deglaciation-the clay mineral group smectite perspective. Marine Geology 2008, 250:211-222.
103. Vogt C, Knies J. Sediment pathways in the western Barents Sea inferred from clay mineral assemblages in surface sediments. Norwegian Journal of Geology 2009, 89:41-55.
104. Wahsner M, Müller C, Stein R, Ivanov G, Levitan M, Shelekhova E, Tarasov G. Clay-mineral distribution in surface sediments of the Eurasian Arctic Ocean and continental margin as indicator for source areas and transport pathways-a synthesis. Boreas 1999, 28:215-233.
105. Wang J, Ikeda M. Arctic Oscillation and Arctic sea-ice oscillation. Geophysical Research Letters 2000, 27:1287-1290.
106. Weingartner TJ, Aagaard K, Woodgate R, Danielson S, Sasaki Y, Cavalieri D. Circulation on the north central Chukchi Sea Shelf. Deep-Sea Research Part II 2005, 52:3150-3174.
107. Williams WJ, Melling H, Carmack EC, Ingram RG. Kugmallit Valley as a conduit for cross-shelf exchange on the Mackenzie Shelf in the Beaufort Sea. Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans 2008, 113. C02007, doi: 10.1029/2006JC003591
108. Winkler A, Wolf-Welling TCW, Stattegger K, Thiede J. Clay mineral sedimentation in high northern latitude deep-sea basins since the Middle Miocene (ODP Leg 151, NAAG). International Journal of Earth Sciences 2002, 91:133-148.
109. Winter BL, Johnson CM, Clark DL. Strontium, neodymium, and lead isotope variations of authigenic and silicate sediment components from the Late Cenozoic Arctic Ocean: implications for sediment provenance and the source of trace metals in seawater. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 1997, 61:4181-4200.
110. Woodgate RA, Aagaard K, Swift JH, Falkner KK, Smethie WM. Pacific ventilation of the Arctic Ocean's lower halocline by upwelling and diapycnal mixing over the continental margin. Geophysical Research Letters 2005, 32. L18609, doi: 10.1029/2005GL023999
111. Yacobi YZ, Gitelson AA. Simultaneous remote measurement of chlorophyll and total seston in productive inland waters. Verhandlungen des Internationalen Verein Limnologie 2000, 27:2983-2986.
112. Zhang X, Ikeda M, Walsh JE. Arctic sea ice and freshwater changes driven by the atmospheric leading mode in a coupled sea ice-ocean model. Journal of Climate 2003, 16:2159-2177.