Estimating the number of paediatric fevers associated with malaria infection presenting to Africa's public health sector in 2007

PLoS Medicine

Volumn 7, Issue 7, 2010, Pages

  Gething, Peter W ^a   Kirui, Viola C ^b   Alegana, Victor A ^b   Okiro, Emelda A ^b,c   Noor, Abdisalan M ^b,c   Snow, Robert W ^b,c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD   (United Kingdom)

^b KEMRI WELLCOME TRUST RESEARCH PROGRAMME   (Kenya)

^c UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AFRICA; ARTICLE; CHILD; CONTROLLED STUDY; ENDEMIC DISEASE; FEVER; GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION; GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM; HELP SEEKING BEHAVIOR; HUMAN; INFECTION RATE; INFECTION RISK; MALARIA FALCIPARUM; PARASITE TRANSMISSION; PARASITEMIA; PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM; PRESCHOOL CHILD; PREVALENCE; URBAN RURAL DIFFERENCE; HEALTH CARE DELIVERY; INFANT; MALARIA; NEWBORN; ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT; PEDIATRICS; PUBLIC HEALTH; RURAL POPULATION; STATISTICS; TIME; URBAN POPULATION;

AFRICA; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; FEVER; HEALTH SERVICES ACCESSIBILITY; HUMANS; INFANT; INFANT, NEWBORN; MALARIA; PEDIATRICS; PREVALENCE; PUBLIC HEALTH; PUBLIC SECTOR; RURAL POPULATION; TIME FACTORS; URBAN POPULATION;

EID: 77955016014     PISSN: 15491277     EISSN: 15491676     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1000301     Document Type: Article

References (58)

