Seasonality and malaria in a West African village: Does high parasite density predict fever incidence?

American Journal of Epidemiology

Volumn 145, Issue 9, 1997, Pages 850-857

  Bouvier, Paul ^a,d   Rougemont, André ^a   Breslow, Norman ^a,b   Doumbo, Ogobara ^c   Delley, Véronique ^a   Dicko, Allassane ^c   Diakite, Mahamadou ^c   Mauris, Anne ^a   Robert, Claude François ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF GENEVA   (Switzerland)

^b UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF BAMAKO   (Mali)

^d Center Médical Universitaire   (Switzerland)

Author keywords

anemia; child; epidemiologic factors; fever; malaria; preventive medicine; prospective studies; splenomegaly

Indexed keywords

AFRICA; ANEMIA; ARTICLE; CELL DENSITY; CHILD; FEMALE; FEVER; HIGH RISK POPULATION; HUMAN; HUMAN CELL; HUMAN TISSUE; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALARIA; MALE; PARASITE INCIDENCE; SEASONAL VARIATION;

DEVELOPING COUNTRY; DISEASE INCIDENCE; MALARIA; MEDICAL GEOGRAPHY; PARASITE DENSITY; SEASONALITY;

MALI, SIKASSO, BOUGOULA;

EID: 0030609747     PISSN: 00029262     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009179     Document Type: Article

References (37)

1. Molineaux L, Gramiccia G. The Garki Project. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1980.
2. Salako LA, Ajayi FO, Sowunmi A, et al. Malaria in Nigeria: a revisit. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 1990;84:435-45.
3. Baudon D, Galaup B, Ouedraogo L, et al. Une étude de la morbidité palustre en milieu hospitalier au Burkina Faso (Afrique de l'Ouest). (In French). Med Trop 1988;48:9-13.
4. Trape JF, Zoulani A, Quinet MC. Assessment of the incidence and prevalence of clinical malaria in semi-immune children exposed to intense and perennial transmission. Am J Epidemiol 1987;126:193-201.
5. Velema JP, Alinohou EM, Chippaux JP, et al. Malaria morbidity and mortality in children under three years of age on the coast of Benin, West Africa. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1991;85:430-5.
6. Smith T, Schellenberg JA, Hayes R. Attributable fraction estimates and case definitions for malaria in endemic areas. Stat Med 1994;13:2345-58.
7. Schellenberg JRMA, Smith T, Alonso PL, et al. What is clinical malaria? Finding case definitions for field research in highly endemic areas. Parasitol Today 1994;10:439-42.
8. Smith T, Genton B, Baea K, et al. Relationships between Plasmodium falciparum infection and morbidity in a highly endemic area. Parasitology 1994;109;539-49.
9. Marsh K. Malaria - a neglected disease? Parasitology 1992; 104:S53-69.
10. Hogh B, Marbiah NT, Petersen E, et al. Classification of clinical falciparum malaria and its use for the evaluation of chemosuppression in children under six years of age in Liberia, West Africa. Acta Tropica 1993;54:105-15.
11. Van den Ende J, Van den Ende E, Gompel A, et al. When is fever malaria? Lancet 1992;339:690.
12. Trape JF, Peelman P, Morault-Peelman B. Criteria for diagnosing clinical malaria among a semi-immune population exposed to intense and perennial transmission. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1985;79:435-42.
13. Walker O, Sowunmi A, Salako LA. Pitfalls in the diagnosis of malaria: a parasitaemic severe malaria. J Trop Pediatr 1992; 38:268.
14. Carnevale P, Robert V, Molez JF, et al. Epidémiologie générale: faciès épidémiologique des paludismes en Afrique subsaharienne. (In French). Etudes Médicales 1984;3:123-33.
15. Traore S. Epidemiologie du paludisme en zone de savanne sud-soudanienne au Mali: le village de Pimperena dans la région de Sikasso de Juin 1992 à Septembre 1993. (In French). Thèse, Ecole Nationale de Médecine et de Pharmacie, Bamako, 1995.
16. Boudin C, Robert V, Verhaeve JP, et al. Plasmodium falciparum and P. malariae epidemiology in a West African village. Bull World Health Organ 1991;69:199-205.
17. Robert V, Carnevale P, Ouedraogo V, et al. La transmission du paludisme humain dans un village de savane du sud-ouest du Burkina Faso. (In French). Ann Soc Belge Méd Trop 1988;68:107-21.
18. Gilles HM. Epidemiology of malaria. In: Gilles HM, Warrel DA, eds. Bruce-Chwatt's essential malariology. 3rd ed. Boston: Little, Brown, 1993:124-62.
19. World Health Organization Programme for the Control of Acute Respiratory Infections and Malaria Unit. The overlap in the clinical presentation and treatment of malaria and pneumonia in children: report of a meeting. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1993. (ARI/92.23, MAL/92.1065).
20. Pontious SL, Kennedy A, Chung KL, et al. Accuracy and reliability of temperature measurement in the emergency department by instrument and site in children. Pediatr Nurs 1994;20:58-63.
21. DeMayer EM. Preventing and controlling iron deficiency anemia through primary health care. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1989.
22. McNemar Q. Note on the sampling error of the difference between correlated proportions or percentages. Psychometrika 1947;12:153-7.
23. Breslow NE, Day NE, eds. Statistical methods in cancer research. Vol 1. The analysis of case-control studies. (IARC scientific publication no. 32). Lyon: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1980.
24. Kaplan EL, Meier P. Nonparametric estimation from incomplete observations. J Am Stat Assoc 1958;53:457-81.
25. Cox DR. Regression models and life-tables (with discussion). J R Stat Soc 1972;B34:187-220.
26. Chambers JM, Hastie TJ. Statistical models in S. Pacific Grove, CA: Wadsworth and Brooks, 1992.
27. Hastie T, Tibshirani R. Generalized additive models. London: Chapman and Hall, 1990.
28. Breiman L, Friedman JH, Olshen R, et al. Classification and regression trees. Pacific Grove, CA: Wadsworth and Brooks, 1984.
29. Pallara A. Binary decision trees approach to classification: a review of CART and other methods with some applications to real data. Stat Applicata 1992;4:255-86.
30. EGRET. Seattle, WA: Statistics and Epidemiology Research Corporation, 1991.
31. StatSci. S-Plus user's manual, version 3.0. Seattle, WA: Statistical Sciences Corporation, 1990.
32. Clyde DF. Epidemiologic significance of immunity in vivax malaria. Epidemiol Rev 1989;11:109-25.
33. Greenwood BM, Bradley AK, Greenwood AM, et al. Mortality and morbidity from malaria among children in a rural area of the Gambia, West Africa. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1987;81:478-86.
34. Hedberg K, Shaffer N, Davachi F, et al. Plasmodium falciparum-associated anemia in children at a large urban hospital in Zaire. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1993;48:365-71.
35. Redd SC, Kazembe PN, Luby SP, et al. Clinical algorithm for treatment of Plasmodium falciparum malaria in children. Lancet 1996;347:223-7.
36. Bouvier P, Doumbo O, Breslow N, et al. Seasonality, malaria and impact of prophylaxis in a West African village. I. Effect on anemia in pregnancy. Am J Trop Med Hyg (In press).
37. Jonkman A, Chibwe RA, Khoromana CO, et al. Cost-savings through microscopy-based versus presumptive diagnosis of malaria in adult outpatients in Malawi. Bull World Health Organ 1995;73:223-7.