1. World Health Organization (2009) Global Malaria Programme, WHO ACT policy update. Geneva: World Health Organization, Available: http://apps.who.int/malaria/amdp/amdp_afro.htm. Accessed 13 November 2009.
2. World Health Organization (2009) World malaria report 2009. Geneva: World Health Organization
3. Font F, Gonzalez MA, Nathan R, Kimario J, Lwilla F, et al. (2001) Diagnostic accuracy and case management of clinical malaria in the primary health services of a rural area in south-eastern Tanzania. Trop Med Int Health 6: 423-428.
4. Kallander K, Nsungwa-Sabiiti J, Peterson S (2004) Symptom overlap for malaria and pneumonia-policy implications for home management strategies. Acta Trop 90: 211-214.
5. Chandramohan D, Jaffar S, Greenwood B (2002) Use of clinical algorithms for diagnosing malaria. Trop Med Int Health 7: 45-52.
6. Chandler CIR, Jones C, Boniface G, Juma K, Reyburn H, et al. (2008) Guidelines and mindlines: why do clinical staff over-diagnose malaria in Tanzania? A qualitative study. Malaria J 7: 53.
7. Lubell Y, Hopkins H, Whitty CJM, Staedke SG, Mills A (2008) An interactive model for the assessment of the economic costs and benefits of different rapid diagnostic tests for malaria. Malaria J 7: 21.
8. Zurovac D, Larson BA, Skarbinski J, Slutsker L, Snow RW, et al. (2008) Modeling the financial and clinical implications of malaria rapid diagnostic tests in the case-management of older children and adults in Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg 78: 884-891.
9. Shillcutt S, Morel C, Goodman C, Coleman P, Bell D, et al. (2008) Costeffectiveness of malaria diagnostic methods in sub-Saharan Africa in an era of combination therapy. B World Health Organ 86: 101-110.
10. D'Acremont V, Lengeler C, Mshinda H, Mtasiwa D, Tanner M, et al. (2009) Time to move from presumptive malaria treatment to laboratory-confirmed diagnosis and treatment in African children with fever. PLoS Med 6: e252. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0050252.
11. World Health Organization (2010) Guidelines for the treatment of malaria. 2nd edition. Geneva: World Health Organization.
12. Amexo M, Tolhurst R, Barnish G, Bates I (2004) Malaria misdiagnosis: effects on the poor and vulnerable. Lancet 364: 1896-1898.
13. Drakeley C, Reyburn H (2009) Out with the old, in with the new: the utility of rapid diagnostic tests for malaria diagnosis in Africa. T Roy Soc Trop Med 103: 333-337.
14. Nosten F, Ashley E (2004) The detection and treatment of Plasmodium falciparum: time for change. J Postgrad Med 50: 35-39.
15. Rafael ME, Taylor T, Magill A, Lim Y, Girosi F, et al. (2006) Reducing the burden of childhood malaria in Africa: the role of improved diagnostics. Nature 444 (Suppl 1): 48.
16. Barat LM (2006) Four malaria success stories: how malaria burden was successfully reduced in Brazil, Eritrea, India, and Vietnam. Am J Trop Med Hyg 74: 12-16.
17. Ishengoma DRS, Rwegoshora RT, Mdira KY, Kamugisha ML, Anga EO, et al. (2009) Health laboratories in the Tanga region of Tanzania: the quality of diagnostic services for malaria and other communicable diseases. Ann Trop Med Parasit 103: 441-453.
18. Malik EM, Eltahir HG, Ahmed ES (2005) Clinical and laboratory aspects of malaria among children with fever in a low transmission area of Sudan. East Mediterr Health J 11: 753-761.
19. McMorrow ML, Masanja MI, Abdulla SMK, Kahigwa E, Kachur SP (2008) Challenges in routine implementation and quality control of rapid diagnostic tests for malaria-Rufiji district, Tanzania. Am J Trop Med Hyg 79: 385-390.
20. Ngasala B, Mubi M, Warsame M, Petzold MG, Massele AY, et al. (2008) Impact of training in clinical and microscopy diagnosis of childhood malaria on antimalarial drug prescription and health outcome at primary health care level in Tanzania: A randomized controlled trial. Malaria J 7: 199.
21. Polage CR, Bedu-Addo G, Owusu-Ofori A, Frimpong E, Lloyd W, et al. (2006) Laboratory use in Ghana: physician perception and practice. Am J Trop Med Hyg 75: 526-531.
22. English M, Reyburn H, Goodman C, Snow RW (2009) Abandoning presumptive antimalarial treatment for febrile children aged less than five years-a case of running before we can walk? PLoS Med 6: e1000015. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000015.
23. Olliaro P (2009) Management of fever and malaria - policy and practice. Trop Med Int Health 14: 488-490.
24. Gosling RD, Drakeley CJ, Mwita A, Chandramohan D (2008) Presumptive treatment of fever cases as malaria: help or hindrance for malaria control? Malaria J 7: 132.
25. Kindermans JM, Vandenbergh D, Vreeke E, Olliaro P, D'Altilia JP (2007) Estimating antimalarial drugs consumption in Africa before the switch to artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs). Malaria J 6: 91.
26. Gething PW, Noor AM, Okiro EA, Mutheu JJ, Alegana VA, et al. (2008) Defining medicine and commodity needs for the management of uncomplicated and severe malaria in kenya's formal sector using novel space-time geostatistical methods. Submitted to the U.S. Agency for International Development by the Strengthening Pharmaceutical Systems Program. Arlington (Virginia): Management Sciences for Health, Available: http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNADN995.pdf. Accessed 27 November 2009.
27. Gething PW, Noor AM, Gikandi PW, Hay SI, Nixon MS, et al. (2008) Developing geostatistical space-time models to predict outpatient treatment burdens from incomplete national data. Geogr Anal 40: 167-188.
28. Gething PW, Noor AM, Gikandi PW, Ogara EAA, Hay SI, et al. (2006) Improving imperfect data from health management information systems in Africa using space-time geostatistics. PLoS Med 3: e271. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0030271.
29. Kiszewski A, Johns B, Schapira A, Delacollette C, Crowell V, et al. (2007) Estimated global resources needed to attain international malaria control goals. Bull World Health Organ 85: 623-30.
30. Snow RW, Eckert E, Teklehaimanot A (2003) Estimating the needs for artesunate-based combination therapy for malaria case-management in Africa. Trends Parasitol 19: 363-369.
31. Roll Back Malaria Monitoring and Evaluation Reference Group (RBM-MERG) (2009) Guidelines for core population-based indicators. MEASURE evaluation: Calverton (Maryland). Available:http://www.rollbackmalaria.org/partnership/wg/wg_monitoring/docs/GuidelinesForCorePopulationFINAL9-20_Malaria.pdf. Accessed 24 November 2009.
32. Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN) CUIFPRIITWBCIdATC (2007) Global Rural Urban Mapping Project (GRUMP) alpha: Gridded Population of the World, version 2, with urban reallocation (GPW-UR). Available: http://sedac.ciesin.columbia.edu/gpw.Accessed 13 November 2009.
33. U.N.P.D. (2006) World population prospects: the 2006 revision population database. http://esa.un.org/unpp/ New York: United Nations Population Division (U.N.D.P).
34. Hay SI, Guerra CA, Gething PW, Patil AP, Tatem AJ, et al. (2009) A world malaria map: Plasmodium falciparum endemicity in 2007. PLoS Med 6: e1000048. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000048.
35. Balk DL, Deichmann U, Yetman G, Pozzi F, Hay SI, et al. (2006) Determining global population distribution: methods, applications and data. Adv Parasitol 62: 119-156.
36. Elvidge CD, Baugh KE, Dietz JB, Bland T, Sutton PC, et al. (1999) Radiance calibration of DMSP-OLS low-light imaging data of human settlements. Remote Sens Environ 68: 77-88.
37. Elvidge CD, Hobson VR, Nelson IL, Safran JM, Tuttle BT, et al. (2003) Overview of DMSP OLS and scope of applications. In: Mesev V, ed. Remotely sensed cities. London: Taylor and Francis. pp 281-299.
38. Guerra CA, Gikandi PW, Tatem AJ, Noor AM, Smith DL, et al. (2008) The limits and intensity of Plasmodium falciparum transmission: implications for malaria control and elimination worldwide. PLoS Med 5: e38. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0050038.
39. Hay SI, Smith DL, Snow RW (2008) Measuring malaria endemicity from intense to interrupted transmission. Lancet Infect Dis 8: 369-378.
40. Smith DL, Hay SI (2009) Endemicity response timelines for Plasmodium falciparum elimination. Malaria J 8: 87.
41. Lubell Y, Reyburn H, Mbakilwa H, Mwangi R, Chonya S, et al. (2008) The impact of response to the results of diagnostic tests for malaria: cost-benefit analysis. Brit Med J 336: 202-205.
42. Guerra CA, Hay SI, Lucioparedes LS, Gikandi PW, Tatem AJ, et al. (2007) Assembling a global database of malaria parasite prevalence for the Malaria Atlas Project. Malaria J 6: 17.
43. Noor AM, Rage IA, Moonen B, Snow RW (2009) Health service providers in Somalia: their readiness to provide malaria case-management. Malaria J 8: 100.
44. Einterz EM, Bates ME (1997) Fever in Africa: do patients know when they are hot? Lancet 350: 781.
45. McCombie SC (1996) Treatment seeking for malaria: a review of recent research. Soc Sci Med 43: 933-945.
46. Molyneux CS, Mung'Ala-Odera V, Harpham T, Snow RW (1999) Maternal responses to childhood fevers: a comparison of rural and urban residents in coastal Kenya. Trop Med Int Health 4: 836-845.
47. Smith T, Schellenberg JA, Hayes R (1994) Attributable fraction estimates and case definitions for malaria in endemic areas. Stat Med 13: 2345-2358.
48. Smith T, Hurt N, Teuscher T, Tanner M (1995) Is fever a good sign for clinical malaria in surveys of endemic communities. Am J Trop Med Hyg 52: 306-310.
49. Akenji TN, Ntonifor NN, Kimbi HK, Abongwa EL, Ching JK, et al. (2005) The epidemiology of malaria in Bolifamba, a rural community on the eastern slopes of Mount Cameroon: seasonal variation in the parasitological indices of transmission. Ann Trop Med Parasit 99: 221-227.
50. Dicko A, Mantel C, Kouriba B, Sagara I, Thera MA, et al. (2005) Season, fever prevalence and pyrogenic threshold for malaria disease definition in an endemic area of Mali. Trop Med Int Health 10: 550-556.
51. Boisier P, Jambou R, Raharimalala L, Roux J (2002) Relationship between parasite density and fever risk in a community exposed to a low level of malaria transmission in Madagascar highlands. Am J Trop Med Hyg 67: 137-140.
52. Bouvier P, Rougemont A, Breslow N, Doumbo O, Delley V, et al. (1997) Seasonality and Malaria in a west African village: does high parasite density predict fever Incidence? Am J Epidemiol 145: 850-857.
53. Bhattarai A, Ali AS, Kachur SP, Martensson A, Abbas AK, et al. (2007) Impact of artemisinin-based combination therapy and insecticide-treated nets on malaria burden in Zanzibar. PLoS Med 4: e309. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0040309.
54. Kleinschmidt I, Torrez M, Schwabe C, Benavente L, Seocharan I, et al. (2007) Factors influencing the effectiveness of malaria control in Bioko Island, equatorial Guinea. Am J Trop Med Hyg 76: 1027-1032.
55. Teklehaimanot HD, Teklehaimanot A, Kiszewski A, Rampao HS, Sachs JD (2009) Malaria in São Tomé and Principe: on the brink of elimination after three years of effective antimalarial measures. Am J Trop Med Hyg 80: 133-140.
56. UNGIWG-SALB (2009) Available: http://www.who.int/whosis/database/gis/salb/salb_PO.htm. Accessed 17 August 2009.
57. FAO-GAUL (2009) Available: http://www.fao.org/geonetwork/srv/cn/metadata.show?id=12691. Accessed 30 August 2009.
58. Noor AM, Mutheu JJ, Tatem AJ, Hay SI, Snow RW (2009) Insecticide-treated net coverage in Africa: mapping progress in 2000-07. Lancet 373: 58-67.